Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta) Starch with Pili Nut

(Canarium Ovacum) Pulp As Alternative Wood glue

A Quantitative Research

Presented to the Faculty of

Pilar National Comprehensive High School

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Pilar, Sorsogon

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Subject

Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion

Atun, Kyd, D.

Quintana, Jherus, A.
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Adhesives play a crucial role in our daily lives, whether at home, school, or the

workplace. However, many commercially available adhesives contain harmful chemicals that

can be detrimental to both our health and the environment (Ayoola, 2019). Additionally, the

production of these synthetic adhesives contributes to atmospheric pollution. As a result, there

is a growing need for ecologically friendly alternatives that can reduce formaldehyde emissions

and enhance adhesive performance (M. Dunky et al., 2021).

Starch is a reasonably inexpensive and renewable chemical produced from numerous

plant sources. It has been extensively utilized as a wet-end additive, coating binder, sizing

agent, and adhesive. Cassava is often regarded as a low-quality raw material that can be

processed to produce dried cassava chips, cassava starch, ethanol, liquid sugar, sorbitol,

monosodium glutamate, and modified cassava flour due to its low protein, mineral, and vitamin

content. Cassava starch is favorable among other types of starches due to its paste clarity, low

gelatinization temperature, good adhesive stability, and good film-forming capabilities.

in the Canarium tree, also known as the Pili tree, which is native to the Philippines. The

Pili tree belongs to the Burseraceae family and is found predominantly in the Bicol region of

Luzon, where ancient trees measuring over 50 meters in height can still be found today (Jirbie

go, 2022). The Pili tree offers various valuable products, including the versatile Pili nut, which

is used in a wide range of Filipino specialties.

 What makes the Pili tree particularly interesting is its potential as a source of natural

resins that can be used as eco-friendly adhesives. The resinous wood of the Pili tree contains

compounds that have adhesive properties, making them suitable for replacing synthetic

adhesives. Furthermore, the sap of the Pili tree can be processed into paint and adhesives,

providing a sustainable alternative to conventional products (Ayoola, 2019).

Another advantage of using Pili tree resins as adhesives is the abundance of the tree

itself. The Pili tree is a renewable resource, and with over 100 species of Canarium trees in the

Philippines, there is a nearly limitless supply of raw materials (Jirbie go, 2022). This makes it a

sustainable and economically viable option for adhesive production. Lastly, the Pili tree holds

great potential as a source of eco-friendly adhesives. Its natural resins can replace synthetic

adhesives, reducing harm to both human health and the environment. With its abundance and

versatility, the Pili tree offers a sustainable solution for the adhesive industry. By harnessing

the resources provided by nature, we can create a greener and more sustainable future.

Cassava starch and pili nut pulp both have adhesive properties that makes them

suitable as an ingredients for wood glue. By mixing this ingredients the study aims to create a

sustainable, cost-effective, and environmental friendly wood adhesive. The researcher will

assess the viability of using this combination in different application by examining its adhesive

qualities such as bonding strength, viscosity, and durability. Cassava and pili nut pulp will be

extracted and processed first to create a wood glue.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Cassava starch with pili nut

pulp as adhesive for wood.

Specifically, it will seek answer to the following questions:

1. What are the most suitable ratio of pili nut pulp with cassava starch in the

adhesive combination to get the strongest possible bond in the ratio of:

a.

b.

c.

2. What is the level of effectiveness of cassava starch with pili nut pulp as wood glue in

terms of:

a. Bonding strength

b. Viscosity

c. ph level

d. Drying time

3. What acceptability level to wood workers of cassava starch with pili nut pulp as wood

glue?

HYPOTHESIS

Ho: Cassava starch with Pili nut pulp are not effective as wood adhesive
H1: Cassava starch with Pili nut pulp are effective as wood adhesive.

Scope and delimitation

This study determined the effectiveness of Cassava starch mixed with Pili nut pulp as

an alternative adhesive. The product serves a purpose as a strong bond on wood in

some barangay in Pilar, Sorsogon. The experiment was conducted at the venue of the

student research and in a school setting. This started on November 28, 2023, and

ended on January 15, 2024. The study focused only on the usage of the said

ingredients in the product development as an alternative adhesive that has a strong

bond on wood.

Significance of the Study

This research study is considered beneficial to the following:

Wood worker - This study will aid wood workers by providing an economical and

sustainable alternative for adhesive use by providing a cost-effective, natural, and non-

toxic glue. Wood worker can lower production costs and lessen their reliance on

synthetic adhesives, which can be costly and damaging to the environment, by using

locally available materials such as cassava starch and pili nut pulp.

Community- Provides and promote environmentally friendly practices, assisting local

agriculture, and even offering job possibilities within the glue manufacturing process.
Future researcher -To help our future researcher to conduct similar states with

adhesive, comparing data and insights on how Cassava starch and pili nut pulp can

use as alternative adhesive.

END NOTES

Ayoola, A. A., Fayomi, O. O., Akande, I., Adeeyo, O., Obanla, O. R., Abatan, O.

G., Babatunde, D. E., Olawepo, V., Fagbiele, O. O., & Olomo, V. D. (2019b).

Production of Adhesive from Cassava Starch. Journal of Physics, 1378(3),

032079. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032079

Go, J. (2023, March 14). Canarium Tree: The Tree that Keeps on Giving. The

School of Aromatic Studies. https://aromaticstudies.com/canarium-tree-the-tree-

that-keeps-on-giving
Dunky, M. (2021, August 20). Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical

Review: Part IV. Special Topics. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from

https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119846703.ch18

The Feasibility of Pili Nut (Canarium Ovatum) Shell and. . . | Studymode. (n.d.). The

Feasibility of Pili Nut (Canarium ovatum) Shell and. . . | Studymode. Retrieved

December 5, 2023, from https://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Feasibility-Of-Pili-

Nut-Canarium-59605281.html

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter includes the review of related literature and studies which the

researchers use to determine the factors that the research will be affected and how to

improve the research. The information included in this chapter will show the similarities

and differences of the present studies to the existing studies.

Related Literature

Starch is one of nature's most plentiful compounds, a renewable and nearly

limitless resource. Grain or root crops are used to make starch. Starch is primarily

utilized as a food, but it can easily transformed chemically, physically, and biologically
into a wide range of useful goods. To date, starch has been used to make food, paper,

textiles, adhesives, beverages, confectionary, medications, and building materials.

Cassava starch has many remarkable properties, such as high paste viscosity, high

paste clarity, and high freeze-thaw stability, which are beneficial to many industries. It is

also simple to extract (when compared to other starches) and can be done on a small

scale with limited capital. is frequently used in adhesive manufacture because the

adhesives are more viscous and function better, smoothly, and provide stable glues of

neutral pH has clear paste (Henan Jinrui, 2018)

Pili fruit alone is currently processed into Pili pulp oil and Pili kernel oil for culinary

and cosmetic applications; Pili pulp pomace and Pili kernel pomace as tea; the black

peel of the Pili fruit is processed as a natural food coloring for sauces; its raw kernel

powder and Pili pulp powder for cakes; the testa or the papery brown seed coating is

used as an animal feed or is sometimes roasted and used as an additive for cookies;

and the shell of the Pili nut. Apart from the economic value that Elemi resin alone

provides to the industrial sector as an ingredient to manufacture adhesives, printing

inks, paints, fireproofing, and waterproofing materials, the spent resin is sold to varnish

manufacturers or up-cycled as a valuable ingredient for aircraft sealant (Jirbie Go,

2022).

Cassava starch that has been liquefied by phenol can significantly improve the

bonding strength of phenol-formaldehyde resin wood adhesive, making it a promising

bio-material for liquefaction-based wood adhesives (Jinmeng liu et al. 2022). The

discovered starch-based wood glue, made from cassava starch and polyvinyl alcohol,

has low-cost, formaldehyde-free, and high-performance qualities, and could be used in

wood-based panels and floors (Yang jiang et al. 2019). Cassava starch-based wood

glue, according to Qing Xu et al. 2016, is a more stable and environmentally friendly

alternative to existing petrochemical-based wood adhesives, with bonding capabilities

comparable to commercial PVAc emulsion.

According to Jingchen Xeng et al. 2018, the bio-oil-starch (BOS) adhesive,

derived from cassava starch and bio-oil, considerably enhances the qualities and

modification of traditional starch-based wood glue, providing improved liquidity, a longer

storage time, and stronger shear strength. A high-performance organic siloxane-

modified cassava starch-based wood adhesive with a dry strength of 6.11 MPa and a

wet strength of 3.05 MPa enhances bonding strength and water resistance (Jianping

Sun et al. 2018). Cassava and sago starch-based adhesives exhibit good mechanical

qualities for Acacia mangium veneer-based plywood, with cassava exhibiting the

greatest elasticity and sago exhibiting the greatest shear strength (K. Liew et al. 2016).

Together with chitosan, hemicellulose-rich sidestreams from the pulp industry

can be used to make a wholly bio-based wood adhesive with exceptional bond strength

and water resistance, enabling a more sustainable society (Tijina totorovic et al. 2022).

Cassava roots can be processed into starch, flour, pellets, and chips, which are then

used to make food, bioethanol, paper, textile products, medicines, adhesives, and other

things. However, it is worth noting that cassava processing produces 11.11 kg of

residue every 100 kg of starch produced, which causes environmental issues such as

unpleasant aromas and water contamination (Chavadej et al., 2019). The addition of

oxidized cassava starch to urea-glyoxal resin improves bonding strength and water
resistance in wood adhesives, making it a more environmentally friendly alternative to

formaldehyde-based adhesives.

Cassava roots are long and tapering in shape, with a firm homogenous, chalk-

white or yellowish flesh covered by a hard, brown skin. The roots are high in starch but

poor in protein, fats, and minerals (Aseancassava, 2015). Because of its natural

adhesive characteristics, cassava starch is a popular alternative for binding in chalk

manufacturing. This starch, extracted from the cassava root, works as a cohesive agent,

successfully gluing the chalk components together. Its flexibility stems from its capacity

to make a strong, flexible binding with other materials when mixed, giving the

cohesiveness required for the chalk structure. Cassava starch is also reasonably

inexpensive and frequently available, making it a viable option for chalk production.

Cassava starch is used as a binding agent to ensures that the chalk maintains its shape

and consistency, contributing to the overall quality of the final product

(StudentResearcherChronicles, 2023)

Tapioca Native Starch is a starch collected from the roots of the Cassava

(Manioc) plant and dried, according to Starke Adhesive (2023). It is a white powder with

a bland taste, a high capacity for water binding, and a slightly lengthy and cohesive

texture. The sap and resins found in the pili tree, as well as its pulp, have adhesive

characteristics. However, it has yet to be tested empirically. The first adhesives were

discovered to be used 6000 years ago. Organic materials with adhesive qualities, such

as plant resin and animal parts, were used by the early civilization (Aquino, Marlon

James P.B. et al. 2014).

 Sorghum is an excellent source of both starch and protein. It can be processed

into grits, starch flour, and flakes, which can then be utilized to manufacture a variety of

industrial products [. The sorghum grain is also used to make beer, potable alcohol,

malt, liquid gruels, starch, adhesives, core binders for metal casting, ore refining, and

grits as packaging material (Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018).

Adhesives, through interface adhesion and cohesion, serve a critical function in

bonding diverse materials. They are used in a variety of industries, including wood

processing, furniture, construction, aerospace, automotive, ship building, electronics,

and electrical appliances. Adhesives have traditionally been manufactured utilizing

petroleum-based materials. However, the usage of petroleum-based adhesives

frequently results in the production of hazardous substances such as volatile organic

compounds, benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde, resulting in significant

environmental contamination and human health problems. Because of these factors,

bio-based adhesives have arisen as a key topic of research in recent decades. This

article presents an overview of the most recent advances in the study of organic

adhesives, covering research, development, and applications. The evaluation includes a

variety of organic adhesives, such as protein-based adhesives, lignin-based adhesives,

starch-based adhesives (Yufeng Ma et al. 2023).

These adhesives are water soluble or dispersible and are derived from natural

sources. Other adhesives derived from plants, such as rubber cements, nitrocellulose,

and ethyl cellulose lacquer cements, are not water soluble or dispersible and hence are

not classified as vegetable glues. Although alternative starch sources may be used,
starch adhesives are primarily obtained from the cassava plant (Sina Ebnesajjad PhD et

al. 2015).

According to C.G. According to Ozoegwu (2017), cassava is primarily known in

Nigeria for its food value, but its industrial worth is increasing. Despite this increase in

industrial value, Nigeria continues to play a minor role in worldwide cassava trade,

which totaled $8 billion USD in 2010. According to the Federal Ministry of Agriculture

and Rural Development , Nigeria is the world's largest producer of cassava but

accounts for 0% of worldwide trade in value-added cassava products. This is because

most cassava produced is exhausted by local consumption. Even the small amount of

Nigerian cassava that is not used for food is primarily used in domestic industrial

applications such as animal feeds and soft drinks. The 16% of Nigerian cassava

production distilled for industrial use has been distilled as follows: 10% as chips in

animal feed, 5% as soft drink sweetening syrup, and 1% for high quality baking floor,

adhesives, starch, and hydrolysates for pharmaceutical and seasoning use.

Related Studies

Foreign

Starch, the second most abundant organic component in nature after cellulose, is

a possible natural alternative to replace petrochemical-based chemicals in wood

composite products, according to (Zia-ud- Din et al. 2020). The demand for wood

adhesives is growing, yet existing petroleum-based adhesives pose concerns to human

health and indoor air quality due to carcinogenic chemical emissions. As a result,

scientists are investigating the use of starch as a renewable and environmentally benign
resource for wood adhesives. The study focuses on recent research efforts targeted at

generating green adhesive formulations for wood applications based on starch.

Consumer preferences for environmentally friendly products are prompting the

plastics industry to look into more environmentally acceptable alternatives to petroleum-

based polymers. In the case of adhesives, one option for achieving sustainable

production is to use non-toxic, low-cost biodegradable raw materials starches in the

production of adhesives. While native starch only includes hydroxyl groups and has a

limited range of applications, chemically modified starch offers improved water

resistance qualities for adhesive applications (Jidapa Watcharakitti,Jaturavit Nimnuan,

2022).

The primary purpose of this research was to employ cassava starch to make

environmentally friendly adhesives. The 'three-formaldehyde glue,' which is frequently

used for the manufacturing of wood-based panels, pollutes the environment and is

hazardous to human health. Instead of the three formaldehyde glues, environmentally

safe cassava starch adhesives were made utilizing the oxidation-gelatinization

procedure. The effects of starch and water quality ratio, temperature, and shear rate on

the apparent viscosity of the adhesive were investigated. Nonlinear regression was

used to investigate the rheological eigenvalue of perceived viscosity. The results

showed that the apparent viscosity of cassava starch adhesives reduced as

temperature increased; the apparent viscosity declined slowly as rotor speed increased;

and the phenomena of shear thinning emerged within cassava starch adhesives. which

was pseudo-plastic fluids. Cassava starch adhesives with non-toxic, no-odor, and no-
pollution properties could be used in interior and upscale packaging (Junjun Liu et al.

2014).

Ana Paula Travalini et al. (2019)l. did research on the use of cassava bagasse,

a byproduct of cassava starch processing, to make lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNF).

Following that, the LCNF were used as reinforcement in cassava starch films. The goal

was to compare the structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of the films to control

films reinforced using commercial nanoclay (Nclay). The goal was to create LCNF from

fibrous starch-free cassava bagasse, which contains more than 80% starch. They

wanted to see how LCNF in cassava starch films affected them. The chemical and

technical properties of the reinforced cassava starch films were investigated and

compared to those of commercial nanoclay-enhanced films.

Cassava is frequently regarded as a low-quality raw material that can be

processed to generate dry cassava chips, cassava starch, ethanol, liquid sugar, sorbitol,

and monosodium glutamate, according to Quing Xu et al. (2016) glutamate, and

modified cassava flour since these raw materials are poor in protein, minerals, and

vitamins. Cassava starch is favorable among other types of starches due to its paste

clarity, low gelatinization temperature, strong gel stability, and fil m-forming capabilities.

Cassava starch films are more flexible than those made by other starches.

According to Qing Xu (2016), a biodegradable, ecologically friendly starch-based

wood glue was manufactured using cassava starch as a raw material and butyl acrylate

(BA) as a co-monomer. Even after 90 days of storage, the results showed that this

cassava starch-based wood adhesive (SWA) was more stable than maize starch-based
wood adhesive, and its bonding performance was comparable to that of commercial

PVAc emulsion.

In a screening exercise for new cassava varieties, the following cassava varieties

were assessed for pulp yield, starch yield, amylose content, and protein content: Red

stick, Butter stick, Maracas Black stick, and M Col 22. The starch content of the tubers

was measured. Starch was collected using a conventional procedure from freshly

harvested nine-month-old tubers. The starch paste was air dried before being oven

dried for 8 hours at 50°C. Approved procedures were used to determine the amylose

and protein contents of the starch. Heating 10% starch slurry in 0.1 M KOH solution to

70 and 80°C produced adhesive. The adhesives' color, pH, viscosities, adhesive force,

adhesiveness, stickiness, and storage qualities were measured (Akingbala et al. 2015).

According to the study of Ayoala et al. (2019) Cassava tubers were processed

into starch-based adhesives, using two different gelatinization enhancers (that is HCl

and NaOH) which were introduced separately. The adhesives were produced by

considering two varied process parameters, namely percentage weight of borax in

starch solution (8 – 20%) and reaction temperature (65 – 85°C). The results of the

adhesive physical properties fall within the standard range for each of the properties

and this implied that the adhesive produced was of high quality.

According to Yuliana Monroy et al. (2020) Cassava starch is an ideal precursor

for the manufacturing of wood composite adhesives due to it is a low-cost polymer of

easy processing and it contains reactive glycosidic bonds and hydroxyl groups. The

binding capacity of native starches has been identified as not being strong enough to
glue wood. Additionally, starch-based adhesives have limited water resistance. In order

to solve this shortcoming, starch chemical modifications can be implemented.

The researchers investigated the effect of CF on the fresh and hardened qualities

of high-strength concrete containing up to 5% cassava flour by weight of Portland

pozzolanic cement. The researchers discovered that adding up to 3% cassava flour

increased the characteristics of concrete. The scientists discovered that adding up to

3% cassava flour reduced porosity, void space volume, and bulk dry density. Syamani

et al., 2020 employed cassava starch in a manufacturing process to create bio-plastic.

The results showed that the CS bio-plastic had a higher tensile strength and was more

thermally stable ( Xu et al. 2016)

LOCAL

Pili Seal is a cutting-edge, revolutionary sealant created specifically for the

aviation sector. It is created from pili tree resin waste, which is also known as "spent

resin." This product is useful for preventing fuel leaks in specialized aviation

components applications such as integral fuel tanks, as well as other locations that

come into touch with aircraft fuels, lubricants, oils, water, and weathering. Unlike

commercial sealants now in use, it is non-toxic to all users' health (Mark Kennedy

Bantugon, 2021)

According to research conducted at the University of the Philippines at Los

Bafios' Institute of Plant Breeding (2023), the criteria for evaluating and selecting

outstanding pili seedlings include: fruits that are large, round, have a thin pulp and shell,
and a large, round kernel; kernels that are almost white with little or no discoloration and

odor, and have a tender and crisp texture and mild nutty flavor. Pili nuts were first

imported to Hawaii from the Philippines around 1922.

The pili pulp contains a resin called Manila elemi, which can be extracted.

Several other Canarium species produce elemi as well. This resin is a component of

plasters and ointments. It's also found in adhesives, plastics, printing inks, paints,

varnishes, and fireproofing and waterproofing compounds (Michael Cuesta, 2019)

SYNTHESIS OF THE ART

A summary or brief discussion of the linked works (both foreign and local) will be

synthesized here after extensive study and reviews.

Cassava starch is used as a bonding agent in a variety of industries. Cassava

starch is a versatile ingredient that may be converted into a variety of useful goods,

including food, paper, adhesives, beverages, and building materials. It possesses

exceptional qualities such as high viscosity and stability. According to the study,

cassava starch can greatly improve bonding strength and water resistance in wood

adhesives. In the manufacturing business, cassava starch is a popular alternative to

formaldehyde-based adhesives. And the cassava starch manufacturing method, as well

as its potential as a precursor for wood composite adhesives.

Gap Bridged by the Study

 According to a study on the manufacture and qualities of cassava starch-based

wood adhesives, cassava starch-based wood adhesive is more stable than maize

starch-based wood adhesive, and its bonding performance is comparable to commercial

PVAc emulsion. The amount of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) emitted by

the cassava starch-based wood glue was also determined to be substantially lower than

the Chinese national standard control criterion. There has been no specific research

into the usefulness of cassava starch with pili nut pulp as a wood glue, however both

cassava starch and pili nut pulp are utilized as adhesives.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In this study, the researcher developed the conceptual framework besed on

many empirical previous researches. The research was developed by Opara I. J et al

(2017). Who studied about “Formulation of cassava starch-based adhesive” Opara I. J

et al (2017) the cassava starch was chemically modified to obtain oxidized, hydrolyzed

and dexrinized from which the various adhesives were produced by incorporating other

chemicals such as plasticizers and tackifiers. Generally, these adhesives were found

have good bonding strength on wood, cardboard, paper and leather materials. The

second was developed by Ramirez, Ramona Isabel S. (2021) who studied about

“Developing alternative protocol in pili (canarium ovatum engl.) pulp oil isolation”

Ramirez, Ramona Isabel S. (2021) additionally, it provides high-quality edible oil that is

used to make salad dressings, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. The pulp is processed

into various useful products like oil, food, and feeds, and is also used as a nutrient-

dense culinary treat. Pili shells are fashioned into chic handcrafted goods. The tree is a
good candidate for replanting because it provides an effective windbreak. Its bark is

harvested for its resin, which is a well-known source of adhesives, varnish, lacquer, and

elemi oil.

The idea of this theory is that the adhesive properties of pili nut pulp and cassava

starch might be attributed to their inherent qualities. Because cassava starch contains a

lot of carbohydrates, it can add both wateriness and adhesion. However, the adhesive’s

overall strength and durability may be enhanced by the pili nut pulp’s high oil content.

Conceptual framework

Input:

Cassava Starch (Manihot Esculenta)

Pili Nut Pulp (Canarium Ovacum)

Wood samples (for testing)

Process:

Require be created by gathering the cassava starch and the pulp from pili nuts, then

mixing them to make an adhesive.

Tests: In this stage, wood samples get applied with adhesive, and the adhesive's

drying process, bonding strength, durability, and other properties are observed.

Output:
 The experiment's outcomes will show how well the substitute adhesive sticks to

wood. It would be possible to look into the bonding strength, durability, cost

effectiveness, and environmental impact, among other things.

Definition of terms

Adhesive - a substance capable of binding materials together functionally through

surface attachment that resists separation.

Pili nut pulp - the soft, fleshy component of the pili nut that is included into sticky

formulations. Natural binding characteristics in the pulp can improve adhesive strength

and performance. It can be processed and combined with other adhesive components

to produce a sticky and cohesive substance appropriate for various bonding

applications such as those found in the woodworking, building, and manufacturing

industries.

Cassava starch - the use of starch produced from cassava roots as a significant

element in adhesive compositions

END NOTES
Adam, M. G. O., Koteng, D. O., Thuo, J., & Matallah, M. (2023). Effects of acid attack

and cassava flour dosage on the interfacial transition zone thickness, durability

and mechanical characteristics of high-strength (HS) concrete. Results in

Engineering, 17, 101001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101001

Ayoola, A. A., Fayomi, O. O., Akande, I., Adeeyo, O., Obanla, O. R., Abatan, O. G.,

Babatunde, D. E., Olawepo, V., Fagbiele, O. O., & Olomo, V. D. (2019a).

Production of Adhesive from Cassava Starch. Journal of Physics, 1378(3),

032079. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032079

Bio-based adhesives | Beardow Adams. (n.d.-a). Beardow Adams.

https://www.beardowadams.com/products-and-solutions/applications-and-

markets/bio-based-adhesives?gclid=Cj0KCQiAyKurBhD5ARIsALamXaH-

0JWJ2Px1J3V6OhXZhnw1T4xIF9kcAKUl_KlKGgxNFtFWBAQBcz4aAt2EEALw_

wcB

Din, Z., Chen, L., Xiong, H., Wang, Z., Ullah, I., Lei, W., Shi, D., Alam, M., Ullah, H., &

Khan, S. A. (2020). Starch: an undisputed potential candidate and sustainable

resource for the development of wood adhesive. Starch - Stärke, 72(3–4).

https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201900276

Dunky, M. (2021). Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review:

Part IV. Special Topics. Manfred Dunky, 761–840.

https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119846703.ch18
EBSCOhost | 172966244 | Calorific Values and Mechanical Compression Property of

Briquettes Made of Palm Shell with Plastic Addition. (n.d.-a).

https://web.s.ebscohost.com/abstract?

direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=00317683&AN=17

2966244&h=kMsTJu%2bNcFGWRbE%2b8giB1HUVHBn

%2bGlzkGbJq9KjAP6EDCsfEhRYMRLOuK6%2bW2szBAGqbMMjOhlJLh7aHW

GR9wA%3d

%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=log

in.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype

%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d00317683%26AN%3d172966244

Gadhave, R. V., Mahanwar, P. A., & Gadekar, P. T. (2017). Starch-Based Adhesives for

Wood/Wood Composite bonding: review. Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry,

07(02), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2017.72002

Go, J. (2023a, March 14). Canarium Tree: The Tree that Keeps on Giving. The School

of Aromatic Studies. https://aromaticstudies.com/canarium-tree-the-tree-that-

keeps-on-giving/

Google Scholar. (n.d.). https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

start=60&q=cassava+starch+adhesives+philippines&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5#d=gs_qa

bs&t=1701735723516&u=%23p%3DAHbogYxceBMJ

Gu, Y., Cheng, L., Gu, Z., Hong, Y., Li, Z., & Li, C. (2019). Preparation, characterization

and properties of starch-based adhesive for wood-based panels. International

 Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 134, 247–254.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.088

High-value application of cassava starch in root crop micropropagation for sustainable

seed systems in developing countries. (n.d.).

https://www.actahort.org/books/1179/1179_45.htm

Humanity, P. F. (2023, May 5). Pili seal. Prototypes for Humanity.

https://www.prototypesforhumanity.com/project/pili-seal/

Iamareerat, B., Singh, M., Sadiq, M. B., & Anal, A. K. (2018). Reinforced cassava starch

based edible film incorporated with essential oil and sodium bentonite nanoclay

as food packaging material. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55(5),

1953–1959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3100-7

Jiang, Y., Chen, Q., Tan, H., Gu, J., & Zhang, Y. (2019). A low-cost, formaldehyde-free,

and high-performance starch-based wood adhesive. Bioresources, 14(1), 1405–

1418. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.1405-1418

Liew, K. C., & Chin, G. E. Y. (2016). Mechanical properties of 3 ply plywood made

fromAcacia MangiumVeneers and Green Starch-based adhesives. MATEC Web

of Conferences, 78, 01021. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20167801021

Liu, J., Fang, J., Xie, E., & Gan, W. L. (2022). Relevance between Cassava Starch

Liquefied by Phenol and Modification of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Wood

Adhesive. Polymers, 14(9), 1914. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091914

Liu, J., Guo, L., Li, Y., Zhong, L., & He, C. (2014a). Study on the rheological property of

Cassava starch adhesives. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology,

6(3), 374–377. https://doi.org/10.19026/ajfst.6.39

Log in or sign up to view. (n.d.-a). https://m.facebook.com/story.php?

story_fbid=pfbid02Zk6p7Se4usDDpYxxHGMTyLA3b3oCXFB7XqZbKHy5Zrno8h

mywr6oBycEHYRBPdusl&id=61553305050268&mibextid=Nif5oz

Maulana, M. I., Lubis, M. a. R., Febrianto, F., Lee, S. H., Iswanto, A. H., Antov, P.,

Krišťák, Ľ., Mardawati, E., Sari, R. K., Zaini, L. H., Hidayat, W., Lo Giudice, V., &

Todaro, L. (2022a). Environmentally friendly Starch-Based Adhesives for

Bonding High-Performance Wood Composites: A review. Forests, 13(10), 1614.

https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101614

Mishra, R. K., Chistie, S. M., Naik, S. U., & Mishra, R. K. (2023). Feedstock for biofuel

production. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 17–50). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-

98363-1.00008-9

Monroy, Y., Cabezas, D. M., Rivero, S. G. M., & García, M. A. (2023). Structural

analysis and adhesive capacity of cassava starch modified with NaOH:urea

 mixtures. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 126, 103470.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2023.103470

Monroy, Y., Rivero, S. G. M., & García, M. A. (2019). Sustainable panels design based

on modified cassava starch bioadhesives and wood processing byproducts.

Industrial Crops and Products, 137, 171–179.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.04.062

Monroy, Y., Seré, P. R., Rivero, S. G. M., & García, M. A. (2020). Sustainable panels

based on starch bioadhesives: An insight into structural and tribological

performance. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 148, 898–907.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.205

Natural Glue Final Draft. (n.d.). Scribd.

https://www.scribd.com/document/324382212/Natural-Glue-Final-Draft

Olusola, A. J., Adebiyi, O. B., & Riyaad, K. (2015a). Evaluation of new cassava varieties

for adhesive properties. Starch - Stärke, 67(7–8), 561–566.

https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201400239

Pacanowsky, A. (2023, November 28). Let it Flow: How to Calculate Viscosity.

Powerblanket. https://www.powerblanket.com/blog/let-it-flow/#:~:text=There
 %20are%20several%20formulas%20and,of%20ball%20bearing%20through

%20liquid.

Pham, L. J. (n.d.). Pili pulp: Potential value. University Knowledge Digital Repository.

https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/journal-articles/2725/

Pham, L. J., & Dumandan, N. G. (2015a). Philippine Pili: Composition of the lipid

molecular species. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 2(4), 147–153.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2015.11.001

Physicochemical and functional properties - ProQuest. (n.d.).

https://www.proquest.com/docview/2224301559?pq-

origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true

Pili Nut. (n.d.). Kulavit Wanitprapha, Stuart T. Nakamoto, C. L. Chia, and Catherine G.

Cavaletto. https://1drv.ms/w/s!ApEQuvY0yFBYgR396PzxENZ9Xqh7?e=KnUPD4

Pizzi, A. (2013) Bioadhesives for Wood and Fibres. Reviews of Adhesion and

Adhesives, 1, 88-113. - References - Scientific Research Publishing. (n.d.).

https://www.scirp.org/(S(czeh2tfqyw2orz553k1w0r45))/reference/ReferencesPap

ers.aspx?ReferenceID=2047217
Preparation and Properties og cassava starch-based wood adhesives. (n.d.). Qing Xu,

Jianping Wen, and Zhenjionh Wang. https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/wp-

content/uploads/2016/07/BioRes_11_3_6756_Xu_WW_Prep_Props_Cassava_S

tarch_Wood_Adhesive_9349.pdf

Starke Adhesive Pvt Ltd. (2022, August 12). Cold pasting gum powder, corrugation gum

powder manufacturer. Starke Adhesive Pvt Ltd |. https://starkeadhesive.com/

Strack, K. N., Dini, C., García, M. A., & Viña, S. Z. (2021a). Effect of thermal and

ultrasonic treatments on technological and physicochemical characteristics of

fibrous residues from ahipa and cassava starch extraction. Future Foods, 4,

100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100057

Studocu. (n.d.). Cassava Starch as an adhesive Never Back Down Chapter 1 - Chapter

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING - Studocu.

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/tominjao-national-high-school/tle-course-

exploratory-course/cassava-starch-as-an-adhesive-never-back-down-chapter-

1/78456813

Studymode.com. (2021, August 10). The Feasibility of Pili Nut (Canarium ovatum) Shell

and Pulp Extract as an Alternative Adhesive.

https://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Feasibility-Of-Pili-Nut-Canarium-

59605281.html
Sun, J., Li, L., Cheng, H., & Huang, W. (2017). Preparation, characterization and

properties of an organic siloxane-modified cassava starch-based wood adhesive.

Journal of Adhesion, 94(4), 278–293.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2016.1268958

Travalini, A. P., Lamsal, B. P., Magalhães, W. L. E., & Demiate, I. M. (2019). Cassava

starch films reinforced with lignocellulose nanofibers from cassava bagasse.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 139, 1151–1161.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.115

Wang, H., Wang, F., & Du, G. (2019). Enhanced performance of urea–glyoxal polymer

with oxidized cassava starch as wood adhesive. Iranian Polymer Journal, 28(12),

1015–1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-019-00760-0

Wang, S., Zhang, F., Chen, F., & Pang, Z. (2013a). Preparation of a Crosslinking

Cassava Starch Adhesive and its Application in Coating Paper. Bioresources,

8(3). https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.3.3574-3589

Wang, Z., Zhu, H., Huang, J., Zan, G., Guo, J., Feng, X., & Xu, Q. (2019). Improvement

of the bonding properties of cassava starch-based wood adhesives by using

different types of acrylic ester. International Journal of Biological

Macromolecules, 126, 603–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.113

What is the advantages of cassava starch ? (n.d.-a). Starch Processing Machine.

https://m.starchprojectsolution.com/faq/advantages_of_cassava_starch_886.html

Xing, J., Li, T., Yu, Y., Chen, C., & Chang, J. (2018). Development and characterization

of a new bio-adhesive for wood using cassava starch and bio-oil. International

Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 87, 91–97.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.09.005

Xu, Q. (2016, June 29). Preparation and properties of Cassava Starch-based wood

adhesives. Xu | BioResources.

https://jtatm.textiles.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_11_3_6756_

Xu_Cassava_Starch_Wood_Adhesives

Xu, Q., Jian-Ping, W., & Wang, Z. (2016). Preparation and properties of Cassava

Starch-based wood adhesives. Bioresources, 11(3).

https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.3.6756-6767

CHAPTER III

Research Design and Methodology

This chapter describes how the study will be carried out. This is where the research's

data collection, analysis, instruments, procedures, and sampling will take place. This

comprises the processes, experiments, and other treatments used in the research. The
research design, research instrument, materials and equipment, research technique,

and statistical treatment are all included.

Research Design

The researcher chose the True Experimental Research Design especially Pretest

-post test only design in order to have a feasible approach to their topic. This

experimental design was used to change one independent variable and apply it to one

dependent variable in order to analyze the experiment's possible consequences. The

dependent variable (effectiveness of cassava starch and pili nut pulp as wood adhesive)

is transferred to another element or condition by controlled actions and measurements

from the independent variable (Adhesive composed of cassava starch and pili nut pulp).

To determine how the prior affected the outcome, all other elements or variables were

kept constant so that any change throughout the experiment and observation would

result in a major spin-off or alteration in the dependent variables be attributable to the

independent variable. The use of this methodology is justified by the fact that altering

the independent variables in an experiment causes the dependent variables to change.

Through testing, the researcher will learn about the benefits of their evolving study.

This study used a descriptive research design. According to Voxco (2021),

descriptive research design is a method to describe the demographic characteristics of

research variables. It focuses on answering the why, what, when, where and how

questions related to the research problem. It mostly uses quantitative data, while

qualitative data is sometimes used for descriptive purposes. In this study, the
researcher does not control or change any variable; instead, said variables are

identified, observed and measured. The researcher will conduct the study using the

survey and observation methods defined in this outline. It was used to solve the

problem of acceptability of woodworkers with manufactured wood glue.

Respondent of the Study

The Researcher will perform experiments comparing the bonding strength of cassava

starch to traditional wood adhesives to assess its effectiveness as an adhesive for wood

and it’s acceptability level to wood workers . Bonding strength, durability, and resilience

to environmental conditions are all elements to consider. Survey or interview

respondents, including woodworkers in some of the Barangay in Pilar, Sorsogon, to

assess practical usability and performance in real-world applications.

Research Instrument

The research tool used to collect data are Statistical tools, Experimentation and checklist .

Testing data and findings were used to support or disprove hypotheses. This methodology was

used because it captures data faster than any other method. The observation form was used

to witness the outcome or completion of the test and to record the data received after the

experiment. A will be disseminated. During the experiment, however, there will be an

apparatus consisting of tables on which the researchers will record their observations. The

adoption capacity and isotherms of each subjected test oil.

Research Procedure

The researcher's technique will be executed by the researchers through experimental testing,

which will allow the researchers to see the results of the experiment. The researchers can

establish a noteworthy finding after analyzing the data.

For detailed operation, the following process is situated:

ADHESIVE MAKING

Before making the product, the materials needed will be prepared and organized.

Mixing Ingredients:

- Combine 190 grams of cassava starch and 1 liter of room temperature water in a

bowl.

- Add 3 tablespoons of vinegar (or lemon juice) to the mixture.

- Incorporate 2 tablespoons of baking soda into the bowl.

Blending Pili Nut Pulp:

- Blend 100 grams of Pili nut pulp until it forms a smooth consistency.
Combining Pili Nut Pulp:

- Gradually add the blended Pili nut pulp to the mixture, stirring continuously.

Cooking:

- Cook in low heat and stir constantly until it reaches the desired thickness.

Cooling:

- Allow the adhesive to cool to room temperature.

Materials and Equipment’s

The materials used in this study had a significant role to achieve the outcome of the

researchers' study.

Table 1.1: Materials, sizes/volume, no. of equipment/s and sources.

No. of
Sr. No. Materials Sizes/Volume Sources
Equipment/s

1 Cassava starch 190 grams ─ Supermarket

Pili area in
2 Pili nut pulp 100 grams ─
Ginablan

3 Water 1 Liter — Home water

4 Baking soda 20 grams — Super market

 Beyond the materials specified in the table, further expenses are included in the budget

estimate for the overall project. Energy costs for drying, labor costs for production, quality assurance,

and transportation are additional costs that are not shown in the Materials table. Additionally,

significant overhead charges like building rent, equipment upkeep, and administrative costs should be

taken into account. Although the Materials table gives a thorough breakdown of material costs, it's

crucial to account for these additional costs to produce a thorough project budget.

Statistical Treatment

This section contains formulas and other mathematical concepts. This enables the

researcher to collect data precisely and properly on the correct foundation. This includes determining

the Water resistance or Viscosity of the adhesive.

Viscosity is measured in terms of a ratio of shearing stress to the velocity gradient in a fluid. If

a sphere is dropped into a fluid, the viscosity can be determined using the following formula:

2 ga( Ap)
N=
9u

Where ∆ρ is the density difference between fluid and sphere tested, a is the radius of

the sphere, g is the acceleration due to gravity and v is the velocity of the sphere.
 END NOTES

Pacanowsky, A. (2023, November 28). Let It Flow: How to Calculate Viscosity.

Powerblanket. Retrieved December 7, 2023, from

https://www.powerblanket.com/blog/let-it-flow/#:~:text=There%20are%20several

%20formulas%20and,of%20ball%20bearing%20through%20liquid

Mechanical Properties of Adhesives, Sealants and Coatings | MasterBond.com. (n.d.).

Retrieved December 7, 2023, from https://www.masterbond.com/properties/mechanical-

properties-adhesives-sealants-and-coatings

Cassava Jackfuit Sap as a glue.docx. (n.d.). Scribd. Retrieved December 7, 2023, from

https://www.scribd.com/document/488474939/Cassava-Jackfuit-sap-as-a-glue-docx