ee _4 ghd Precyuerere tL beubl Oo? be aN Publisher: New College Publication Quetta y BALOGHISTAN TEXT BOOK BOARD QUEM’ NEDear Students, The Balochistan Textbook Board is a dedicated organization committed to undertake publication of textbooks in line with the prescribed subjects. These books are the fruits of labour by renowned educationists engaged to assist us in our task. Despite our constant endeavors chances of inadvertent mistakes cannot be ruled out, and there is always room for improvement. Therefore, we look forward to valuable suggestions from you, your ) respected teachers and parents to enhance the quality *\ of the textbooks. Yahya Khan Mangel Chairman Balochistan Textbook Board Quetta. Ph: 081 - 2470503All rights (Copy Right etc.) are reserved with Balochistan Textbook Board, Quetta. ‘Approved by the Provincial Education Department the Government of Balochistan Quetta. ‘According to theNational Curriculum 2006 under the National Textbook and leaming Matari Policy 2007. N.O. No, 2894-96/CB dated 19/11/2015 Office ofthe Director Bureau of Curriculum & Extension Centre, Balochistan, ‘Quetta. This book has been published by Balochistan Textbook Board under a print licence arrangement for free distribution in all Govemment Schools in Balochistan. No part of this book can be copied in any form especially guides, help books etc., without the written permission of the Balochistan Textbook Board, Quetta. Author @ Mr, Abdul Khaliq Bughlant MPhil (Maths) ® Mr. Mohammad Asif ‘MSc (Maths), MEd @® Mr. Muhammad Asif Principal ‘Tameer-i-Nau Public High School, Quetta. ® Ms. Khurshid Jameel SST Govt. Girls Mission High School, Quetta. ® Ms. Saira Bano SST Govt. Girls High School Staff College, Quetta. ® Prof. Saleem Iqbal Head of Mathematics Department. University of Balochistan Quetta. ® Prof, (Rtd) Asif Akhter Chairman Pakistan Education Foundation ® Prof. Asmat Ullah Kakar Subject Specialist Balochistan Textbook Board, Quetta. Composed Layout: Muhammad Idrees Editor © Mr. Muhammad Javed Iqbat ® Mr. Ashfaq Hussain Senior Research Officer Bureau of Curriculum @ Mr. Asif Naveed Subject Specialist Bureau of Curriculum ® Ms, Nadia Wahid SST Govt. Girls High School Haji Ghaibi Road, Quetta. © Mr. Fiaz Ahmed Associate Professor Govt. Degree College Quetta. ® Ms. Rukhsana Ahmed Jan Kakar Subject Specialist GCEE, (F) Pishin ‘Supervision: Prof, Asmatullah Kakar Prepared by: New College Publication, Quetta. Printer: New College PublicationCONTENTS Bie Operations on Sets Real Numbers Number Systems Financial Arithmetic Polynomials Factorization, Simultaneous Equations Fundamentals of Geometry Practical Geometry Areas and Volumes Demonstrative Geometry Introduction to Trigonometry Information Handling Answers Glossary Index REREERERak Sets 1.2 Operations on Sets 13 Venn Diagram Students Learning Outcomes After studying this unit, the students will be able to: © Recognize set of © natural numbers (N), whole numbers (W), integers (Z), rational numbers (Q), even numbers (5), odd numbers (0), prime numbers (P). © Finda subset ofa set. © Define proper (<) and improper (c) subsets of a set. Find power set P(A) ofa set A. Verify commutative and associative laws with respect to union and intersection. Verify the distributive laws. State and verify De-Morgan’s laws. Demonstrate union and intersection of three overlapping sets through Venn diagram. Verify associative and distributive laws through Venn diagram. 1.1 SETS Set can be defined as, “Collection of distinct and well-defined objects”. In mathematics the word set has a broader meaning than those used in daily life like tea set, dinner set etc. It plays a vital role in advance study of mathematics. 1.1.1 Recognition of Sets Here we write down some common sets, 1, Setofnatural numbers = N ={1,2,3,..} 2. Setofwholenumbers = W = {0,1, 2,3, ...} MMs Ol3. Set of integers = Z ={..-3,-2,-1,0,1, 2,3, ..} = (0,41, +2, +3, ..} © Positive integers © Negative integers = Z ={-1,-2,-3,..} 4. Set of rational numbers = Q = {2lp.acz raza} q 5. Set of even numbers 6. Set of odd numbers 7. Set of prime numbers 1.1.2 Finding subset ofa set If every element of set A is present in set B then set A is called a subset of a set B. It is denoted by AcB and read as “A is a subset of B”. Example 1.1 Find two subsets of A = {1, 2, 3} {2,3, 5, 7,11, .} Solution B= {1,2} » C={3} are subsets of A. Example 1.2 Find three subsets of X = { a, b,c d, e} Solution A={a}, B= {bcd}, C= {a,b,c d} are subsets of set X 1.1.3 Defining proper (c) and improper (c) subsets of a set Proper subset of a set Aset Ais said to be a proper subset of set B if every element of set Ais also in set B and there exists at least one element in set B that is not in set A. It is denoted by AcB and read as “set A is a proper subset of B”. For example A= {a, b, c} and B = {a, b,c, d} then ACB. Improper subset of a set Asubset B consisting of all elements of a set A is called an improper subset. It is denoted by ACB. For example A={1, 2,3, 4}, B={1, 2,3, 4}=> ACB 1.1.4 Power set P(A) ofasetA A set consisting of all possible subsets of set A is called power set of A. It is denoted by P(A). If n is a number of elements in set A, then possible subsets of A can be find by2". Forexample Let A={1,2,3} Remember Empty set isa subset of every set. MMs WlPossible subsets of A are , {1}, {2}, (3}, {1 2}, {1 3}, {2,3}, (1, 2, 3} P(A) = {, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, (1,2, 3} Example 1.3 Find the number ofall possible subsets of A = {p, q, r; 5} Solution A= {2.4.13} Number of elements in set A=n=4 Number of subsets = 2” ea =16 Example 1.4 Find power set of X = {1, 2, 3, 4} Solution X={1,2,3,4} Possible subsets of X are , {1}, {2}, {3}, 4}, {1 2}, {1 3}, {1, 4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}, (1 2, 3}, {1 2, 4}, {1 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}, (1, 2,3, 4} PR) =, {1}, {2}, 3}, {4}, {1, 2}, {1 3}, (1, 4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, (3, 4}, {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2,4}, (1,3, 4}, (2, 3, 4}, {1, 2,3, 4}} 1. Find three subsets of the following sets @ A={abod} (i) B= {Pen, Ink, Pencil, Rubber} (ii) C=Name of months starting with J (iv) D={xy 2} (v) _ E=set of vowels in English alphabets 2. IfA= {10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100}, then find number of the elements of the subsets of following subsets of A. @ Set of Numbers divisible by 4 (ii) Set of Numbers divisible by 3 (iii) Set of Numbers divisible by6 (iv) Set of Numbers divisible by 8 (vy) Set of Numbers divisible by 12 3. If X={1,2,3,4,5, 6}, then a) Write any three proper subsets of X. b) Write an improper subset of X. 4. Find the power set of the following sets @ A=(xy,z (i) B={1,3,5,7} Gi) X={—~ +} (iv) Y= {-2, 0,2} M7 ill1.2 OPERATIONS ON SETS 1.2.1 Verification of commutative and associative laws with respect to union and intersection Commutative law w.r.t. union Let A and B are two sets then AUB=BUAis called commutative law of union. It can be verified by the following example. Example 1.5 If A= {1, 3,5, 7, 9}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8}, then verify that AUB= BUA. Solution , 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8, 9} , 4, 6, S}U(L, 3, 5, 7, 9} 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9} from (i) and (ii), itis verified that AUB =BUA and BUA Commutative law w.r.t. intersection Let A and B are two sets then ANB=Bn Ais called commutative law of intersection. It can be verified by the following example. Example 1.6 Verify the commutative law of sets w.r.t. Intersection if A= (1, 2,3, 4} and B= (3, 4, 5, 6} Solution AB ={1,2,3, 3G, =34} 0 cats @ Now BoA ={3, 4h anaes ww from (i) and (ii), it is verified that ANB= BNA Associative law w.r.t. union Let A, B and C are three sets then (AUB)UC=AU(BUC) is called associative law of sets w.r.t. union, Example 1.7 IfA={0, 1, 2,3), B= {3, 4,5, 6, 7} and C= {5, 6, 7,8, 9}, then verify that (AUB)UC=AU(BUC) Solution (0, 1, 2, 3}, B= {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and C = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} AUB ={0, 1, 2, 3}U{3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ={0, 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7} MMs Hl(AUB)UC ={0, 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7}U(5,6,7,8, 9} ={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} (i) (BUC) =(3,4,5,6, 7}U{5,6,7,8, 9} ={3, 4,5, 6, 7,8, 9} AU(BUC) ={0, 1, 2,3} {3,4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9} ={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} su (ii) from (i) and (ii), it is verified that (AUB)UC = AU(BUC) Associative law w.r.t. intersection Let A, B and C are three sets such that (ANB) C=AN(BNC)is called associative law of sets w.r.t. Intersection. Example 1.8 If A= {a, b, ¢ d}, B={¢, de, f} andC = {e, fg, h}, then verify that (AMB)AC=An(BNC) Solution A = {a, b, cd}, B= {c, d,¢, f} and C= {e,f,g, h} ANB ={a,b6 Gd 6 ft ={og (ANB)NC ={6 dine fa, Ht } F BNC ={od4e feta ef AM(BNC) ={a de dnef ={(} . from (i) and (ii), itis verified that AM(BNC) =AN(BNC) 1.2.2. Verification of distributive laws For any three sets A, B and C for which ( AU(BAC)= (AUB) A(AUC) (distributive law of union over intersection) (ii), AN(BUC) = (ANB) U(ANC) (distributive law of intersection over union) are called distributive laws. Example 1.9 If A= {x/xe O Ax < 10} ,B = {x/xePax< 11} and C = Set of positive integers less than 9, then verify the distributive laws. EDion A ={x/xe OAx<10} ={1,3,5,7,9} B ={x/xe PAxS11} = {(2,3,5,7,11} C =set of positive integers less than 9 ={1, 2,3, 4, w 8} AU(BNC)=(AUB)n (AUC) BAC ={2,3,5,7, 11} (1,2, 3, 4,5, 6,7, 8} = {2,3,5,7} AU(BNC) = {1, 3,5, 7, 9}U{2, 3,5, 7} ={1,2,3,5, 7,9} AUB ={1,3,5,7, }U(2,3,5,7,11} _ ={1, 2,3, 5, 7,9, 11} AUC ={1,3,5, 7, 9}U(1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7,8} ={1,2,3,4,5, 6, 7,8, 9} (AUB)A(AUC) = (1, 2,3, 5, 7,9, 11}0{1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8, 9} ={1, 2,3, 5,7, 9} @ from (i) and (ii), itis verified that AU(BNC) =(AUB)A(AUC) AA(BUC) = (ANB) U (ANC) BUC = {2,3,5, 7, 11}U{1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, B} ={1,2,3,4,5, 67,8, 11} AM(BUC) = {1,3,5, 7, HA{1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,8, 11} sayy ANB = {1,3,5,7,9}(2,3,5,7,11} 3, 5, 7} ANC = {1,3,5,7, 3M, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8} ={1,3,5,7} So, (ANB)U(ANC) = {3, 5, 7}U{1, 3, 5, 7} P3507) from (i) and (ii), itis verified that AM(BUC)=(ANB)U (ANC) (li)1.2.3 De-Morgan’s laws Statement If A and B are any two sets and U is Universal set of Aand B, then De-Morgan’s Laws are stated as: @ (ALB) =A'nB (i) (AnB) =a'UB" It can be verified by the following examples. Example 1.10 If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 10}, A= {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = (5, 6, 7}, then verify (AvBy =A'nB! Solution 1, 2, 3, 4, ...10} 1, 2, 3,4) 5,6,7} , 2,3, 4JU65, 6, 7} 12, 3,4,5,6,7} (AUB) =U-(AUB) ={1,2,3,4,8,9, 10}- (4,2, 3, 4,5, 6,7} = {8,9, 10} A'=U-A pay my 5, 6,7, B'=U-B |, 2, 3, 4, « 10} - (5, 6, 7} , 2,3, 4, 8,9, 10} AB ={5,6,7, ..., 1O}A(1, 2, 3, 4,8, 9, 10} 9, 10} . (if) from (i) and (ii), itis verified that (AvB) =A'nB’ Example 1.11 IfU = {1, 2,3, 4, ... 10}, A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B= {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, then verify (ANB) =A'UB’ Solution U= {1, 2, 3,4, ...,10} A={1,2,3,4,5) B ={4,5,6,7, 8} (AnB) = a'UB' ANB ={1,2,3, 4, 5}, 5, 6, 7, 8} asd(ANBY =U-(ANB) = {1,2,3,4, ...10)- {4,5} = {1, 2,3, 6, 7, 8,9, 10} @ A’=U-A ={1,2,3,4, .... 10} - (1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {6, 7,8, 9, 10} {1, 2, 3, 4, ...,10} -{4, 5, 6, 7, 8} = {1, 2,3, 9,10} A'UB' ={6,7,8, 9, 10}U{1, 2, 3, 9, 10} {1).2,3,6,7,8,9)10} a1 a is verified that B'=U-B 1. IfA={10, 11, 12, 13}, B= {12, 13, 14, 15}, then verify the following () AUB=BUA (i) AAB=BNA 2. IRA={x/xeZ* Ax< 15} , B= Set of prime numbers less than 20, then verify the following () AUB=BUA (i) AAB=BOA 3. Verify the associative laws of union and intersection, if () A=(1,2,3,4,5}, B={5, 6,7, 8} and C={3,4,5} (i) 9, 10, 11, 12, 13} , Y= {12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17} and Z={0,1, 2,3, ., 8} 4. If X={1,3,5,7,9,11}, ¥={2,4,6,8, 10} and Z= {2, 3,5, 7, 11}, then verify the distributive laws. 5. Verify De-Morgan’s laws for the following sets. () ~~ U={10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17} ,A={10, 11, 12} and B = {12, 13, 14, 15} (i) U=@bheodefeh}, X={a,c eg} and Y={b,d, fh} 1.3. VENN DIAGRAM An English mathematician and logician John Venn used diagram to introduce the operations and concept in set theory. A graphical representation of set operations by means of shading overlapping regions of two or more sets is called Venn diagram. The Venn diagram is a convenient way to illustrate the operation of sets. MM 22 Il]1.3.1 Demonstration of union and intersection of three overlapping sets through Venn diagram The following examples illustrate the union and intersection of three overlapping sets through Venn diagram. Example 1.12 IfA= {1,2,3,4,5} , B= {4,5} and C = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, then represent the following by using the Venn diagram: (Union of three sets (ii) Intersection of three sets Solution @ Union of three sets (ii) _ Intersection of three sets c Bac AM(BNC) 1.3.2 Verification of Associative and Distributive laws through Venn diagram Example143 IfA={abcd¢}, B={¢d,¢f} and C={d,efg,h, i}, then verify the following by using Venn diagram. @ AU(BUQ =(AUB)UC Gi) AN(BNC) =(ANB)Ac Gil) AU(BNQ =(AUB)A(AUC) (iJ AN(BUO) =(ANB)U(ANC) 13Solution @ (i) Intersection of three sets AN(BAC)=(ANB) AC Union of three sets i.e. (AUB) UC=AU(BUC) WS & | & BUC AU(BUC) U a AUB Thus (AUB)UC=AU(BUC) ee) i ee Thus, AN(BNC)= (ANB) OC @ | | BoC An(BnC) U & > B — > aGi) AU(BAQ = (AUB) n (AUC) BOC AU(BNC) (AUB)n AUC) Thus, AU(BNC)= (AUB) (AUC) (iv) AN(BUC) = (ANB)U (And) ° @IS " (6 0S BSG Ac(BUC)(AnB)u (nc) Thus, AM(BUC)=(ANB)U(ANC) EXERCISE 1 . A= {a b¢ def), B= {4,6 fg,h) and C = {h, i,j,k}, then represent the following by using Venn diagram. (@ AvU(BuC) Gi) AA(BNe) . If X= Set of odd natural numbers less than 10, Set of natural numbers less than 10 and Z= Set of prime numbers less than 10, then show the following by using Venn diagrams, @ XU(Yu2) (il) XA(¥NzZ) . If A={-3,-2,-1,0,1,2, 3}, B={0, 1, 2,3,4,5, 6}and C= {3x/xe Na x< 2} then verify the following by using Venn diagram (@ AU(BUC =(AUB)UC Gi) AA(BaC)=(ANB)ACc . If X= {0, 1, 2, 3,5}, ¥ = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and Z = {2, 5, 6, 8, 9}, then verify the following by using Venn diagram (@ XU¥AZ)=(KYY)A(KVZ)_ (i) XA(YUZ)=(KAY)U(KNzZ) 161. Choose the correct answer. (i) Number of subset of power set of a set having 5 elements Gi) (a) 32 (co) 15 (b) 10 (a) 64 Commutative law with respect to union is (a) ANB=BOA (ce) AUC=BUC (b) AUB=BAA (d) AUB=BUA (ii) Distributive law of intersection over union is (a) An(Bnc)=(AUB)UC (b) AA(BUC)= (ANB)U (ANC) (c) AN(BUC)=(ANB)A(ANC) — (a) AN(BUC)=AUBNC (iv) De Morgan’s lawis (a) (AUB) =A'UB (b) (AUB) =A'AB’ (© (AvBY =a'nB (@) (AUB) =AnB (v) A={1,2,7,9,11} , B={2,4, 8, 6}, then ANBis (2) 2,4} (b) {2} (6) {1,2, 11} (4) {2, 8} (vi) Associative law w.r:t intersection is (@) (ANB) C= (AnB)UC (b) (ANB) AC=AN(BNC) (9 (ANB) NC= (ALB) (@) AU(BNC) (vii) Associative law w.r.t union is (a) (AUB) UC=AU(BUC) (b) (AUB)UC=AU (Bac) (9 (ANB) UC=An(BUC) (@) AU(BNC)= (AUB)ac (vill) Improper subset of A = {1, 2, 3} is (@) (1,23 (b) {2, 3} (9 {1,3} (@) {1 2,3} 2. Find atleast four subsets of X = {a, e, i, 0, u}. 3. Write two proper subsets of A = {2, 4, 6, 10}. 4, IFA={10, 12, 14, 16, 18}, B = {6, 8, 10, 12} and C = {1, 2, 3, ..., 20}, then prove that () AU(BUC)= (AUB)UC 5, Verify the distributive laws for the following P={1, 2, 3, ....9}, Q={5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and R= {7, 8,9, ..., 15} +? Hl (i) AA(Bc)=(AnB)nc6. IfU = {1, 2, 3,4, « 15}, A= {1, 2, 3, «. 8} and B = {1, 2, 5, 9, 10}, then verify De-Morgan’s laws. 7. I€X={11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16},Y = (10, 12, 14, 16, 18} and Z = {15,16,17,18,19,20}, then verify Distributive laws by using Venn diagrams. SUMMARY > Setis collection of well-defined distinct objects. > Set A is called subset of set B if all elements of set A are present in the set B. It is denoted by ACB. > Power set of a given set A is a set of all possible subsets. It is denoted by P(A). > Ifaset A has ‘n’ elements, then its possible subsets can be find by 2°. > Commutative law of two sets A and B with respect to union is AUB=BUA > Commutative law of two sets A and B with respect to intersection is AAB=BOA. > Associative laws of three sets A, B and C with respect to union and intersection are: o AU(BUC = (AUB)UC 0 AA(BNC)=(AnB)nc > Distributive laws of three sets A, B and C are 0 AU(BAC)= (AUB) (AUC) 0 AM(BUC)= (ANB)U(ANC) > De-Morgan’s laws of two sets A and B are o (AUB) =A'nB © (AmB)=A'UB > A graphical representation of set operations by means of shading overlapping region of two or more sets is called Venn diagram. IM 28 Bl2.1 Irrational numbers 2.2 Squares 2.3. Square Root 24 Cubes and Cubes Roots Students Learning Outcomes After studying this unit, the students will be able to: Define an irrational number, © Recognize rational and irrational numbers. © Define real numbers. Demonstrate non-terminating / non repeating (or non-periodic) decimals. Find perfect square of a number. Establish patterns for the squares of natural numbers (eg42=14243+4434241), Find square root of © anatural number (eg. 16, 625, 1600), 9 36 49 © acommon fraction (eg. 16’ 49 64 © adecimal (eg. 0.01, 1.21, 0.64), given in perfect square form, by prime factorization and division method. ¢ Find square root of a number which is nota perfect square (e.g, the numbers 2,3, 2.5). © Use the following rule to determine the number of digits in the square root of a perfect square. Rule: Let n be the number of digits in the perfect square then its square root contains . F digits fms even, * we digits ifn is odd. Solve real life problems involving square roots. Recognize cubes and perfect cubes, @ Find cube roots ofa number which are perfect cubes. Recognize properties of cubes of numbers. IM +9 ll2.4 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS 2.1.1 Definition of irrational number Anumber which is not a rational number is called an irrational number, it is denoted by Q' eg, V2,/3,V5 etc. Rational Number Anumber which can be written in the form of {z1 paezagzohs called a 2 rational number, itis denoted by Q. For example 2 , =o #, 2,5 1’ 7 "4 2.1.2 Recognization of rational and irrational numbers It can be explained by the following examples. Example 2.1 Recognize rational and irrational numbers. 322 BNE NB, m Solution a 9 Rational numbers: — — 2° z 7 Irrational numbers: 73 , V6 , V8 ,x 2.1.3 Definition of real numbers The union of all rational numbers Q and irrational numbers Q' form the set of real numbers. It is denoted by R. R= QUQ’ Real numbers Irrational numbers 2,N3,V5,V6,n ete. (ih 20 fil2.1.4 Demonstration of non-terminating and non-repeating decimals. A decimal in which there are infinite number of digits after decimal point is called non-terminating decimal. Anon-repeating decimal neither terminates nor repeats itself. Non repeating decimals are also called non-recurring or non-periodic decimals. For example 14142135... 0.3333... 3.14159265..., 1.90909090... are non-terminating decimals while 1.4142135..., 3.14159265 are also non repeating decimals, 0.333..., 3.3333... are repeating decimals terminating decimals. Example 2.2. Convert 2 into decimal form Solution Thus 2 teminating decal Example 2.3 Solution 10 Example 2.4 Convert 3 into decimal form | Hence, frases Solution 1.142857 7a Hence, s- 1.142857... Hence ; is non-terminating decimal Hence 2 is a recurring decimal.Hence from the above examples we conclude that in example 2.2 number of digits in decimal form are finite, so it is terminating decimal. In example 2.3 numbers of digits after decimal are infinite and 3 is repeating, so it is non- terminating decimal while in example 2.4 no of digits are not repeating and ending, so itis non-recurring decimal, 2.2 SQUARES Consider the following squares. tot 2unit Lunit 2unit 4unit What would be the area of square whose length of side is given? When a number is multiplied by itself, the result or product is called the square of the number. Numbers 1, 4, 9, and 16 are examples of square. 2.2.1 Perfect square of anumber The perfect squares are squares of the numbers, for example 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64 etc. Example 2.5 Write each number as a perfect square @4 @ii6 (i 25 (iv) 64 (v) 256 22)Solution @ 4=2x2= (22 Gi) 16= Gii) 25= (iv) 64=8 x 8=(8)2 @) 256 = 16 x 16 = (16)? Thus, these are perfect squares of the given numbers. 2.2.2 Establishing patterns for the squares of natural numbers ‘The pattern can be explained by the following examples. (44 1424344434241 = 2(1) +2(2) +2(3) +4 =24+4+644 =16 (i) 52 =14+24+3444544434+241 = 2(1) + 2(2) + 2(3) + 2(4) +5 =24+4+6+845 =25 1. Separate rational and irrational numbers. @ V6 Gi) : Gi) 2 (iv) J26 (vy) -VeT wo vis (vii) z (vit fs (x) 3 re) 4 2, Separate the terminating and non-terminating decimals. (i) 1.1345 (ii) 2.34578 ... (iii) 3.273273... (iv)0.91010310.., (v) 2.3213... (vi) 23456 3. Write each number asa perfect square. (st (ii) 169 (iii) 225 (iv) 286 (v) 625, (vi) 576 (vil) 676 (vill) 49 4. Establish pattern for the square of natural numbers. mo (ii) 72 (iii) 8? (iwi (we (ih 23 fl)2.3 SQUARE ROOTS A square root of a number n written as. nis a number that can be multiplied by itself gives the original number. The symbol of square root is "Vv", Consider the examples of square roots of some numbers, vi=1 since 1?=1, V4=2 since 22=4, V9=3 since 3? = and Vi6=4 since 4?=16, 2.3.1 Finding square root of natural numbers, common fraction and decimal given in perfect square form @) By prime factorization method Example 2.6 Find the square root of 3025 Solution 3025 = 5x5x11x11 =V5?xi1? =5x11 Thus, J3025 =55 3969 Example 2.7 Find the square root of ——— 4225 Solution. la Js Jor fer wy Ss § ag Sle 3969 VBx3x3x3x7X7 ~~ V5x5x13x13 VBI KF B x13" _3x3x7 5x13 rin (20 8 65 fo bf foExample 2.8 Find the square root of 0.7056 Solution ae 7056 2 |10000 2 | 7056 Dc 10000 2| 5000 2 | 3528 7056 2| 2500 2| 1764 = Vro000 2| 1250 2| 882 RBDDGRTT FE aa V2x2x2x2x5x5Xx5x5 =) «=| 7) 49 = NERDS s| 5 7| 7 V2 x2? x5? x5? 1 1 = 2X2%3x7 2x2x5x5 = 84 100 = 0.84 Thus, 0.7056 =0.84 (ii) By division method To find the square root of a number by division method, we follow the given steps. @ Make pairs and place a bar over every pair of digits starting from unit digit. Gi) (iii) (iv) ) (wi) (vii) If number of digits are even, there will be a complete pair and if number of digits are odd then last digit on the extreme left will be the single one. Find the greatest number whose square is less than or equal to the first pair on the left. Write that number as the divisor and quotient as well and write the product under the first pair. Find the difference of first pair and the first product. Write down the difference then bring down the next pair. Double the quotient and write down for next step and find a unit digit for the tens digit, so that the product of the formed number with same unit digit is Jess than or equal to the new dividend. Continue the process until the remainder is zero. 2s Il(viii) ‘The quotient is the square root of the given number (ix) Ina fraction, we will find the square root of numerator and denominator separately. (x) ma decimal, when a pair of digits after decimal point is brought down, then place the decimal point in the quotient. ‘ample 2.9 Find the square root of 53361 by division method. 53361 231 2| 53361 4, 43 | 133 129 461| 461 461 x Thus, ¥53361 =231 15876 I Find the square root of <="> by division method. 15876 15876 16 a 62001 f62001 1| 15876 2| 62001 i _4 _ 126 22| 58 44| 220 “749 44 176 AESTE 126 246| 1476 489| 4401 ASB 726e—I 1476 4401 Thus, E7001 249 = =z ‘ampl 1 Find the square root of ( 31.36 i) 0.000196Solution @ 3136 Gi) ¥0.000196 5.6 0.014 5| 31.36 1 0.000196 25 1 106! 636 24 96 _636 _96 [x [x 31.36 =5.6 0.000196 = 0.014 1, Find the square root by prime factorization method. (@ 576 (ii) 2601 (iil) 1936 (iv) _ 24336 © (v)_ 207936 400 2916 2116 15376 © 361 as) 2508 = Son7e (xi) 57.76 (xii) 27.04 (xiii) 9.9856 (xiv) 0.4096 (xv) 10.6276 2, Find the square root by division method. (wil) ie (viii) () 6084 (i) 14641 (iil) 753424 (iv) 10336225 () 61544025 wi) an (wii) aon (viii) ae (9 sore @ meres (xi) 3.7636 (xii) 228.6144 (iii) 0,00000784 (xiv) 0.00868624 (xv) 0.974169 2.3.2 Finding the square root of a number which is not a perfect square This method can be explained by the following example. Example 2.12 Find the square root of 5.6 27 flACTIVITY Find square root of W 0.000144 (i) ~~ 0.00133225 Thus, V5.6 ~ 2.366 NOTE: We observe that process is non-terminating ie. we cannot get zero as a remainder. Thus after the decimal point, we leave the division after some place. We round off the answer upto 3 decimal place or according to the condition given in the question, 2.3.3 Determining the number of digits in the square root ofa perfect square. To find the square root of a large number, the following rule is used in determining the number of digits in the square root. Rule: Let n be the number of digits in a perfect square, then its square root contains (® — Faigts itais even, (ii) 22 aigts ifnis odd. Example 2.13 Find the number of digits in the square root of the following numbers in perfect square form () 20857489 (ii) 1523.99025 Solution @ 20857489 Number of digits are n = 8 as 8 is even so 20857489 contains Bi digits = $ =4 digits Gi) 1523.99025 Number of digits are n = 9 is odd I 28 Ilso /1573.99025 contains "4 aigits = 242 =10 2 =5 digits 1. Find the square root of the following upto 2 decimal places. () 48.6 (ii) 31.324 45.708 (iv) 531.632 (v) 152.7696 2, Find the square root of the following upto 3 decimal places. @ 3 (ii) 0.0143 ii) 78 (iv) 0.3750 (v) 67 3. Find the number of digits in the square root of the following number in the perfect square form. ( 54756 (i) 5499025 (ii) 23921881 (iv) 6226788 (v) 2085840241 2.3.4 Solving real life problems involving square roots In real life problems, we also make use the square root of numbers, Square root helps us for finding the greatest number of 5-digits or 6 digits etc, are a perfect square. Example 2.14 The students of grade VIII contributed as many rupees as the number of students for a picnic. If the total collection was Rs.21025. Find the number of the students and the amount contributed by each. . 14 Solution 1! 2: Total collection = Rs.21025 Number of students = /21025 = 145 24 Therefore, number of students is 145. As the number of students are equal to the number of rupees contributed by each gs student. Thus, contribution is Rs.145, Example 2.15 4900 students in school assembly were asked to stand in rows. If every row has as many students as number of rows, find the number of rows. Wl 29 fllSolution i) Total number of students = 4900 7| 4900 Number of rows = 4900 aD =70 rows 140} 00 ‘Thus, number of rows are 70 00 % Example 2.16 Find the least number which when subtracted from 126860, the answer is a complete square? 356 Solution 3] 126860 To find which number is subtracted from the given 9 number, we find the square root of 126860. The remainder will be 65 368 the required number. aE Thus, if 124 is subtracted from 126860, the remaining ——— number 126736 will be a perfect square. 706| 4360 4236 124 The area of a square field is 3136 square meter. Find the length of the side of the field. The length of a rectangle is twice its breadth. If the area of the rectangle is 338 square meter, then what will be the length and breadth of the rectangle. Find the greatest number having five digits which is a perfect square. Find the least number which should be subtracted from 6126 to make it a perfect square. The cost of ploughing a square field is Rs.42050 at the rate of Rs.SO per square meter. Find the length of one of the side of the square. A rectangular field has an area of 675 square meters, if its length is thrice its width. Find the perimeters of the field. 2.4 CUBES AND CUBE ROOTS 2.4.1 Recognization of cube and perfect cubes Cube The cube of a number is a number raised to the power 3, which means the number is multiplied 3 time by itself. ie. 2x2x2=(9°=8 4x4x4=(4)° =64 5x5x5=(5)°=125 This means that 8 is the cube of 2, 64 is the cube of 4 and 125 is the cube of 5. I 30 Il]Perfect Cube Anatural number is said to be a perfect cube if it is the cube of 2 | 2048. same natural number 2/1024 i.e.216=(6)°is the example ofa perfect cube. 2-ae Example 2.17 Examine whether (i) 4096 (ii) 2916 are perfect cubes “9 | 498 or not. ol 64 Solution = These examples can be explained by making 2| 32 their prime factors. 2| 16 () 4096 2 8 4096 = 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 2 4 = 23x 23x 23x 23 al 2 Thus, 2 can be written as cube of same number, so 4096 is a al perfect cube. 1 3| 2916 (i) 2916 ‘3|_972 2916 = 3x3x3x3x3x3x2x2 31 324 = 33x 33x 22 3) 108 This shows that 2916 cannot be written in the cube of “3| 36 same number, so it is not a perfect cube. 3] 42 2[ 4 2] 2 2.4.2 Finding cube roots of a number which are perfect cube This can be explained by the following example. | Example 2.18 Find the cube roots of the following numbers which are perfect cubes. () 512 (ii) 8000 2 Solution ei @ 512 2| 512 =2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 2 512 = 222° 2| ¥12 = ¥2?x2? x2" =I) = 2x2x2 2 Thus, ¥512 =8 = en Ry IN » a a S B18 Pa 8 ” w|nfa [ole(i) 8000 8000 =2x2x2x2x2x2x5x5x5 =O xe xs? 000 = 929x255" = 2x2x5 Thus, /8000 = 20 The cubes of all even numbers are even. The cubes of all odd numbers are odd. HISTORY R ‘onal number 2 AbUglidisi worked on square ‘or any rational number > an &-% b tb For any numbers a and b, Yab =a x ¥b 219 Find the cube root of 222 343 J 2} 512 7 | 343 ey 2[ 256 7| 49 oe 2[ 12 7| 7 512 _,|512 2| 64 Cube root of == =3/—< — meroorer 343 V343 2[ 32 a AL y 2 343 2h _§2x2K2x2K2xAKIXDRD 2|_2 V7x7x7 1 18 _8 wz N32 MilExample 2.20 Find the cube root of 343x2744 Solution 343x2744 : a z 8 Cube root of 343 x 2744 = 4343x2744 rilweae sme = 9343 x 92744 7| 343 7/49 Thus, 9343x2744 = {7x7x7x¥2xaxaxTx7x? 7| 7 =UP AP XP 1 Find the cube roots of the following 1, 5832 2, 39304 «3, 74088 «4. 27000 «5. «32768 6 Be ABS g, M096 ig 1728x2744 10. 13824%46656 1728 125 11. Recognize the perfect cube in the following as (i) 16 (iii) 27 (iv) 72 (v) 125 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 1. Choose the correct option in the following. @ Vis (a) Awhole number (b) Anatural number (c) Arational number (q) Anirrational number (ii) Square root of 1.44 is {a) 1.2 (b) 12 (co) 20 (a) 1.02 (iil) Square root of 20857489 contains digits. (2 (6) 3 4 @5 (Hh 33 fi)(iv) Cube root of 216 is (a) 6 () 5 7 @s (V) 1424342412 (a) 32 (b) 16 (9 10 (@ 4 (vi) Square root of 576 is (a) 23 (&) 24 () 28 (@) 30 (vil) Cube root of 729 is @7 be (9) 8 d@9 36 (vill) Square root of 100 is (a) 3.6 (&) 0.06 (©) 36 (@ 06 . Find the square root of the following by factorization method. (i) 625 (ii) 2116 (iii) 3025 . mnt cis quar root of the following by division method. wo ie (ii) 31.36 . Area of a rectangular field is 2450m2.The length of the field is twice its width. Find the perimeter of the field. . Find the cube root of the following @ a (ii) 13824 (iii) 1728x27> The set of all rational and irrational numbers form the set of real numbers. It is denoted by R. > Square root of a number is a factor of the number when multiplied by itself gives the number. > Ifnis the number of digits in a perfect square, then its square root contains; ° Fdigits ifnis even ° 747 digits ifn is odd A non-terminating decimal is a decimal number that does not terminate in an infinite sequence of zeros. A non-repeating decimal neither terminates nor repeats itself. Non-repeating decimals are also called non-recurring decimal or non-periodic decimals. Cube of a number is the number multiplied three times by itself. For any rational number A fe fe o Yab=Vaxdb vvvyv 353.1 Number System 3.2 Conversions aCe Re hae eae After studying this unit, the students will be able to: © Recognize base of anumber system. © Define number system with base 2, 5, 8 and 10. © Explain © binary number system (system with base 2), ‘© number system with base 5, © octal number system (system with base 8), = decimal number system (system with base 10). © Convert a number from decimal system to a system with base 2, 5 and 8, and vice versa. ‘Add, subtract and multiply numbers with base 2, 5 and 8, Add subtract and multiply numbers with different bases. 3.1 NUMBER SYSTEM The numbers which we use in our daily life are concerned with decimal system. Any system representing numbers, as the decimal system or the binary system etc. are called Number System. 3.1.1 Recognization of base of a number system In the decimal system, we use ten basic digits i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. That is why, it is also called number system with base 10. In any number system number of digits are called its base. If in any system digits are 0 and 1 then its base will be 2. Similarly, in 5 and 8 digit system base will be 5 and 8 respectively. To understand the concept of base, we consider the following examples: 4645 = 4000 +600+40+5 x 1000+ 6x 100+4x10+5x1 =4x 103+ 6x 102+4x101+5 x 10° (+ 10° Similarly, 2785 = 2000 + 700 + 80+5 (ih 36 fl)=2x1000+7%100+8x10+5x1 = 2x 108 +7102 +8 x 10145 x 10° (-- 10° =1) In the above examples, we observe that the numbers 4645 and 2785 have been expressed in powers of 10. Therefore, in decimal system, we count in bundles of 10. In this system, base is 10. In any number system, the number of digits are counted as its base like in a number system if digits are 0,1 then its base will be 2. Similarly, if numbers of digits are 0,1,2,3,4 and 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 then they are called of base 5 and 8 respectively. Example 3.1 Express the following numbers as sum of multiples of base 10. (i) 2341 (ii) 3907 Solution (i) 2341 = 2000 +300+40+1 =2x 1000+3x100+4%10+1x1 =2x102+3x102+4x101+1%109 (7 10° =1) (ii) 3907 = 3000 + 900+0x10+7 x 1000 +9 x 100+00+7x1 =3x103+9x102+0x10147%100 (10 =1) 3.1.2 Definition of number system with base 2, 5,8 and 10 Like the decimal system, there are many other systems having different bases. In this unit, we will discuss the number systems with bases 2, 5, 8 and 10. Binary number system (System with base 2) Anumber system formed by the two digits 0 and 1 is called binary system or system with base 2 e.g. (11)2, (101)z, (1)2. Number system with base 5 A number system, in which five digits 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 are used, is called a number system with base 5. e.g. (243)s ,(1234)s. Octal number system (Number system with base 8) A number system, in which eight digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are used, is called a number system with base 8. It is also called octal number system. eg. (1234)s, (3567)e, (10312)e. Decimal number system (Number system with base 10) A number system, in which ten digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are used, is a number system with base 10. It is also called decimal number system. e.g. (48)10 , (345)10, (12356)i0. 371. Express the following numbers as a sum of multiples of power of 10. (i) 4357 (i) 60235 (ili) 193021 (iv) 300253 2. Recognize base of a number system in the following questions. () (01)2 (i) (8457)s (iii) (9201)10 (iv) (304)s (v) (87034)10 (vi) (3201)s (vil) (111)2 3.2 CONVERSIONS 3.2.1 (a) Convertinga number from decimal system toa system with base 2 If a number is given in decimal system, for converting it into binary system, repeatedly divide that number by 2 and record their remainders. Example 3.2 Convert the following numbers from base 10 system to base 2 system, (@ (28)10 (i) (46)10 Solution ( w - 23-0 11-1 5-1 2-1 1-0 (11100), (101110), Thus, (28):0 = (11100)2 Thus, (46)10 = (101110)2 (b) Converting a number from binary system to decimal system The method can be explained by the following examples. Example 3.3 Convert (11011)2into decimal system. Solution (11011), (11011)2 =1x 2+4+1x23+0x 22+1x 2141x209 =1x2x2x2x2+1x2x2x2+0x2x2+1x24+1x1 (229-1 38=16+8+0+241 Thus, (11011)2 = (27),, Example 3.4 Convert the number (11101)z into decimal system and also check by converting backward. Solution (11101), = 1x 24+1%23+1%2240x214+1x20 x2xX2x2K241xK2K2xK241K2x240x241x1 64+8+4+0+1 =40 (11101)z = (29),, (29), = (11101). 1. Convert the following decimal numbers into binary system. (0 27 (i) 35 ~~ (iit) 135 — (iv) 321. sv) 472 (vi) 899 (vii)502 = (viii) 741 (ix) 987 2. Convert the following binary numbers into decimal system. (i) (101)2 (ii) (1101)2 (iii) (10110). (iv) (111011)2 (v) (1000110)2 (vi) (10111001)2 —_ (vii) (101010110)2 (viii) (101000101)2 (©) Converting a number from decimal system to system with base 5 The method can be explained by the following examples. Example 3.5 Convert (237)10 into base 5 system. Solution Thus, (237),, = (1422)s (d) Converting a number from base 5 system into decimal system The method of conversion can be explained by the following examples. 39Example 3.6 Convert (13203)s into decimal system. Solution (13203)s =1%54+3x53+2x52+0x51+3x5? FLX 5x5 x5 x5 +3x5x5x54+2x5x540+3x1 (251 = 625 +375 +50+3 (13203)s = (1053),, EXERCISE 1, Convert the following decimal numbers into base 5 system. () 85 (i) 180 (iil) 357 (iv) 2975 (v) 5361 (vi) 57891 (vii) 80357 (viii) 940306 2. Convert the following base 5 numbers into decimal system. () @31)s (ii) (1324)s (iii) (2314)s (iv) (80314)s (v) (43421)s (vi) (103021); (vii) (400324)s —_ (viii) (1010111)s (ix) G111001)s (1340012); (e) Converting a number from decimal system to system with base 8 The method can be explained by the following example. Example 3.7 Convert (3789),0 into octal number system. Solution Thus, (3789),,=(7315)s. (f) Converting a number from octal number system into decimal system ‘The method of conversion can be explained by the following example. Example 3.8 Convert (1345)s from octal system to decimal system. Solution (1345)e =1x83+3x 8244x8145 x80 XBx8x843x8xB+4x845x1 (:8}1 =512+192+3245 (1345)e = (741),,1. Convert the following decimal numbers into octal number system. (i) 89 (Gi) 325, (iii) 789 (iv) 3259 (v) 5678 (vi) 80398 (vii) 93785 (viii) 329876 2. Convert the following octal numbers into decimal system. (i) (255)e (i) (457). (ili) (1767)s (iv) (71375)e (v) (12416). (vi) (700663) (vii) (367134)e (viii) (3771110). 3.2.2 Subtract and multiply numbers with base 2, 5 and 8 {a) Addition, subtraction and multiplication of numbers in base 2 system Addition In a binary system, if sum of two or more digits is greater than 1, then the resulting sum is divided by 2. The unit digit is placed below in the first column and 1 is added to the digit in the next column. It can be explained by the following example. Example 3.9 Evaluate the following (i) (400)2 + (101)2 (ii) (1010)2 + (1101}2 + (101)2 Solution () €@00)2 + (101)2 (ii) (1010)2 + (1101}2 + (101)2 (100), (1010), (201), (1101), (1001), ge (101), (11100) Subtraction 2 The concept of subtraction can be explained by the following examples. Example 3.10 Evaluate (10101)2 - (1011)2 Solution (10101)2 - (1011)2 Information Core) (2yo= 0), =m), @0-OD, ( 1010), aExplanation Starting from right side 1 - 1 = 0, which is written at first place. At the second place 1 cannot be subtracted from 0, So 1 is carried from the third place, which becomes 2 at the second place. ie. 2- 1 = 1 and so on. Multiplication The concept of multiplication can be explained by the following examples. Example 3.11 Example 3.12 Multiply (1101)z by (11)2 Find the product of (11101)2x (110)2 Solution Solution (1101), (1101), x (11), x (110) (1101), (0000), (1101), (1101), (100111), g(tl01xx), (1001110), 1, Evaluate ( (2011)2+(111)2 (i) (11011), + (1001). (iii) (1010101)2 + (101010)z (iv) (11101), + (1011)2 (v) (1011101101): +(11011001)2 (vi) (110110)2 + (101001). + (1111) (vii) (10111)2 + (11010)2 + (1010). 2. Evaluate (i) (110)2- (11)2 (ii) (1101)2- (111)2 (iil) (101011)2- (11011)2 (iv) (1000000)2 - (101010) {v) (110110011) - (10011101)2. 3. Evaluate () (101)2x (111)2 (i) (110101)ex (1101)2 (iii) (1110111)2x (110101)2 (iv) (1010101)2x (1001101)2 (v) (11111001)2x (10101)2 (b) Addition, subtraction and multiplication of numbers with base 5 Addition If the sum of two or more digits is 5 or greater, divide the sum by 5, write the remainder, carry the quotient to the next column and add. 42For the simplicity, the table for addition is given below. Addition Table for base 5 Os Ee 1 2 3 & 2 3 4 (10) 3 4 (10)s (11) 4 (0)s (11s (12)s 4 4 (10)s (11) (12)s (13)s Following examples will help to understand the concept of addition. wnNnRor wnRo Example 3.13 Evaluate (13)s + (43)s Example 3.14 Evaluate (343)s + (413)s Solution Solution (13)s + (43)s (343)5 + (413)s (13), (343), + (43), + (413), (111), (1311), Subtraction The concept of subtraction can be explained by the following examples. Example 3.15 Subtract (32)s from ‘| Example 3.16 Evaluate (43)s (8432)s— (2344)s Solution Solution (43)s- (32)s (3432)s- (2344)s (43), (3432), _ (32), _ (2344), ~@, ~ (033), Explanation Subtraction of 4 from 2 is not possible, so we borrow ‘1’ from second column we add it in first column it is written as 2 + 5 = 7 then subtract 4 from 7 ie. 7 - 4 = 3. From second column we borrowed 1 there remained 2. As 2 is less than 4, therefore we borrow ‘1’ from 3“ column and add into 2"4 column ie. 2+5=7 then subtract 4 from 7 and so on. Multiplication When we multiply two numbers with base 5 and their product is greater than 4, We divide the number by 5. We write the remainder in the same column and quotient to the next column. 43Multiplication Table for base 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 Example 3.17 Multiply (42)s by (14) Solution L z& (is 1), 323 42x (1243), Thus, (42), x(14), = (1243), Evaluate (i) (213)s + (314)s (iii) (4324)s + (1304)s (v) (8013424); + (2133004)s Evaluate (i) B42)s- (243)s (iii) (40342)s - (32133)s (v) (8241032)s - (2334234)s Evaluate ( (@4)sx (81)s (iii) (40132)sx (314)s (v) (41100321)sx (32014)s 2 3 4 0 0 0 2 3 4 4 (11)s (13) (11)s (14)s (22)s {13)s (22)s (31)s Example 3.18 Evaluate (214)sx (132)s Solution ( ~_ (132), 433 1202x 214xx (34403), Thus, (214), x(132), =(34403), CISE (ii) (430)s + (411)s (iv) (143012)s + (433102)s (ii) (4321)s - (434)s (iv) (431202)s - (134301)s (ii) (243)sx (132)s (iv) (443321)sx (2134)s 44{c) Addition, subtraction and multiplication of numbers with base 8 Addition Addition of numbers with base 8 can be explained by the addition table. Coo ete ez a ss te ez, OVOyay2 5s) 42) a)a)7 1 as |e co). 2 3 4 5S 6 7 (10)s (11) 3 4 5 6 7 (106 (11)s (12) 5 6 7 (10)s (11s (12)s (13)s 6 7 (10)s (11)s (12)e (13)s (14)e 2 3 4 5 6 7 (10)e (11s (12)e (13)e (14)e (15)e 7 4 5 6 7 (10)e (11)e (12)e (13)e (14)s (15)a (16)e In this system of addition, if sum exceeds 7, then we divide the number by 8 and write the first digit in the first column and other digit is carried out to the second column. Example 3.19 _ Evaluate the following numbers. () (435)s+ (342)e (i) (27016)s + (30145)s Solution € (435)e+ (3422 | GD (27016)o+ (30145). (423) (27016), ee (32145), ae (61163), s Subtraction In subtracting two numbers with base 8, if the digit to be subtracted is greater than the corresponding digit, we borrow ‘1’ from the next column which is equal to 8. We add 8 to this number then subtract. Example 3.20 Evaluate Example 3.21 Subtract (476053)s (3756)e - (2547)s from (567442)s 45Solution Solution ( 567442 ), (3756), _(2547), _(476053), (1207), (71367), Multiplication This multiplication table in octal system will help for solving products. x 0 12° 3 +4 ~=5 6 0 o 0 oO oO 2 3 4 5 6 6 (10s (12)e (14)2 6 (11s (14)s (17) (22)3 4 (10)e (14)e (20)e (24)e (30): 5 (12)s (17)s (24)s (31)s (36)s 6 (14)s (22)s (30)s (36)s (44)s a 0 7 (16)s (25)s (34)s (43)s (52)s Example 3.22 Evaluate the following AnRwNH OS Slole|olels|o w nro cS 2 0 7 (16)s (25) G4). (43)8 G2)s (61)e () (635)ex (34)e (ii) (80456)ex (234)s Solution (i) (635)ex (34)e (i) 80456)ox (234)a (30456), (635), x (234), x(34), 142270), {eaent (111612), af 2977), 4(61134xx), (26454), (7374010), 1. Bvaluate the following. () (356)e+ (67)s (ii) (5034)s + (6721)s (ili) (50043)5 + (66644) (iv) (73564)s + (62560). (v) (657546)s + (46701).2. Evaluate the following (i) (73)e- (46)a (ii) (200)a - (173) (iii) (4326)e - (3754)e (iv) (77601)e - (67706)e (v) (163732)s - (77766) 3. Evaluate the following () (67)ex (45)8 (ii) (845)sx (171)6 (iii) (13470)s x (563)e (iv) (80076)s x (324)s (v) (763541)ex (4061)e 3.2.3 Addition, subtraction and multiplication of numbers with different bases For addition, subtraction and multiplication of numbers with different bases, we first convert all the numbers into decimal system. However, we can also convert the solution to the other number systems. Example 3.23 Simplify {(10101), + (34321),}+{(892),, x(3476),} Solution {(10101), +(34321),} + {(892),, x(3476),} We convert the numbers in different bases into base 10. (10101), =1x2*+0x23 +1x2? +0x2'+1%2° =1x2x2x2x2+0+1x2x2+041x1 =16+4+1 (10101), =21 (34321), = 3x5* 44x53 43x57 +2x5! +1%5? =3x5x5x5x5+4x5x5x54+3x5x542x5+1x1 =1875+500+75+10+1 (34321), =2461 (3476), =3x8" +48? +7xB8'+6x8° =3x8x8x8+4x8x84+7x8+6x1 =1536+256+56+6 (3476), =1854 Since, _ {(10101), + (34321),} + {(892),, x(3476),} Putting values we get = {2142461} + (892%1854} 41=2482+1653768 = 1656250 EXERCISE 3.8 Evaluate the following, . (1010111)2 + (3467)s + (8914)10 . (2434)sx (11101)2 - (16746)s . {498x(37645),}—{(10010), x(34010),} . (9874), - {(201110111),— (2413),+ (37365),} . {(21763), x(2010),} + {739x(41013),} .. Simplify and express the answer in 2 and 5 base number systems: (0) {(389),, (110110), + 6745), } x(14032), (i) (77664), -{(3456), + (10111),} REVIEW EXERCISE 3 1. Choose the correct answer: (i) Indecimal system number of digits are an ke wne 5 (b) 10 (7 {d) 2 (i) The number system with base 2 is known as the (2) Octal system (b) Decimal system (©) Binary system (d) Base 5 system (ii) 27 is equal to (a) (11011)2 (b) (10101)2 (© (11101) (a) (1011)2 (iv) (101)2- (11)2 is equal to (a) (2 (6) (10)2 (c) (101)2 (qd) (110)2 (v) In Octal number system, the digits are (a) 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (b) 0, 1,2, 3,4 (9 0,1 (4) 0, 1,2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9 (v)__ Inthe Binary system digits are (a) 0,1,2 ()0,1 (9 6,1,2,3 (c) 0,1,2,3,4 48(vii) In the number system with base 5 digits are (a) 1 (b) 0, 1, 2,3, 4,5,6,7 (9 0,1,2 () 0, 1,2,3,4 (viii) (23), +(34),is (@) (77), (») (414), (9 (117), (@) (112), 2, Convert the following into decimal number system (i) B456)s (ii), (30123)s (ill) (10111011). 3, Convert the following decimal numbers into base 2, 5 and 8. @ 579 (i) 1457 4, Simplify the following (i) (110101), + (101011), (i) (4312), x(3121), (iit) {(11012), + (8402),}{(3567), + (7688), 4} Rag > The number of digits in any number system is called base. > The number system with base 2 is known as binary number system. It consists of two digits 0 and 1. > The number system with base 5 consists of digits 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4. > The number system with base 8 is called the octal number system. It consists of digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6 and 7. > In addition of binary system, we can add two or more than two numbers but the digits in the result must not be greater than 1. > In addition of base 5, the digits in resultant must not be greater than 4. The number greater than 4 will be converted into base 5. > In octal system if the result exceeds 7 we convert the numbers into base 8. 494.1 Compound Proportion 42 Banking 43 Percentage 44 Insurance Students Learning Outcomes After studying this unit, the students will be able to: ‘© Define compound proportion. ‘© Solve real life problems involving compound proportion, partnership and inheritance. © Define commercial bank deposits, types of a bank account (PLS savings bank account, current deposit account, PLS term deposit account and foreign currency account). ‘© Describe negotiable instruments like cheque, demand draft and pay order. © Explain online banking, transactions through ATM (Auto Teller Machine), debit card, credit card (Visa and Master). Convert Pakistani currency to well-known international currencies. Calculate © the profit / markup, © the principal amount, © the profit / markup rate, © the period. © Explain: © Over Draft (0D), © Running Finance (RF), © Demand Finance (DF), © Leasing. Solve real life problems relating to banking and finance. Find percentage profit and percentage loss. Find percentage discount. Solve problems involving successive transactions. Define insurance. Solve real life problems regarding life and vehicle insurance, Explain income tax, exempt income and taxable income. Solve simple real life problems related to individual income tax assesse.4.1 COMPOUND PROPORTION 4.1.1 Definition of compound proportion The proportion involving two or more quantities i.e. direct or inverse or both is called compound proportion. Procedure of solving compound proportion Consider different quantities as shown in the table for various cases b c a d e x Case-1 If quantity - I and II] and quantity-II and III are in the direct proportion, then use the following rule. a:d hei bie Product of extremes = product of means axbxx=dxexc Case -2 If quantity-I and III are in direct proportion and quantity-II and III are in inverse proportion, then use the following rule. a:d e:b Product of extremes = Product of means axexx=dxbxc Case -3 If quantity-I and III are in inverse proportion and quantity-II and III are in direct proportion, Then use the following rule. d:a bre Product of extremes = Product of means dxbxx=axexc Case -4 If quantity-I and III are in inverse proportion and quantity-II and III are also in inverse proportion. We use the following rule. d:a e:b Product of extremes = Product of means dxexx=axbxc eix Heix ix st4.1.2 Solving real life problems involving compound proportion, partnership and inheritance. The proportion involving two or more proportions i.e. direct or inverse or both is called compound proportion. Compound Proportion Example 4.1 If 35 men dig 805cm? of soil in 5 hours, how much of the soil will 30 men dig in 8 hours? Solution This example relate to case-I. [_set_} [tours } 130 hf 35 : 30 : } 5:8 : 805 :x Product of extremes = Product of means 35x5xx =30x8x 805 30x8x805 35x5 X=6x8x23 x = 1104cm* Thus, 1104cm' soil will dig out. Example 4.2 Rs.4000 are sufficient for a family of 3 members for 30 days. For how many days Rs.8000 will be sufficient for a family of 6 members? Solution This example relate to case-II t 4000 8000 4000 : 8000 \ y ce ( 6:3 30: Product of extremes = Product of means 4000 x 6 x x = 8000 x3 x 30 52ve = 2000%3x30 4000x6 x=2x3x5 x= 30 Number of days = 30 Example 4.3 It takes 3 men to dig 2 identical trenches in 5 hours. If all the men work at the same rate, how long will it take 5 men to dig such 7 trenches? Solution This example relates to case-III. Product of extremes = Product of means Sx2xx=3x7x5 2S 3x7x5 5x2 271 2 x = 10.5 hours Thus, 10.5 hours are required to dig out 7 trenches by 5 men. Example 4.4 If 4800 men have sufficient food for 20 days at a rate of 15 hectogram per person, how many men should leave so that the same food be sufficient for 48 days at the rate of 20 hectogram per person? t 4800 Solution This example is related to case-IVProduct of extremes = Product of means 20 x 48 x x = 15 x 20 x 4800 15x20x4800 20x48 x=15x100 x= 1500 <. Number ofmen = 1500 Number of men leave = 4800 - 1500 = 3300 Thus, the food is sufficient for 3300 men. Partnership A business organization in which two or more individuals manage and operate the business is known as partnership. Both owners are liable for loss or profit according to their investments. In partnership, the investments of two or more persons are given. Profit or loss are distributed among the partners accordingly. For example, two persons A and B start a business with different investments. After one year, they get profit or loss according to their investment. We can explain this example mathematically as Investment ratio of person A : Investment ratio of person B a:b Sum of ratios =a +b Share of person Ain profit = Mvestment ratio of person A, 5 og, Sumofratios a = —__-xProfit a+b _ Investmentratio of personB Profit Sumof ratios Share of person Bin profit 6 = a4b x Profit Example 4.5 Zarak and Shahzaib started a business with the investment of Rs.48,000 and Rs.60,000 respectively. After 4 months, Shahzaib took his money back. At the end of a year, what will be the share of each in the profit of Rs.34,000. Solution Investment of Zarak for 12 months =Rs.48,000x12 =Rs.5,76,000 Investment of Shahzaib for 4 months = Rs.60,000x4 =Rs.2,40,000 54Ratio between the investments Zarak 8 Shahzaib 576000 : 240000 576 4 240 72 i 30 12 1 5 Sum ofratios =12+5=17 Total amountof profit = Rs.34,000 __ Investment ratio of Zarak Share of Zarak in the fit == ——————_—_——-_ = Profit reo ian Sum of ratios = 2.34000 7 =Rs.24,000 Investment ratio of Shahzad Share of Shahzaib in the profit = ————_———___——_ x Profit Sum of ratios = © x34000 17 =Rs.10,000 INHERITANCE According to the law of Islamic Shariah of inheritance if a person dies then first of all his dues are paid. If parents of deceased person are alive they will get 1/6 part of his property after paying the dues. His widow will get 1/8 part of the remaining property. Each daughter of deceased person will get half of the share of each son. ‘The explanation is given in the following example. Example 4.6 Naeem left a property of Rs.250,000 in cash and a house of worth Rs.800,000 for widow, two sons and a daughter. Widow is to receive 1/8 of the property and the daughter will receive half of the amount that each son receive. How much amount will each receive? Solution Property in cash = Rs.250,000 House worth = Rs.800,000 Total property worth = Rs.250,000 + Rs.800,000 = Rs.1,050,000 Share of the widow = 1050000x ae Rs.131,250 55Amount left = Rs.1,050,000 — Rs.131250 Rs.918,750 Let share of daughter share of one son = Then, share of two sons = 2x2 =4 Sum ofratios = 4+1=5 Share of two sons = 4 xo18750 = 4183750 = Rs.735,000 Share of each son = Paste = Rs.367500 Share of daughter = =x918750 = Rs.183750 EXERCISE 4.1 15 men working 10 hours a day take 18 days to do a work, how many hours should 20 men work to finish the same work in 12 days? If 6 men are paid Rs.7,200 for 9 days work. What would be the wage of 10 men for 15 days? 30 masons can build a wall 15 meters long in 20 days. How many masons will be required to build a wall 135 meters long in 12 days? If 20 labourers earn Rs.30,000 in 18 days, how much money will 15 labourers earn in 12 days? Rs.45,000 are to be divided among three shares in such a way that triple of one share and double of the second and 4 times that of 3" share are equal. Find the share of each. A property of a deceased person valued at Rs.1,275,000 is to be divided among a widow, two daughters and a son. Widow will get aor the property while daughter will get half of the share of a son. Find the share of each person. A property of a deceased person worth Rs.2,030,000 is to be distributed among a widow, three sons and a daughter. Widow will receive jot the property while daughter will get half of the share of a son. Find the share of each person. 564.2 BANKING The main function of a bank is to receive deposits of money that can be kept in an account. By accepting deposits, banks collect fund from businesses and the public. In return, banks pay small amounts of profit on some accounts. Bank deposits are kept in different types of bank account. 4.2.1 Types of Bank Account 4.2.1.1 Commercial Bank Deposits The deposits which are received from customers kept in different accounts such as current account, PLS saving account, foreign currency account etc. are called commercial bank deposits. By accepting deposits, bank collect funds from businesses and the public. IN return, banks pay small amount of interest on some accounts. In Pakistan, banks operate the following types of account: PLS Savings Bank Account This type of account encourages the saving by offering reasonable rates of profit on deposits. The term of the deposit is not fixed and profit rate is less than the fixed deposit account. Current Deposit Account This type of account is opened by most of the businessmen for managing daily transactions. Account holders are required to maintain a minimum amount of money in their account. Banks do not offer any profit on current account. PLS Term Deposit Account or Fixed Deposit Account Depositors who want to keep their money in a bank for a fixed period of time open this type of account. Deposited money cannot be withdrawn before the end of the period. Fixed or term deposit accounts offer higher profit rates as compared to non-fixed deposit accounts. Foreign Currency Account This type of account allows foreign currency. For example, US Dollars, Riyals, Pounds sterling or Euro to be deposited into the account. Multinational companies and other businessmen or Pakistani nationals living abroad, operate this type of account. 4.2.1.2 Description of negotiable instruments Negotiable Instruments A negotiable instrument is a written promise to pay a fixed sum of money on demand or at a certain time. The ownership of such documents is transferable to 37another party upon written letter by the first party to the bank. Common examples are cheques, pay orders and demand drafts. Cheque Acheque is a method of withdrawing amount from a bank account. A cheque is a written document. The account holder can draw it with pen or ball point. The cheque must be addressed to a specified bank. Demand Draft A demand draft is an unconditional written order drawn by one bank from another bank, to pay a specified sum of money to a third party on demand. Pay Order A negotiable instrument that instructs a bank to pay a certain amount of money to a third party is called a pay order. Pay orders are normally recognized by the bank which provides a guarantee that the payment will be made. 4.2.2 Online Banking 4.2.2.1 Explanation of online banking, transactions through ATM, debit card and credit card Definition of online banking The introduction of computer technology and use of internet has made it possible for banks to assist their customers through online banking. It allows customers to perform banking transactions, pay utility bills and transfer money from their account to another account at any time. Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Customers are provided ATM card to use at an ATM. After inserting the ATM card in the machine, the customer is required to provide some details which include the PIN (Personal Identification Number) of the user. The ATM software perform transactions through the ATM. Debit Card These cards are issued by banks to their account holders. Debit cards are linked directly to account's holder bank account. Debit cards can be used to buy goods or withdraw cash and the amount is taken from the holder's account. Credit Card Credit cards are issued by banks to their account holders. These are plastic cards with a magnetic strip which stores information related to the account holder such as name, account number, credit limit and access code. These cards allow the 58holders to make credit purchases locally and overseas at selected places which accept credit cards. 4.2.3 Conversion of Currencies 4.2.3.1 Conversion of Pakistani currency to well-known international currencies When we travel abroad, we need to use the currency of the country we are in. This requires conversion of our home currency into the required currency. Sometime, we may have to calculate the cost of goods in our home currency for comparison. For example, Zubair bought a shirt in New York, USA and paid US$90. Now, he wants to know the price in Pakistani rupees. Exchange rates are used to convert currencies. Exchange rates show the relationship between the values of different currencies and are published daily in newspapers and on internet. Exchange rates change from time to time. A currency exchange table is given below: es a Australian Dollar 94.25 945 Canadian Dollar 99 99.25 China Yuan 16.25 16.5 Euro 136 136.25 Japanese Yen 1.043 1.063 Saudi Riyal 27.15 274 UAE Dirham 27.95 28.2 UK Pound Sterling 159.5 159,75 US Dollar 103.4 103.65 Example 4.7 An American traveller visits Pakistan. He wants notes in exchange of 150 dollars. How many rupees he will get if 1US$=Rs.99.20 Solution Rate of exchange 1US$ = Rs.99.20 150US$ =Rs.150 x 99.20 = Rs.14,880 599Example 4.8 Convert Rs.70,400 into Saudi Riyals. If Re 1 = 0.0435 Saudi Riyal Solution Rate of exchange Re 1 = 0.0435 Saudi Riyals Rs.70,400 = 70400 x 0.0435 3,062.4 Saudi Riyals 4.24 Profit / Markup 4.2.4.1 Calculation of: Profit / Markup When we deposit money into a bank, we receive markup for allowing as the bank uses our money. Similarly, when we borrow money from the bank, we pay a certain amount for using its money. Profit or Markup is calculated as a percentage. The amount loaned is called principal amount. Profit rate is called markup and the time for which the money is borrowed is called period. The money that a bank gets other than principal amount is called markup or profit. If markup or profit is denoted by I, principal amount by p, rate of profit or markup rate is denoted by r and time period is denoted by ¢, then markup or profit can be found by the following formula. Principal Amount If markup or profit is given along with rate of markup and time period. Then principal amount can be found by the formula. = Profit / Markup Rate If principal amount, markup or profit and time period is given then rate of markup can be found by the formula. Period If principal amount, markup or profit and rate of markup or profit is given then time period can be found by the formula.