Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Basic Cal Q4 Module 8
Basic Cal Q4 Module 8
BASIC CALCULUS
Quarter 4 – Module 8
Areas Between Curves
NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
Basic Calculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 8: Areas Between Curves
Second Edition, 2021
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such
work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright
holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these
materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.
NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need
to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be
honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
i
I
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process
the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
The module is intended for you to solve problems involving areas of plane regions
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Use Figure 1 to answer the following exercises.
1. Suppose 𝑔 and ℎ are continuous functions such that 𝑔(𝑥) ≥ ℎ(𝑥) on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏].
Write an interval giving the area of the region bounded above by the graph of 𝑔, below
by the graph of ℎ, and on the left and right by the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏.
2. Write an expression in terms of definite integrals giving the area of the shaded region
in Figure 1.
Figure 1
1 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
’s In
The following result on finding the areas of regions that lie between the graphs of two
functions is an extension from that when we calculated the areas of regions under the graphs
of functions. This is stated by Anton, Bivens and Davis (2009) as:
If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are continuous functions in the interval [𝑎, 𝑏], and if 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥) for
all 𝑥 in [𝑎, 𝑏], then the area of the region bounded above by 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ), below by
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥), on the left by the line 𝑥 = 𝑎, and on the right by the line 𝑥 = 𝑏 is
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 (Formula 1)
1
= ∫ [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
0
1 1
= 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥2|
2
0
2 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
1 1
= [𝑒 1 − (1)2 ] − [𝑒 0 − (0)2 ]
2 2
1
= [𝑒 − (1)] − (1)
2
1
= (𝑒 − ) − 1
2
3
=𝑒−
2
= 𝑒 − 1.5
TASK 1
Find the area of the region bounded above by 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 6, bounded below by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , and
bounded on the sides by the line 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2.
’s New
It will also occur that the sides (or one of the sides) of the region will be points (rather
than vertical line segments). If this is the case, we will solve for the points of intersection to
obtain the limits of integration.
Such is the case in Example 2.
3 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
Example 2. (Larson & Edwards,
2010, p.450)
Find the area of the region bounded
by the graphs of 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Solution:
The region is illustrated in Figure
3. Note that the graphs intersect in two
points.
To find the 𝑥 −coordinates, equate
𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥)and solve for . That is,
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑔 (𝑥 )
2 − 𝑥2 = 𝑥 Figure 3
−𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0
−(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0.
Thus, 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 1.
We will take 𝑎 = −2 and 𝑏 = 1.
From Figure 3, we can see that the upper boundary is 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 2 and the lower
boundary 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 in the interval [−2,1]. By Formula 1, we let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥.
Moreover, note that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥 ) for all 𝑥 in the interval [−2,1].
Solving for the area 𝐴 by Formula 1, we have
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
1
= ∫ [(2 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
−2
1 1 1
= 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 |
3 2
−2
1 1 1 1
= [(2(1) − (1)3 − (1)2 ) − (2(−2) − (−2)3 − (−2)2 )]
3 2 3 2
1 1 8 4
= (2 − − ) − (−4 + − )
3 2 3 2
4 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
7 10
= − (− )
6 3
9
=
2
9
Thus, the area of the said region is 2 square units.
TASK 2
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥.
is It
DISCUSSION
Let us consider another example of finding the area of a region lying between
two intersecting graphs.
Solution:
Finding the 𝑥-coordinate of
the points of intersection of the two
curves, we solve for the following:
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥
=1
cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥 = 1
𝜋 5𝜋 Figure 4
𝑥 = or , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
4 4
𝜋 5𝜋
Thus, we will take 𝑎 = 4 and 𝑏 = 4 .
From Figure 4, we can see that the upper boundary is 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and the lower boundary
𝜋 5𝜋
is 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 in the interval [ 4 , ]. By Formula 1, we let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥.
4
𝜋 5𝜋
Moreover, note that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥 ) for all 𝑥 in the interval [ 4 , ].
4
5 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
Solving for the area 𝐴 by Formula 1, we have
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥
𝑎
5𝜋
4
= ∫ (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝜋
4
5𝜋⁄4
= − cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 |
𝜋⁄4
= 2√2
Sometimes the upper or lower boundary of a region will consist of two or more curves.
In those instances, subdividing the region into smaller pieces will be of help to
apply Formula 1.
(𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2)
(1, −1)
Figure 5
6 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
Solution:
First, we determine the points of intersection of the curves 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2. Since
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 implies that 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2, then, we have,
𝑦2 = 𝑦 + 2
𝑦2 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0
(𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 + 1) = 0.
That is, 𝑦 = 2 or 𝑦 = −1.
If 𝑦 = 2, then 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 = (2)2 = 4. We have the point (4,2) as a point of intersection
of the two curves. Also, if 𝑦 = −1, then 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2 = −1 + 2 = 1. Another point of
intersection is, therefore, (1, −1).
To apply Formula 1, we will rewrite 𝑦 explicitly as a function of 𝑥 in the function 𝑥 =
𝑦 . Thus, 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 is rewritten as 𝑦 = ±√𝑥.
2
From, Figure 5, the upper boundary is 𝑦 = √𝑥. But, the lower boundary has two parts
that changes at 𝑥 = 1, these are:
For 𝐴1 , let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −√𝑥, 𝑎 = 0, and 𝑏 = 1. Note that 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥),
for all 𝑥 in [0,1]. By Formula 1,
𝑏
𝐴1 = ∫ [𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥
𝑎
1
= ∫ [√𝑥 − (−√𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
0
1
= ∫ 2√𝑥𝑑𝑥
0
4 3 1
= 𝑥 2|
3
0
4 3 4 3
= [ (1)2 ] − [ (0)2 ]
3 3
4
= .
3
7 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
For 𝐴2 , let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑎 = 1, and 𝑏 = 4. Note that 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥),
for all 𝑥 in [1,4]. By Formula 1,
𝑏
𝐴2 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥
𝑎
4
= ∫ [√𝑥 − (𝑥 − 2)]𝑑𝑥
1
4
= ∫ (√𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
1
2 3 1 4
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥|
3 2
1
2 3 1 2 3 1
= [ (4)2 − (4)2 + 2(4)] − [ (1)2 − (1)2 + 2(1)]
3 2 3 2
2 1 2 1
= [ (8) − (16) + 8] − [ (1) − (1) + 2]
3 2 3 2
16 13 19
= − = .
3 6 6
8 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
’s More
[𝑐, 𝑑], then the area of the region bounded on the left by 𝑥 = 𝑣 (𝑦), on the
𝑑
𝐴 = ∫𝑐 [𝑤 (𝑦 ) − 𝑣 (𝑦 )]𝑑𝑦. (Formula 2)
(4,2)
𝑥 = 𝑦2
𝑦 = 𝑥−2
(𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2)
(1, −1)
Figure 6
Solution:
We first rewrite 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 as 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2. Thus we have the following functions,
2
𝑥 = 𝑦 and 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2.
9 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
We then proceed by finding the 𝑦 −coordinates of the points of intersection by solving
the following,
𝑦2 = 𝑦 + 2
𝑦2 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0
(𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 + 1) = 0.
Thus, 𝑦 = 2 or 𝑦 = −1.
Considering Figure 6, 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2 is the right boundary and 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 is the left boundary.
Thus, we let 𝑤(𝑦) = 𝑦 + 2, 𝑣(𝑦) = 𝑦 2 , 𝑐 = −1, and 𝑑 = 2. Note that 𝑤(𝑦) ≥ 𝑣(𝑦), for all
𝑦 in [−1,2]. By Formula 2, we have,
𝑑
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑤(𝑦) − 𝑣(𝑦)]𝑑𝑦
𝑐
2
= ∫ [(𝑦 + 2) − 𝑦 2 ]𝑑𝑦
−1
2
= ∫ (𝑦 + 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
−1
1 2 1 3 2
= 𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 𝑦 |
2 3
−1
1 1 1 1
= [( (2)2 + 2(2) − (2)3 ) − ( (−1)2 + 2(−1) − (−1)3 )]
2 3 2 3
4 8 1 1
= ( +4− )−( −2+ )
2 3 2 3
10 7
= − (− )
3 6
9
= .
2
9
Thus, the area of the region is 2 square units.
One must be prudent in determining the simpler method in finding the area
of the region: either integrating with respect to 𝑥 or with respect to 𝑦.
10 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
TASK 3
In the following exercises, find the area of the region by integrating (a) with
respect to 𝑥 and (b) with respect to 𝑦. (c) Compare your results. Which method is
simpler? (d) In general, will this method always be simpler than the other one?
Why or why not?
𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦2 𝑦 = 𝑥2
1. 2.
𝑥 =𝑦−2 𝑦 =6−𝑥
𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦2
𝑦 = 6−𝑥
𝑥 =𝑦−2
𝑦= 𝑥2
TASK 4
In the following exercise, find the area enclosed by the graphs in two ways:
by integrating along the 𝑥 −axis and by integrating along the 𝑦 −axis:
𝑥 = 9 − 𝑦2, 𝑥 = 5
I Have Learned
TASK 5
11 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
I Can Do
Solution:
Equate the demand and supply functions to find the point of equilibrium. We have,
−0.36𝑥 + 9 = 0.14𝑥 + 2
−0.36𝑥 − 0.14𝑥 = 2 − 9
−0.50𝑥 = −7
𝑥 = 14.
If 𝑥 = 14, then 𝑝 = −0.36(14) + 9 = 3.96. Thus, the point of interaction is
(14,3.96). Thus,
14
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠 = ∫0 (𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒)𝑑𝑥
12 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
14
= ∫ [(−0.36𝑥 + 9) − 3.96]𝑑𝑥
0
14
= ∫ (−0.36𝑥 + 5.04)𝑑𝑥
0
0.36 2 14
=− 𝑥 + 5.04𝑥|
2
0
14
= −0.18𝑥 2 + 5.04𝑥 |
0
= −0.18(14) + 5.04(14)] − [−0.18(0)2 + 5.04(0)]
[ 2
= 35.28 − 0
= 35.28
14
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠 = ∫ (𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)𝑑𝑥
0
14
= ∫ [3.96 − (0.14𝑥 + 2)]𝑑𝑥
0
14
= ∫ (−0.14𝑥 + 1.96)𝑑𝑥
0
−0.14 2 14
= 𝑥 + 0.96𝑥|
2
0
14
= −0.07𝑥 2 + 0.96𝑥 |
0
= −0.07 14 + 1.96(14)] − [(−0.07(0)2 + 1.96(0)]
[( ( ) 2
= 13.72
TASK 6
Directions: Sketch the region enclosed by the given curves and find the area.
1. y = 12 − x 2 , y = x 2 − 6
2. x = 2y2 , x = 4 + y
1 1
3. y = x, y = x, y = 4 x, x > 0
13 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2 14
What I Know
Pre-Assessment
𝑏
1. ∫𝑎 [𝑔(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
2. ∫𝑎 [𝑔(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑏 [ℎ(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 [𝑔(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
Task 1
2
𝑥2 𝑥 3 2 24
𝐴 = ∫ [(𝑥 + 6) − 𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥 = + 6𝑥 + =
0 2 3 3
0
Task 2
2
2 2 8
𝐴 = ∫ [(−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) − 𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 | =
0 3 3
0
Task 3
125 125
1. a. b. c. Integrating with respect to 𝑦 d. Answers will vary
6 6
125 125
2.. a. b. c. Integrating with respect to 𝑥 d. Answers will vary
6 6
Task 4
Along the 𝑦 −axis, the point of intersections are 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦 = −2. The area is given by
2 2
1 32
𝐴 = ∫ [(9 − 𝑦 2 ) − 5]𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑦 − 𝑦 3 | = .
−2 3 3
−2
Along the 𝑥 −axis, the limits of integration are 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑥 = 9. Therefore, the area enclosed by the two
curves is given by
9 3 9
4 32
𝐴 = ∫ [(√9 − 𝑥) − (−√9 − 𝑥)] = − (9 − 𝑥)2 ] = .
5 3 3
5
NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2 15
Task 5
1. Given that
3 3
2. ∫0 [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 [𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
Task 6
Consumer surplus: 60; Producer surplus: 20.
References
Howard, A, I Bivens, and S. Davis. 2009. Calculus Early Transcendentals. New Jersey: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
Larson, R. 1987. Brief Calculus with application. Canada: Canada: D.C. health and Company.
Larson, R., Edwards B. 2010. Calculus 9th Edition. Cengage Learning.
Stewart, J. 2016. Calculus 8th Edition. Cengage Learning.
16 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module8_v2
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: