Centre Number

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Student Number
Monday 2 September 2019

Mathematics Extension 2
TRIAL Examination
————September 2019 ————

General Instructions
• Reading time — 5 Minutes
• Working time — 180 Minutes
• Blue pen is preferred, but you may use any colour you want (who cares?)
• Computers, mobile phones, tablets, smart watches and other electronic devices that can
transmit and receive data via the Internet may not be used during this examination
• Calculators not connected to the Internet may be used regardless of NE SA approval, but
it probably won’t help you much in this examination
• The Mathematics Extension 2 reference sheet is not provided for this paper; you may
bring your own, but again it probably won’t help you much in this examination
• For Questions 1–10, shade the correct bubble in the multiple choice section of the answer
booklet (well duh?)
• For Questions 11–16, show all relevant mathematical reasoning and/or calculations; cor-
rect answers may receive little to no credit without an appropriate justification
• Failure to copy a geometry diagram onto your answer booklet when presenting a proof
will result in the deduction of half a mark per such instance

There are 100 Marks in this Examination

• Section 1 — 10 Marks
– Attempt Questions 1–10, as you will get 0 marks for questions not attempted
– Allow about 18 minutes for this section

• Section 2 — 90 Marks
– Attempt Questions 11–16, as you will get 0 marks for questions not attempted
– Allow about 162 minutes for this section
© SID: 500502705 Mathematics “Extension 2” Page 1 of ??
 Section 1 (10 Marks)
Attempt Questions 1–10
Allow about 18 minutes for this section

©SID: 500502705 – OLET1666

Use the multiple choice section of the answer booklet for Questions 1 − 10.
Monday 2 September 2019

Question 1 Which of the following inequalities hold for all real numbers a, b, c?

(a) a3 + b3 + c3 > 3abc

(b) a4 + b4 + c4 > abc(a + b + c)

(c) a3 b3 + b3 c3 + c3 a3 > abc(a3 + b3 + c3 )

(d) a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 + 1
2
> ab + bc + ca

Question 2 Let ω = cos 2π n

+ i sin 2π
n
be a primitive root of unity of z n − 1 = 0, where n > 1
is odd. Ana computed the sum
1 1 1 1
A := + + ··· + + ,
1−ω 1−ω 2 1−ω n−2 1 − ω n−1
while Banana computed the similar sum
1 1 1 1
B := + + + ··· + .
1+1 1+ω 1+ω 2 1 + ω n−1
Which of the following is equal to A − B?

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) −1 (d) n

Z2π √
x 1+ 5
Question 3 Find the value of · dx, where φ = .
φ − (cos(x))2 2
0

(a) π 2 (b) 2π 2 (c) 3π 2 (d) 4π 2

Question 4 A circle on the Argand plane has equation |z − ω| = r, where ω = a + bi is

a complex number such that a, b > r > 0. Which of the following correctly represents the
possible values of arg(z) and |z| for each z on this circle?
b r √
(a) arg(z) − tan−1 6 sin−1 √ 2 , |z| − a2 + b 2 6 r
a a + b2
b r √ √
(b) arg(z) − tan−1 6 sin−1 √ 2 , |z| − a2 + b 2 6 a2 + b 2 − r 2
a a + b2
b r √
(c) arg(z) − tan−1 6 tan−1 √ 2 , |z| − a2 + b2 6 r
a a + b2
b r √ √
(d) arg(z) − tan−1 6 tan−1 √ 2 , |z| − a2 + b2 6 a2 + b 2 − r 2
a a + b2

© SID: 500502705 Mathematics “Extension 2” Page 2 of ??

 
1 − sin x
if x 6= 0,
Question 5 Consider the function f (x) =  x
For a given real number α
0 if x = 0.
f (α)
such that f 0 (α) 6= 0, let β = α − 0 be the number obtained by a single application of the
f (α)

©SID: 500502705 – OLET1666

Newton approximation formula. Which of the following is, to two decimal places, the set of all
α 6= 0 such that |α| < 2π and |β| < |α|?
Monday 2 September 2019

(a) 0 < |α| < 3.14

(b) 0 < |α| < 3.61

(c) 0 < |α| < 3.86

(d) 0 < |α| < 4.49

Question 6 Below shows the graph of the equation y = f (x), where f is a function satisfying:
• f (x) → 0 as x → −∞;

• f (x)
x
→ 1 as x → ∞.

y 5

3 y = f (x)

1
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x

Which of the following could be an expression for f 0 (x)?

y
(a) y (b) x − y + (c) ex−y (d) ey−x
x

Question 7 There are 10 people at a party. Unfortunately none of these people like each
other, and so in a row of 2019 chairs every two people have at least two empty chairs in between.
How many seating arrangements are possible?
1998 1999 2000 2001
! ! ! !
(a) 10! · (b) 10! · (c) 10! · (d) 10! ·
10 10 10 10

Question 8 Let z1 , z2 , z3 be three distinct complex numbers. It is given that the three points
represented by the complex numbers lie on a line not passing through the origin. Which of the
following is always true about the circle C passing through 1/z1 , 1/z2 , 1/z3 ?
(a) The origin O lies on C

(b) The origin O lies strictly inside C

(c) The origin O lies strictly outside C

(d) A combination of (a), (b), (c) may occur depending on the location of z1 , z2 , z3 .

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 1 1 1
Question 9 How many integer solutions are there to the equation + = ?
x y 2019
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 17

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Question 10 Let a, b, c be three distinct complex numbers on the unit circle, represented
by points A, B, C. Suppose O is the origin, and point H is represented by the complex number
a + b + c. Which of the following correctly represents the distance |OH|2 ?
Monday 2 September 2019

(a) 1 − |AB|2 − |BC|2 − |CA|2

(b) 3 − |AB|2 − |BC|2 − |CA|2

(c) 9 − |AB|2 − |BC|2 − |CA|2

(d) 9 + |AB|2 + |BC|2 + |CA|2

—————— End of Section 1 ——————

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 Section 2 (90 Marks)
Attempt Questions 11–16
Allow about 162 minutes for this section

©SID: 500502705 – OLET1666

Answer each question in the appropriate writing booklet. In Questions 11–16, your responses
should include relevant mathematical reasoning and/or calculations.
Monday 2 September 2019

Question 11 (15 Marks) Use the Question 11 section of the writing booklet.
π/4
 
n−1
Z
ln(cot θ) n−1
k
(a) [2] Show that dθ = for all positive integers n.
X
(cos θ)2n k=0 (2k + 1)2
0
Z∞ √ √
dx π π − 1 + π + 1 tanh( 12 )
(b) In this question, we show =√ 2 ×√ √ 1 .
(1 + x2 )(π + cos(x)) π − 1 π + 1 + π − 1 tanh( 2
)
−∞
Denote this integral as I.
√
(i) [1] Let r = π + π 2 − 1 be the larger root of the quadratic equation z 2 −2zπ +1 = 0,
∞
2 Z dx
where z = cis(x) = e . Show that I =
ix
.
r (1 + x2 )(1 + zr )(1 + rz1 )
−∞
(ii) [1] Use the Geometric Series formula (1 + x + x2 + · · · = 1
1−x
for |x| < 1) to show
Z∞
2r 1 ∞
(−z) N
that I = , where |...| denotes the absolute value.
X
r2 − 1 x2 + 1 N =−∞ r|N |
−∞
Z∞
eitx
(iii) [2] Use the identity dx = π × e−|t| , which you may assume holds for all
1 + x2
−∞
real arguments t, to prove the initial integral.

(c) Define the polynomial P (x) = x2 − x + α, where 0 < α < 1 is a real number.

(i) [2] Show that if z = cos θ + i sin θ for real angle θ, then

 (α − 1) (4α − 1)
2

if α > 1/3,

|P (z)|2 >  4α
 α2 if α 6 1/3.

(ii) [3] Hence show that if ω is a complex number with |ω| > 1, then there exists some
complex z with |z| = 1 such that |P (ω)| > |P (z)|.

(d) [2] Let x and y be two points on the unit circle such that 6 arg(x) − arg(y) 6
π
3
5π
3
. Show
x
that any complex number z satisfies |z| + |z − x| + |z − y| > z − .
y
(e) (i) [1] Show that a4 + b4 + c4 > a3 b + b3 c + c3 a for any positive real numbers a, b, c.
(ii) [1] By substituting a = tx−1/4 for t > 0 and similar for b and c, and using an
appropriate integration, show that any triple of positive real numbers x, y, z satisfies
1 1 1 4 4 4
+ + > + + .
x y z 3x + y 3y + z 3z + x

End of Question 11

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 Question 12 (15 marks) Use the Question 12 section of the writing booklet.

(a) The three points A = (2ap, ap2 ), B = (2aq, aq 2 ) and C = (2ar, ar2 ) lie on the parabola
x2 = 4ay with focus S. The tangents at points A, B, C to the parabola intersect each
other at distinct points X, Y, Z as shown below. The centre of the circle passing through

©SID: 500502705 – OLET1666

points X, Y, Z has coordinates (α, β).
Monday 2 September 2019

S = (α, β)

B
Z
X

You may assume the formulas X = (a(q + r), aqr) and similar for Y and Z.

(i) [2] By computing the equations of the perpendicular bisectors of XY and Y Z, show
that
a(p + q + r − pqr) a(pq + qr + rp + 1)
!
(α, β) = , .
2 2

(ii) [2] Show that the radius R of the circle passing through points X, Y, Z satisfies
aq 2
R= (p + 1)(q 2 + 1)(r2 + 1).
2

(iii) [1] Hence, show that X, Y, Z, S are concyclic.

(iv) [1] It is assumed that p < q <q r as in the above diagram. By using√the distance
formula, show that |SX| = a (y 2 + 1)(z 2 + 1) and |Y Z| = a(r − q) x2 + 1, and
hence prove that |SX| · |Y Z| + |SZ| · |XY | = |SY | · |XZ|.
(v) [1] Let P be the intersection of the circles through A, Z, B and B, X, C respectively,
other than B. Show that AP CY is also cyclic.

Question 12 continues on the next page

© SID: 500502705 Mathematics “Extension 2” Page 6 of ??

 (b) The four points A = (a, a2 ), B = (b, b2 ), C = (c, c2 ) and D = (d, d2 ) lie on a parabola P1
with equation y = x2 . It is given that ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

©SID: 500502705 – OLET1666

Monday 2 September 2019

D
C

(i) [2] By considering the angles ∠ABC and ∠CDA, show that a + b + c + d = 0.
(ii) [1] Hence show that there exists another parabola P2 with its axis perpendicular to
that of P1 passing through all four points A, B, C, D.
2 2
(c) An ellipse E and a hyperbola H : xa2 − yb2 = 1 share the same foci A 6= B, and pass
through a common point U as shown below. The point P = (a sec θ, b tan θ) lies on H,
and the segments AP, BP intersect E again at points D, C respectively. The segment AC
intersects H again at point X closer to C as shown.
P

D
U
X C

A B

(i) [2] Show that the three points B, X, D are collinear.

(ii) [3] It is further given that ∠ABU = π2 . Show that ∠CBU = ∠U BD.

End of Question 12

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 Question 13 (15 Marks) Use the Question 13 section of the writing booklet.
(a) Triangle ∆ABC with |AB| < |AC| has incentre I (intersection of internal angle bisectors).
Let D be the incircle touchpoint with BC, and D1 is the reflection of D across I. Also
H is on BC such that AH ⊥ BC, and E is on BC with |BD| = |CE|. Let |BC| = a,

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|CA| = b and |AB| = c.
Denote |XY | as the distance between points X and Y for convenience.
Monday 2 September 2019

D1

B H D E C

Copy the diagram onto your answer booklet.

(i) [1] By using the formula Area(ABC) = r · s where r is the inradius |DI| and
|DD1 | 2a
s = (a + b + c)/2 is the semi-perimeter, show that = .
|AH| a+b+c
(b − c)(a + b + c)
(ii) [1] By using |BH| = c cos B, show that |DE| = b − c and |EH| = ,
2a
and hence show that A, D1 , E are collinear.

(b) Let S be the point where the internal angle bisector from A intersects the circumcircle of
z }| {
∆ABC. Point K is any point on the major arc BAC, and L is the intersection point of
KS and BC.

K
I

L
B C

Copy the diagram onto your answer booklet.

Question 13 continues on the next page

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 (i) [1] Show that |BS| = |IS| = |CS|.
(ii) [2] Show that the circle (KIL) is tangent to line AS.

(c) In this figure below, I is the incentre, D is the incircle touchpoint, and S is the point where

©SID: 500502705 – OLET1666

AI intersects the circumcircle of ∆ABC again, as defined in (a) and (b). Furthermore, Q
z }| {
is the midpoint of arc BAC, and M, N, P are the midpoints of BC, M Q, AD respectively.
Let A0 be the reflection of A across N .
Monday 2 September 2019

I A1

M
B D C

Copy the diagram onto your answer booklet.

(i) [1] Use the result from (a) to show that P, I, M are collinear.
(ii) [2] By using the result from (b), show that ∆AQI ∼ ∆DM I.
|DM | |DI|
(iii) [3] By showing = , show that ∆AA0 D ∼ ∆IM D.
|M A0 | |IA|
(iv) [1] Hence, show that the perpendicular bisector of AD passes through N .

Question 13 continues on the next page

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 (d) [3] Below shows a diagram of a right-angled scalene triangle ∆ABC, with ∠A = 90◦ .
z}|{
Let D be the midpoint of the smaller arc AB, and P the point where the tangent at A
intersects BC. Also P D intersects the circumcircle again at E, and the tangent at E to
the circumcircle intersects AC at point Q.

©SID: 500502705 – OLET1666

Q
Monday 2 September 2019

E
A

P
B C

Copy the diagram onto your answer booklet and show that ∠P QC = 90◦ .

End of Question 13

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 Question 14 (15 Marks) Use the Question 14 section of the writing booklet.

(a) In the following figure, two points P and Q are given on a circle radius r centered at the
origin, such that OP makes angle −π/4 with the positive x-axis and Q is diametrically
opposite P . Two weightless strings, each of length r carrying a particle mass m, are swung

©SID: 500502705 – OLET1666

in a vertical circle in opposite directions centered at O. At time t = 0, both strings are
simultaneously cut in such a way that one projectile leaves from P and the other from Q,
Monday 2 September 2019

both with positive upwards velocity.

y
10
S

Q 5

10 20 30 40
x

It is given that both strings are swung in such a way that the particles have velocity U
at the points (±r, 0), and U 2  2gr.

(i) [1] Show that the projectiles from P and Q satisfies the pair of equations

VP · t + r VQ · t − r
 
x= √ √
x =

 

2 2
 
P :  V · t −r 1 2 and Q :  V · t +r 1 2
P Q
y = √ − gt y = √ − gt
 
2 2 2 2
 

q √ q √
where VP = U2 + 2gr and VQ = U2 − 2gr.
(ii) [1] Prove that both trajectories share the same directrix, and find its equation.
(iii) [2] Show that the ranges RP and RQ of the projectiles from P and Q respectively
are given by
√ q √ q
U 2 + 2 2gr + U 4 − 2(gr)2 U 2 − 2 2gr + U 4 − 2(gr)2
RP = , and RQ = .
2g 2g

(iv) [1] Explain why there exists a point S above the x-axis where the trajectories of the
projectiles from P and Q intersect.
(v) [2] By using the equations from (i) or otherwise, show that
q q
−U 2 + 5(U 4 − 2(gr)2 ) −2U 2 + 5(U 4 − 2(gr)2 )
 

S= , .
2g g

Question 14 continues on the next page

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 (vi) [3] Hence, or otherwise, show that the acute angle α formed between the two tangents
r
at S satisfies tan α = , where S = (Sx , Sy ).
Sy cos( π4 )
(vii) [1] Consider a third projectile, identical to the first two, being fired from O at the

©SID: 500502705 – OLET1666

same angle π/4 and at speed U . Will this projectile pass through point S, and if
not, does it pass above or below S? Justify your answer.
Monday 2 September 2019

(b) Let f (x) = 1 + x + x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4 + · · · + a2020 x2020 be a polynomial with a2020 6= 0. It

is given that f has 2020 nonzero roots r1 , r2 , . . . , r2020 .

(i) [1] Use the sums and products of polynomial roots to deduce that
1 1 1 1
+ ··· + = −1, and =1
X
r1 r2 r2020 i6=j ri rj

where refers to the sum of all 1/ri rj for each pair of integers 1 6 i 6= j 6 2020.
P
i6=j

(ii) [2] Hence, prove that f has at most 2018 real roots.
(iii) [1] Is it possible to construct such a polynomial f in the above form, which has
exactly 2018 nonzero real roots? Justify your answer. (If “Yes”, then construct one
such f , and if “No” then prove this is not possible.)

End of Question 14

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 Question 15 (15 Marks) Use the Question 15 section of the writing booklet.
(a) Given is a continuous, differentiable function f with domain 1 6 x < +∞ and range
0 < f (x) < +∞. Let V be the volume of the solid of revolution formed when f is rotated
about the x-axis across its domain, and S is the surface area of this solid (not including

©SID: 500502705 – OLET1666

the circle at x = 1). It is given that S is a finite real number.
Monday 2 September 2019

1.5

0.5

−1 1 2 3
X Y x

Consider two points A, B on the graph y = f (x), both with x-coordinates at least 1. It
is given that A = (a, f (a)) and B = (a + ∆x, f (a + ∆x)) where ∆x > 0.
v
!2
f (a + ∆x) − f (a)
u
u
(i) [1] Show using Pythagoras’ theorem that |AB| = t
1+ ∆x.
∆x
(ii) [1] It is given that the curved surface area of a truncated cone is π · `(r1 + r2 ) where
` is the slant length and r1 , r2 are the inner and outer radii of the cone. Show that
+∞
Z q
S = 2π f (x) 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx.
1

Zu
(iii) [2] Let u > 1 be a real number. By using the equality f (u) − f (1) = 2 2
(f (x)2 )0 dx,
1
S
show that f (u) 6 + f (1)2 .
2
π
Z∞
(iv) [3] Hence, by considering V = πf (x)2 dx, deduce that if the surface area S is
1
finite then the volume V is also finite.
(v) [1] Consider f (x) = 1/x in the domain 1 6 x < +∞. Use the result from (ii) to
show that
Zt Zt
1
  q
Vt = πf (x) dx = π 1 −
2
, and St = 2π f (x) 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx > 2π ln(t).
t
1 1

Conclude that converse of (iv) is not necessarily true.

Question 15 continues on the next page

© SID: 500502705 Mathematics “Extension 2” Page 13 of ??

 (b) Let a > b be two positive integers and p > 3 an odd prime such that p | a − b, but
p - a, p - b and p2 - a − b. (We denote k | n if k divides n, and k - n otherwise.)

(i) [1] Show that p2 | (a + p`)n − (an + n · p`an−1 ) whenever n, ` > 1 are integers.

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(ii) [1] By using the result from (i), prove that the number

ap−1 + ap−2 (a + p`) + ap−3 (a + p`)2 + · · · + (a + p`)p−1

Monday 2 September 2019

leaves a remainder of p · ap−1 when divided by p2 .

(iii) [2] Hence, use mathematical induction to show that for each integer n > 0,
n n n n
pn+1 | ap − bp , but pn+2 - ap − bp . (∗)

(iv) [1] Now, consider the result where p = 2. Show, by factoring the expression a2 −b2 ,
n n

or otherwise, that if a, b are odd positive integers satisfying 4 | a − b, then the

equation (∗) also holds.
Does (∗) still hold when the condition 4 | a − b is dropped?
(v) [2] Suppose p is a prime number and n, k are positive integers. Show that if the
equation 20p + 19p = nk holds, then k = 1.

End of Question 15

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 Question 16 (15 Marks) Use the Question 16 section of the writing booklet.

(a) A sequence x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . of positive real numbers is given, recursively defined by x1 = 1

1
and xn+1 = 2 for each n > 1.
x1 + x2 + · · · + x2n
2

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1
(i) [2] Show that xn 6 √ for each n > 2.
3
n−1
Monday 2 September 2019

Zn
1 1 1
(ii) [1] Prove that every integer n > 2 satisfies + + ··· + 6 x−2/3 dx,
22/3 32/3 n2/3
1
1
and hence show that xn+1 > √ for each integer n > 2.
3 n−1
3

n+1
1 1 1 Z
1
(iii) [1] Prove that every n > 2 also satisfies √ +√ + ··· + √ > √ dx, and
3
1 3
2 3
n
1
3
x
(n − 1)2/3
hence deduce that x1 + x2 + · · · + xn > for each n > 2.
2
(iv) [1] By considering a similar integral in (iii), show that for all sufficiently large positive
1 − 2019
1
x1 + x2 + · · · + xn 3 + 2019
1
integers n the inequality < < holds.
2 n2/3 2
x1 + x2 + · · · + xn
(v) [2] It is given (Do NOT prove) that the limit lim exists, and
n→+∞ n2/3
is equal to a positive real number C.
√
3
9
Show that C = .
2
(b) There are n balls, labelled 1, 2, . . . , n and k buckets where n > k.

(i) [1] Assuming the buckets are distinguishable, show that there are k n ways to place
the n balls into the k buckets.
(ii) [3] Suppose there are n sets A1 , A2 , . . . , An . It is given (Do NOT prove) that
n
|A1 ∪ A2 ∪ · · · ∪ An | = Ai = (−1)|I|+1
[ X \
Ai .
i=1 I⊆{1,...,n} i∈I
I6=∅

Denote S(n, k) as the number of ways to place all n balls into k indistinguishable
buckets, such that no bucket is empty after the operation. Show, by selecting ap-
1 X k
!
k
propriate sets Ai in the above result, that S(n, k) = (−1)` (k − `)n .
k! `=0 `
(iii) [1] Show that S(n, k) = kS(n − 1, k) + S(n − 1, k − 1) for each n > k > 1.
(iv) [3] Hence, using mathematical induction or otherwise, show that each integer n > 1
n
satisfies S(n, k) · n(n − 1) . . . (n − k + 1) = nn .
X

k=0

—————— End of Examination ——————

© SID: 500502705 Mathematics “Extension 2” Page 15 of ??