Geomorphology- Basics

Origin of Earth

Plate Tectonic theory

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Earthquake

volcano

Rocks & Minerals

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Origin of Earth- Nebula Theory
Proposed by Laplace.
Very big cloud of gas in space is called
Nebula.
Gravity pulled all the gas to the center.

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Hydrogen atoms fused together to
make helium.
Leftover gas & dust made the planets,
their moons, asteroids & all other
objects in the Solar System- 4.6 billion
years ago.
Solar system has been created out of a
huge cloud of gas.
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Elements Concentration in Earth- Nebula theory
Earth started cooling
down.
Heavier elements

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contracted towards the
core due to gravity, e.g.
Fe, Ni
Lighter elements
concentrated towards the
surface, e.g. Si,Al
Structure of earth
developed in layers.
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Units of Geological time scale-

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 Theories of Geological
Evolution-

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Continental drift theory

Plate Tectonic theory

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 Continental Drift theory-

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 Continental Drift Theory-
Proposed by
Alfred

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Related to the
formation and
movement of
continents.

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 Continental Drift Theory-
280 million years ago- Super continent: Pangea.
Surrounded by a single ocean- Panthalassa.

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Pangea broke- Movement of Continents in 2 directions
towards Equator(Centrifugal force)- Himalayas & Alps.
towards West(Tidal force of Sun & Moon)- Rockies &
Andes.
A sea, Tethys divided the Pangea into two huge
landmasses- Laurasia to the north & Gondwanaland to
the south of Tethys.
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 Continental Drift Theory-
North Pole- North Pacific Ocean.
South Pole- Durban, South Africa.

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Continent part- SiAl Rocks.
Ocean part- SiMa Rocks.
Continent (Present day)-
Angaraland (Laurasia)- North America, Asia & Europe.
Gondwanaland- South America, Africa, Peninsular
India, Australia & Antarctica.

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 Plate Tectonic theory-
Proposed by Harry Hess, 1962.
Explained by Morgan, 1968.
Earth's Lithosphere is divided

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into various solid rocks known
as Plates.
These plates slides horizontally
over the molten uppermost part
of the mantle- Asthenosphere.
The sliding occurs due to the
convectional currents developed
in the Asthenosphere.
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Types of Plate- Physical Composition
Continental Plate Oceanic Plate
The part of lithosphere The part of lithosphere
which make the continents. which makes the Oceans.
Lighter- Less density. Heavier- More density.

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E.g. Eurasian Plate, NA, SA. E.g. Pacific , Indian Plate.

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 Important Plates
Major-7 Minor
Cocos Plate (Central
Antarctica
America & Pacific Plate)
North America Nazca Plate (South

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South America America & Pacific Plate)
Pacific Arabian Plate
Philippine Plate
Indo- Australian
Caroline Plate (Philippine
Africa & Indian Plate)
Eurasia Fiji Plate (NE of Australia)
Caribbean Plate
Juan De Fuca Plate
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 Plate Boundaries-
Constructive
Divergent

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Destructive
Convergent

Conservative
Transform

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 Plate Boundaries-

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Constructive/Divergent Plates-
Plates moving in
opposite direction.
New crust is formed

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boundaries.
Ridges are formed,
e.g. Mid- Atlantic
Ridge
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Destructive/Convergent Plates-
Plates moving
towards each other.
Higher density plates

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lower density plates.
Folding/ Trenching
takes place.
Earthquakes &
Volcanoes erupt.
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Conservative/ Transform Plates-
Plates moving
parallel to each
other.

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Neither new crust is
formed nor destroyed
No event occurs.
E.g. , San Andreas
Fault, California,
North American Plate
& Pacific Plate.
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San Andreas
Fault, USA
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