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CHAPTER 5
2nd Law of
Thermodynamics

MUMJ (KIL1001 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics I)

Chapter Objectives
• Define and understand the second law of
thermodynamics.
• Understand the concept of reversible and
irreversible processes, heat engines and
refrigerators.
• Describe Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of
the second law of thermodynamics.
• Examine the Carnot principles on the heat engines
and refrigerators.
• Determine the expression for the thermal
efficiencies and coefficient of the performance for 2
heat engine and refrigerator.

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The 2nd Law

Example 1

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Special Cyclic Device

Heat Work

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Lower T Higher T

Heat Engine

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Thermal Efficiency, ɳth

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Problem 1
• A steam power plant receives heat from a furnace at rate of
280 GJ/h. If the waste heat is transferred to the cooling water
at a rate of 153 GJ/h, determine
• The net power output in MW.
• The thermal efficiency of the power plant.

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Kelvin-Planck Statement

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Problem 2
• In 2001, the US produce 51 % of its electricity in the amount
of 1.878 x 1012 kWh from coal fired power plants. By taking
the average thermal efficiency to be 34%, determine
• The amount of energy rejected by the coal fired power plants in
US that year.
• The amount of energy produce by the coal burning in US that
year.

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Refrigerator and Heat Pump

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Common Refrigerator Cycle

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_ _

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Coefficient of Performance, COP

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Problem 4
• Determine the COPR of the refrigerator that removes heat
from the food compartment at a rate of 5040 kJ/h for each kW
of power it consumes. Also, determine the rate of heat
rejection to the outside air.

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Problem 5
• A household refrigerator that has a power input of 450W and
a COP of 1.5 is to cool 5 large watermelons, 10 kg each, to 8oC.
If the watermelons are initially at 28 oC, determine how long it
will take for the refrigerator to cool them. Assume the
watermelon as water whose specific heat is 4.2 kJ/kg.oC.

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 Whet =
1k] 3600s = 3600k]/h
S
I h

Q 1 5040k]/h

KW
COPp : Desired Output = Q =
5040k]/n 1 = 1 .
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Required input Whet in 1 kW 3600k7/h

Energy balance :

Ein : E out

Q+ Whet . in =
QH

QH : 5040 + (1x3600 /

= 8640k3/h

Whet : 450 W

COP : 1 .
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Problem 6
• A heat pump with a COP of 2.5 supplies energy to a house at a
rate of 60,000 kJ/h. Determine
• The electrical power drawn by the heat pump.
• The rate of heat absorption from outside air.

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Problem 7
• A heat pump with a COP of 2.8 is used to heat a house. When
running, the heat pump consumes 5 kW of power. If the
temperature of the house is 7 oC when the heat pump is
turned on, how long it will take for the heat pump to raise the
temperature of the house to 22 oC? Assume the entire mass
within the house in constant volume is similar to 1500 kg of
air.

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Clausius Statement

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HE versus R/HP

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Summary of Cyclic Devices

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