HOA Finals

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO
ASST. PROF. ELMER M. SOLIMAN JR

COURSE OUTLINE
1. Pre-Hispanic Era
2. Spanish Colonial Era
3. American and Japanese Era
4. Post World-War II Era
5. Late Twentieth Century
6. The New Millennium
1. PRE-HISPANIC ERA
EARLY PHILIPPINE SHELTER
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Architecture has began as

a response to nature.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PREHISTORIC BUILDING TYPES

• Caves
• Lean-to shelters
• Arboreal shelters
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CAVE DWELLINGS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
• Prehistoric Cave shelters
were the earliest form of
human habitations
• Predated the
emergence of Homo
Sapiens
• Require minimal site-
works and modification
• Made from excavation
rather than construction
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
Pleistocene People
• Earliest dwellers of
caves in the
Philippines
• Offsprings of Iced
Aged
• Theory of Land /
Tulay na Lupa
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TABON CAVE
• Most antiquated and
perhaps the largest
• Tabon Caves, dubbed as
the Philippines' Cradle of
Civilization
• Located at Lipuun Point,
north of Quezon
municipality, Palawan
Island
• The caves are named
after the Philippine Tabon
Megapode/Scrufowl
bird.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TABON CAVE
• The Tabon Caves complex has 29 explored caves
where only seven of which are open for public viewing.
• The major caves open to the public are Tabon Cave,
Diwata Cave, Igang Cave, and Liyang Cave.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TABON CAVE
• The Tabon Man was discovered in the caves, one of the
oldest remnants of human inhabitants found in the
Philippines. Other remains that were excavated have
remained onsite and have yet to be examined in detail.
• The largest, cave periodically dwelt in prehistoric families
30,000 years ago
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TABON CAVE
• Manunggul Jar is a
secondary burial jar
excavated from a Neolithic
burial site in Manunggul
cave of Tabon Caves
• Dating from 890–710 B.C.
• The two prominent figures
at the top handle of its
cover represent the journey
of the soul to the after life
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TABON CAVE
In 2006, the Tabon Cave

Complex and all of Lipuun was
added to the tentative list of
the Philippines for
future UNESCO World Heritage
Site nomination.
The complex is managed by

the National Museum and was
declared as a National
Cultural Treasure by the same
institution in February 2011.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TAU’T-BATU CAVE
• The Tau't Batu, or
'People of the Rock'
live here and they are
the last discovered
tribe in the Philippines
• Singnapan Valley in
southern Palawan
• Fear of thunder
• Believe that their world
is inhabited by a vast
population of of forest,
rock, and water spirits.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TAU’T-BATU CAVE
• Shelter more than on
family
• Datag - The basic
sleeping platform.
Made from tree
branches and dried
leaves and built inside
the cave, raised slightly
above the ground
• modular sleeping
platform incorporated
with a fireplace
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TAU’T-BATU CAVE
• Shelter more than on
family
• Datag - The basic
sleeping platform.
Made from tree
branches and dried
leaves and built inside
the cave, raised slightly
above the ground
• modular sleeping
platform incorporated
with a fireplace
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
• Oldest known work of
art in the Philippines
located in the
province of Rizal.
• There are 127 human
and animal figures
engraved on the
rockwall dating back
to 3000 BC.
• Evidence of ancient
Filipino’s attempt to
embellish his place of
domain with symbolic
values
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
• Inscriptions of stylized human figures, frogs and lizards, along with
other designs
• Erosion may have caused it to become indistinguishable.
• Petro (stone) Glyph (illustration)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE
• Located in the Municipality of Peñablanca, Cagayan province
• The seven-chamber showcave is one of 300 caves for tourism
• Named as Peñablanca (Spanish for white rocks) for the presence
of white limestone rocks in the area.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE
• Callao man refers to
fossilized remains
discovered in Callao
Cave, Peñablanca,
Cagayan
• In 2007 by Armand
Salvador Mijares.
Specifically, they find a
single 61-millimeter
metatarsal which was
found to be about
67,000 years old.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE
• Researchers also believe that Aetas, mountain dwellers
today on Luzon Island, could be descendants of the
Callao Man
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelters
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
• Ephemeral Architecture
was one of the first
artifacts created by
humans.
• Temporary Shelter
• Readily Available
materials and limited
investment in time and
energy
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
• Demountable
• Fundamental act of
building was
practiced by
nomads in form the
windbreak (lean-to),
windscreen or
windshield
• Wind-sun-and rain
screen anchored by
a pole or stick an
angle on the ground.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
• The basic concept of architecture Lean-to
• They carry their shelter, they don't need
permanent settlement
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
1. Hawong - Pinatubo Aeta
constructed with a ridge pole
supported by forked stakes or
limbs
2. Panahang - Agta & Casiguran
damages aetas from aurora
3. Dait-Dait – Mamanua Aeta
from Mindanao used when
hunting. Made of wild banana
leaves, coconut fronds with grass
of rattan.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
• Dwelling on high trees or
Tree Houses
• First shelter to be
constructed were made of
interlocking branches.
• Architectural institution
fashioned by nature
• 20, 30 to 60 ft above
ground for protection
against animal & human
enemies
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
• Tinguian, in Palan Abra, had
a separate daytime and
nocturnal abode
• Small hutof bamboo and
thatch built on the ground
for day abode
• Alligang, smaller and rested
on the top of a tree, 18-24
meters from the ground,
safe guard from nighttime
ambush.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
• Built and used by
Gaddang and Kalinga of
Luzon, the Manobo and
Mandaya of Mindanao
and by the Maranao of
Lake Lanao
• It can be found in areas
where violent intertribal
conflicts and nocturnal
raids are frequent
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
• These houses are
perched on the Fork
Branches of trees
• 6, 12, or 18 meters
above ground
• Other reasons, to
protect the families
living in isolated
communities from
the animal attacks
and human enemies
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
RICE TERRACES
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Rice Terraces
Rice Terraces
• The Prehistoric Megastructure
• The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras is an outstanding
example of an evolved, living cultural landscape that can be
traced as far back as two millennia ago in the pre-colonial
Philippines.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Rice Terraces
Rice Terraces
• Carved into the mountains
• The technique used to mountainous terrain has created a terraced
landscape
• Testament to Philippine Modern Engineering
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Rice Terraces
Rice Terraces
• Up to 6 meters
High
• Stone Walls
• Exceeded the
amount of
stones of
Egypt
Pyramids and
Great wall of
China
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Rice Terraces
Rice Terraces
• The Rice Terraces of
the Philippine
Cordilleras were
declared National
Treasure
• The terraces are
likewise protected
by the Republic Act
No 10066, providing
for the protection
and conservation of
the National Cultural
Heritage.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Rice Terraces
Rice Terraces
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Rice Terraces
Rice Terraces
3 Basic Elements
1. Terrace Space
2. Embankment
3. Soil Body
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
END OF EARLY PHILIPPINE SHELTER
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Vernacular Architecture
• Derived from the Latin “vernaculus”,
meaning domestic, native, indigenous
• Folk, indigenous, tribal, ethnic and traditional
architecture
• Category of architecture based on local
needs and construction materials and
reflecting local traditions
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Rearranging the environment it becomes
architecture.
• Protection from animals tribe and natural
Calamities
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

ARCHITECTURE
1. The builders, whether artisans or those who

planning to live in the buildings, are non
professional architect or engineer
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ARCHITECTURE
2. There is consonant adaptation, using natural

materials, to the geographical
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ARCHITECTURE
2. There is consonant adaptation, using natural

materials, to the geographical
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ARCHITECTURE
3. The actual process of construction involves

intuitive thinking, done without the use of
blueprints or any for construction drawings
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ARCHITECTURE
4. There is balance between social/economic

functionality and aesthetic features
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ARCHITECTURE
5. Architectural patterns and styles are subject

to a protracted evolution of traditional styles
specific to an ethnic domain.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ARCHITECTURE
5. Architectural patterns and styles are subject

to a protracted evolution of traditional styles
specific to an ethnic domain.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Vernacular buildings also demonstrates the
achievements and limitations of early
technology.
• Utilizing technologies learned only through

tradition.
• Can address the most common of structural

problems with simplicity and logical
arrangement of elements.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Philippine Vernacular
architecture inspired the
invention of a new
structural system which
made possible the soaring
skyscrapers of Chicago
school
Structural logic and

architectonic principle:
steel-frame to replace the
Philippine wooden frame
construction of bahay
kubo
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Philippine Vernacular
architecture inspired the
invention of a new
structural system which
made possible the
soaring skyscrapers of
Chicago school
Tectonic principle: iron

steel frame to replace
timber and bamboo
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
AUSTRONESIAN ANCESTRY
• Southeast Asian culture descendants

• The term Austronesian peoples refers to a population
group present in Southeast Asia or Oceania who speak,
or had ancestors who spoke, one of the Austronesian
languages.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Water born lifestyle
• Manifest vernacular Architecture
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• In the Philippines, vernacular
architecture professes strong
allegiance to a greater
Austronesian Building Heritage
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
ARCHETYPAL
AUSTRONESIAN HOUSE
“Stilt Houses”
• An Austronesian
Legacy
• Raised Wooden
Structure
• Rectangular
• Structure
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
ARCHETYPAL
AUSTRONESIAN HOUSE
“Stilt Houses”
• Elevated Post
• Thatch Pitch Roof
with extended
ridges
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
ARCHETYPAL AUSTRONESIAN HOUSE
• Aquatic base of life
• Settlement has a direct connection to
bodies of water
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
ARCHETYPAL AUSTRONESIAN HOUSE
• Water is the means of transportation
• Communities are developed along
sheltered base and coastal areas
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Bahay Kubo
• Pure, Southeast asian type of domestic
architecture found in non-hispanized, non-
anglosaxon communities in the country
• House / tahanan / tirahan
• Cube House
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Balai / Bahay
Archetypal Tropical Characteristic
1. Elevated living floor

2. Buoyant Rectangular volume
3. Raised pile foundation
4. Voluminous thatched roof
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Balai / Bahay
Examples of South East Asian Houses
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Balai / Bahay
Examples of South East Asian Houses
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BOTANIC BUILDING MATERIALS

• Timber
• Bamboo
• Thatch
• Fibers
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BUILDING MATERIALS
Vernacular Structural Element

Buildings with pile or stilt foundations are a
pervasive feature not only in the mainland and
island southeast asia
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

FOUNDATION
• It is usually build with
wooden post as its
framework.
• It has several advantages in
a tropical climate. Especially
when settlement patterns
are mainly concentrated in
coastal, riverside, and
lakeshores
• Underfloor space often used
as pen for stabling domestic
animals and as a place for
storage
• TWO OPTIONS: SUPERSEDED
PILE/STILTS OR ROLLERS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

VOLUMINOUS THATCH ROOF
• The most distinctive feature
of the Austronesian
vernacular architectural
form is EXTENDED LINE OF
THE ROOF, often with
outward sloping gables
forming elegant
saddleback curves.
• Cases seen as pyramidal
• Grasses and palm leaves
are the most widely used
traditional materials.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES
• Post and lintel method of
construction
• Walls and floors do not
constitutes a parts of the
main load-bearing elements
but may brace the structure
as a whole.
• Framing system consist of
vertical studs slotted into
horizontal sills
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
• Assembled without nails
• Tongue & grove mortise, tenon, lapped and notched
jointing system
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES
• Walls may consist of
matting, palm leaves
folded round a lath and
stiched together (banig)
• Plaited with bamboo
• As well as wooden boards
and panels depending on
the use and status of the
building
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
END OF
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
REGIONAL HOUSE TYPES
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
REGIONAL HOUSES
UPLAND and LOWLAND houses have

acquired distinct architectural features
because of difference of environmental
conditions and site contexts
Lowland Dwellings – Open, airy interior

Highlands – Sealed of solid planks, having
few or no windows as defense against the
cold upland climate
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
REGIONAL HOUSES
BATANES
“IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
REGIONAL HOUSES
BATANES
“IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

Ivatan Idjang
Defensive Engineering of the Early Ivatan settlers
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Ivatan Idjang
Defensive Engineering of the Early Ivatan settlers
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ABORIGINAL IVATAN - made up of wood,
bamboo and thatched
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

bamboo and thatched
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

bamboo and thatched
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Dominican Friars
introduced the Cal y
Canto technique
• Stone and Mortar

Construction
• In row on the steep
terrain of mountain
hill slopes
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Dominican Friars
introduced the Cal y
Canto technique
• A Fireplace was
built at one end of
the house.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
Cogon grass
is the main
roofing
material
•Villages located on the slopes or peaks of hills

•Huts were low, partly because high structures would easily
toppled by the strong winds
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
Walls are made of
stones held
together by
FANGO, a mortar
formed by mixing
mud and cogon
•Batanes island did not possess enough timber resources nor

appropriate tools for larger construction
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
•PANPET- ROOF NET made of ropes fastened securely to the

ground by a strong pegs
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

RAKUH - 2 IVATAN HOUSE
STOREY IVATAN WINDOWLESS
HOUSE PART
ORIENTED TO
With 2 THE
windows and STORMINDS
door built on
three walls,
while the 4th
wall faces the
direction of
the strongest
wind.
• thick stone + mortar (limestone walls)
• reed, rattan, cogon or bamboo gable or hip roofs
• strong enough to withstand typhoons and earthquakes
• north – south orientation
• one windowless wall facing strong winds
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
Classified according to roof configuration
Maytuab (hip roof) & Sinadumparan (gable roof)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
Sinadumparan Building Anatomy
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
Sinadumparan Building Anatomy
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
REGIONAL HOUSES
CORIDILLERA REGION
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
According to William Henry Scott
in his book
“of igorots and independence”
• 1593 gold mine diggers and

traders to Ilocos region
• Dominicans evangelized
Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya
• Pangasinan and some parts of
Ilocos are Igorot lowland
territories
• Failure of Evangelization
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
NORTHERN STRAIN
SOUTHERN STRAIN
IGOROT(Mountain chain
dwellers)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
END OF HEAD HUNTERS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
END OF HEAD HUNTERS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
Cordillera Building Examples
THE NORTHERN STRAIN
• Consists of houses made by the ISNEG & KALINGA

• Isneg With rectangular plan covered by high gabled roof
• Kalinga having Octagonal plan & three divided floorings
• Roof framing is independent of the floor framework
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
THE SOUTHERN STRAIN
• Consists of houses made by the IFUGAO, BONTOC, IBALOI

AND KANKANAY
• With Square plan covered by high gabled roof.
• Roof framing is dependent of the floor framework
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
THE NORTHERN STRAIN
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
ISNEG
CORDILLERA REGION REGIONAL HOUSE TYPES

ISNEG
• The Isnag people (also referred to as
the Isneg and Apayao) are an Austronesian
ethnic group native to Apayao Province in
the Philippines' Cordillera Administrative
Region.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
• Windowless
• Low walls & roof, which
keep the inhabitant
warm
• 0.9 raised above the
ground
• Distinguishes itself from
the typical cordillera
house by its boat like
appearance.
• Apayao is the only
region in cordillera with
a NAVIGABLE RIVER
• Located in Apayao
Province
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
• rectangular plan
• high gable roof
bowed to a
shape of a boat
(BARANAY)
• roof framing
independent
from floor
framework
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
• The largest among the most substantially
constructed houses in the cordilleras
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
Binuron practical feature is its ROLL UP FLOOR made
from long reeds
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
Binuron platform can

be converted, to be
used for rituals,
ceremonies and
meetings
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
Binuron extension structure is TARAKIP
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
Binuron roof feature is the bamboo tubes are split in two, laid in
Alternating face-down-face-up arrangement in their sides
interlocking together
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - ALANG
Rice storage/ granary
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cordillera Theory
• House as womb; Space Concept

• Basket like
• Stretch leg-like ladder
• Comparison to the tudong or rain cape
for women
• Interior suggest as a womb
• Occupants of most houses are usually
only the husband & wife and perhaps
children.
• It is a symbol of fertility
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA

KALINGA
• BINAYON the octagonal shaped plan
• FORUY the square shaped plan
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

KALINGA - BINAYON
• octagonal in plan
• three divided floorings, lowest in the center
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

KALINGA - BINAYON
• three divided floorings,
lowest in the center
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

KALINGA - BINAYON
• three divided floorings,
lowest in the center
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

KALINGA - BINAYON
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA - BINAYON
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

KALINGA - FORUY
• Elevated, Rectangular,
One room house
• Made of timber materials
• Roof is made from 8-10
layers of cut bamboo
laid one above other
• Removable wall panel
for ventilation
• Elevated wall along
perimeter of the wall
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

KALINGA - FORUY
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA - FORUY
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA - FORUY
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
THE SOUTHERN STRAIN
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC

BONTOC
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Ili’s 3 Basic Residential Structures
• Bontoc Ili – Bontoc Village
• ATO men's meeting place /
council house / dormitory for
the young and old unmarried
males.
• ULOG/OLOG - Dormitory for
female. A public structure
where young women of
marriageable age go to sleep
at night
• AFONG- Family Residence or
Bontoc House
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Classification of Bontoc Structures
• ATO men's meeting place / council house /
dormitory for the young and old unmarried males.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

BONTOC - AFUNG
• House within a
house
• Windowless
• Shelter for people,
rice, chicken, pigs
• With attic
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

BONTOC - AFUNG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

BONTOC - AFUNG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

BONTOC - AFUNG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

BONTOC - AFUNG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

BONTOC - AFUNG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Katyufong
• For the poor
• Smaller & enclosed
• Stone-walled
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Katyufong
• Katyufong or
Kol-lob is the
residence for
widows and
unmarried old
women
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC - Katyufong
For the poor
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Fayu
• For the Rich
• Open and
Relatively Large
• 3.6 – 4.5 Meters
• .4m Door
Opening
• Windowless
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Fayu
• For the Rich
• Open and
Relatively Large
• 3.6 – 4.5 Meters
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Akhamang
Rice Granaries
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Al-Lang
Repository of food and other supplies
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Falinto-og
Pigpens
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – PABAFUNAN
Open court where people gathers to perform
rituals
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO
IFUGAO
• 12 to 30 houses,
situated amid rice
terraces and often
near a spring or grove
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – FALE/BALE
• Three Layer Structure
• Square Plan
• Pyramidal or conical
roof
• Windowless
• 12-15 SQM
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Square Plan
roof
• Windowless
• 12-15 SQM
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Square Plan
roof
• Windowless
• 12-15 SQM
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Halipan – rat guard
• 1.2 to 1.8m from
ground
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – BUL-UL
Carved granary guardians
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – ABONG
• House for the poor
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – FALE
• For wealthy family
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – FALE
• For wealthy family
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – KANYAW
• has been popularized
by lowland brethren
which collectively
refers to any ritual
dancing by
indigenous peoples of
the Cordillera.
• Part parcel of the
Ifugao ritual life. Pig
and Carabao skulls,
the remains of
sacrificial animals are
proudly displayed
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – KANYAW
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – HAGABI
• prestige bench of upper class
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – HAGABI
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – HAGABI
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – FALE CONSTRUCTION

• Two-year construction and can be dismantled in a day
• 5-6 generations
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• Gateways made of vertical sharp edges stones
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Photo courtesy: NCCA

Subject: The Batad Ifugao House Restoration and
Conservation Initiative with
Board Res. No. 2010-367
The Batad Rice Terraces Rice Cluster Restoration Project
Board Res.
No. 2012-122
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KANKANAY
KANKANAY
• A typical village with 700 inhabitants
• Slopes of hills or mountains are flattened so that houses
can be built.
• Main types of dwelling
• Binangiyan – Kankanay Abode
• Apa/Inapa & Allao - dwellings for poorer family
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KANKANAY - BINANGIYAN
• Has a resemblance
to Fale
• Pyramidal in form
• Box-like
compartment – a
single-room dwelling
with spacious attic
(baeg)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Has a resemblance
to Fale
• Pyramidal in form
• Box-like
compartment – a
single-room dwelling
with spacious attic
(baeg)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KANKANAY – BABAYAN BAEY
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KANKANAY-
BABAYAN BAEY
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KANKANAY-
BABAYAN BAEY
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
END OF REGIONAL HOUSE TYPES
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
MUSLIM SPACE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
MUSLIM SPACE
ISLAM IN THE PHILIPPINES

• The earliest evidence of Muslim presence was in Sulu
during the 14th century
• Islam was establish to the rest of Mindanao during
15th Century
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF SPACE MUSLIM SPACE
• Religion Congregational Worship

• Permanent and Separate Architecture
• “Twahid” means Unity of Allah
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• Five Pillars (pattern of a quincunx)
• Architecturally derived from early
Christian Churches
• Two Types
• Masjid
• Langgal (Tausug and Yakan) & Ranggar
(Maranao)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• Chinese Pagoda and Japanese
Temple Inspired
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• Pagoda-style Mosque - used by
Muslims throughout Islamic areas in
the Philippines prior to the
importation of the Arabian-style
mosque architecture.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• These mosques have eight, five, or
three tiers
• Pathways to heaven..
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• The pagoda-style mosque building is
currently an endangered art form in
the Philippines, as most mosques are
now built in the Domed/Arabian-
style.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
There is a dearth knowledge
regarding the evolution of mosque
typology in the Philippines.
1. Much of the earliest types of

mosques constructed by early
missionaries were made of temporary
materials like wood, bamboo, and
cogon which do not last for years
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
2. The remaining earlier types were either
demolished, destroyed during
earthquakes, or were reconstructed /
remodeled to conform to modern
architectural types sourced from Middle-
Easter designs
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
3. The yearly pilgrimage to Mecca
radically changed all earliest types
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE – FEATURES

Crescent and Star Ornament
• Information on the origins of
the symbol are difficult to
confirm, but most sources
agree that these ancient
celestial symbols were in use
by the peoples of Central
Asia and Siberia in their
worship of the sun, moon and
sky gods.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

OKIR CARVING and BURAK (a mythical
winged creature, half-human, half-horse)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque
• Oldest mosque in the Philippines
• Barangay Tubig Indangan, Simunul, Tawi-
Tawi
• Built on 1380
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque
• Square in Plan
• Undergone lot of Construction
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
Masjid Al-Dahab or Golden Mosque
• Modernized Style of Mosque
• Built on 1976
• Maranao Okir
Patterns
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE - Masjid

• Place of Worship
• Bulbous Dome – vault of heaven
• Minaret
• Ablution Area or Wudu
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE - Masjid

• Large and Permanent Construction
• Stone Foundation
• Near bodies of Water where the
faithful perform rituals of ablution
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE – Masjid

• Originally a multi-tiered bamboo
• To accommodate light and air
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE – Langgal / Ranggar

• Smaller Place of Worship
• Light and Semi Permanent
• Rural Areas
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• These are the oldest form of
mosque in the Philippines.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• The langgal/ranggar-style mosques
are still being built and used in
Islamic areas in the Philippines,
especially in rural areas.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
ISLAMIC PLACES OF PRAYERS

• Masjid – Daily Prayer
• Jami – Congregational Friday Prayer
• Idgah/Musalla – Worship on Special
Occasions
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
MUSLIM SPACE
MUSLIM SECULAR ARCHITECTURE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
MUSLIM SECULAR ARCHITECTURE MUSLIM SPACE
Forts and Royal Residence

• Early Filipinos constructed forts or KOTA
• A fortified settlement bordered by a palisade,
which series of long strong timber stakes
pointed at the top and set close to each other
to form a defense wall
Mindanao
Sulu Archipelago
Manila
Examples:
• Kota of Raja Sulayman in
Manila
• Kota of Sultan Kudarat in
Lamitan
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Mindanao and Sulu Vernacular Houses

• Distinct archipelagic features of Sulu and the
Mindanao
• Terrestrial and Naval Architecture
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
3 House Categories of Muslim Community
1. Land Based Stilted Dwellings – Situated along

shoreline
2. Oceanic Dwellings – built completely over the
sea and entirely detached from shoreline
3. Houseboats – serves as both home and fishing
boat of Badjao
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
MARANAO
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses
• “People of the Lake”
• The largest indigenous
group in Mindanao
• Three types of Maranao
House
• Lawig - Small House
• Mala-a-walai – Large
House
• Torogan – Residence of
Datu and his extended
family
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses – LAWIG

• Small House
• Raised above grounds with stilts
• Outdoor cooking area
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses – LAWIG

• Mainly used for sleeping
• Usually single family unit dwelling
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses – Mala-a-walai

• Mala–a-walai is a single room and
partitionless structure
• A house of a well-to-do family.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses – Mala-a-walai

• The okir decorations are generally to be
found on the baseboards, windowsills
and doorjambs.
• without Panolong
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses – TOROGAN

• House for Sultans & Datus
• arranged in a line along the river
• Multi-family dwelling
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Torogan structural integrity

• Post numbering to as
many as 25, 22 load
bearing 3 non-bearings.
• To assess the strength and

Resilience, it is tradition to
have TWO CARABAO
FIGHT INSIDE THE
STRUCTURE.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses –
TOROGAN
• Panolong is the
noticeable feature
of Torogan
• Richly carved and

colourful end-beam
design that flares
upward into
sculptured wings
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses –
TOROGAN
• Panolong is the
noticeable feature
of Torogan
• Richly carved and

colourful end-beam
design that flares
upward into
sculptured wings
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Panolong
• The Naga are the Sea Serpent/Dragon
• Pako Rabong are Growing Fern
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Panolong
• The Naga are the Sea Serpent/Dragon
• Pako Rabong are Growing Fern
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Panolong
The Naga and Pako Rabong are alternately
placed on the section of the house to
symbolically capture the sun’s energy
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Interior
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

SPECIAL FEATURES/ORNAMENTS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

PRE-HISPANIC ERA

PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• Gibon/Paga – Room for Datu’s Daughter
• Lamin or tower built a top the house hiding
the sultan’s daughter
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
MAGUINDANAO
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maguindanao Houses
• Close Resemblance to Maranao Dwellings
• One Room House without partition and
ceiling
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maguindanao Houses
• Nine Posts
• Okir Decorations, steep and graceful roofs
• Handcrafted ornaments
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
TAUSUG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Tausug Houses
• Tausug means “people of the current/taong
dagat or alon”
• Second largest group of Muslim Filipinos and
Foremost indigenous people in Sulu
archipelago
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Tausug Houses
• Inland community are the TAU GIMBA
• Shoreline community are the TAU HIGAD
• Mangingita or Imam will choose the luckiest
site
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Tausug Houses – BAY SINUG

• BAY SINUG – Traditional Tausug House
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• BAY SINUG – TAJUK PASUNG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• Made of Nine post
symbolized the human body.
• They believe should built it as

if a person were being
formed.
• If you don’t follow the

proper order in assembling
the posts, it is believed that
the house will not last.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• Made of Nine post
symbolized the human body.
• They believe should built it as

if a person were being
formed.
• If you don’t follow the

proper order in assembling
the posts, it is believed that
the house will not last.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Wall slits as windows

to conceal their
unmarried woman
inside
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
YAKAN
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Yakan Houses
• Yakans live in the mountainous interior of
Basilan island
• Houses individually owned and occupied by
one family.
• Clustered around langgal
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Yakan Houses – LUMAH

• Lumah - Traditional Yakan
House
• Rectangular, rdiged
roofed, single room pile
structure of varying size
and elevation from the
ground.
• 50-100 SQM
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• No ceilings and few or no windows because
of belief that the bad spirits could easily in
through those openings.
Often only one

TINDAWAN(window)
beside the long
bench for guest
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• Walls are made in horizontally positioned
wooden planks
• Or Sawali
• Lumah can last up to

15 years
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Lumah Three Parts
• “kokan/tindakan”,main house w/ rituals and

entertainment
• “kosina”, kitchen
• “pantan/simpey”, porch – for clothes
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
SAMAL
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
• Samal mix on various islands with the Tausug
who are dominant group in Jolo island but
more in Borneo
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
• Pile-driven support
• Connected to the shore and linked to one
another by a catwalk
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
• Silong is Boat Storage and area for bathing

• Single level for sleeping, cooking and
eating.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
• Silong is Boat Storage and area for bathing

• Single level for sleeping, cooking and
eating.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
• No partitions or ornamentations
• Pantan – Open porch or terrace
Receiving area, working area,
hold rituals and playground
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
• Samal Community in coastline
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses – Comfort Room
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses – Comfort Room
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BADJAO
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BADJAO
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses
• sea gypsies
• from Zamboanga,
Basilan, Jolo
provinces, Tawi-tawi,
and Palawan
• Samal Luwaan
(outcast)
• Sama Dilaut (people of
the ocean)
• Boat house use their
shelters as a means of
Travel
• Whether Nomadic or
settled
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses
• Badjao boats vary in length and depending
on the economic status of the owner
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses
• When all children have
left, the old man of the
house is expected to
marry again or attempt
to join another boat
• The death of the Family

head transforms the boat
into a coffin, making a
symbolic mortuary piece
to transport to dimension
of afterlife
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses
BADJAO TWO TYPES OF

BOAT
1. Dapang/Vinta - Used for

short Fishing trips
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses
BADJAO TWO TYPES OF
BOAT
2. Palaw - Permanent
dwelling place or
temporary lodging during
fishing trips.
TWO TYPES OF PALAW
Lepa - lighter and faster
houseboat
- NO KATIG
Jengning - bigger and
heavier houseboat
WITH KATIG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses – BOAT HOUSE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses – BOAT HOUSE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses – BOAT HOUSE - JENGNING
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses – BOAT HOUSE - LEPA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses – LUMA
• “Harun” (ladder) serves as wash area

• Mirrors are believed to drive away evil spirits
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

PRE-HISPANIC ERA

PRE-HISPANIC ERA
T’boli Houses – GUNU BONG

• South Cotabato
• Home for the extended family ranging 8-16
persons
• Constructed with Bamboo Stilts 2 meters in
height from the ground
• Addition post on side
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• South Cotabato
• Home for the extended family ranganing 8-
16 persons
• Constructed with Bamboo Stilts 2 meters in
heightfrom the ground
• Addition post on side
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
3 Interior Spaces
• Area of Honor
• Sleeping Area
• Vestibule
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
3 Interior Spaces
• Area of Honor
• Sleeping Area
• Vestibule
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
END OF MUSLIM SPACE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CONCLUSION
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Philippine Vernacular Architecture is a
broad category
• Majority are dwelling constructed by
community
• Vernacular lineage
• Granaries
• Fortification
• Worship
• Ephemeral
• Contemporary Urban shanties
• Vernacular Building Tradition is an Omni-
present building practice and remain as an
accessible idiom to the majority of the
Filipinos
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

COURSE OUTLINE
1. Pre-Hispanic Era
2. SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
COLONIAL URBANISM
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

COLONIAL URBANISM
• The story of architecture

under Spain Begins with
the permanent
occupation of the Island
in 1565.
• The arrival of Miguel

Lopez de Legazpi’s
expedition in Cebu that
year ushered in an
important phase in the
development of
architecture and
urbanism in the
Philippines.

COLONIAL URBANISM
• Found settlement
in Cebu and
Panay
• Moved
northwards to
Luzon and the
goal is to invade
Muslim
settlement in
Manila

COLONIAL URBANISM
In 1571, Spaniards successfully occupied

Manila.
They established
• Colonial Settlements
• Chapels
• Forts

COLONIAL URBANISM
• Before Legazpi’s death in 1572, he had

already conquered the greater portions of
the archipelago to spread Christianity and to
colonize the islands.
• Spanish colonialism had changed the face of

the built environment in the Philippines as
much as it had altered the social and
economic conditions.

COLONIAL URBANISM
The main ingredients in the urban

transformation of the Philippine colonial
landscape included in the following:
1. The establishment of Reduccion

• Forced Urbanization Program and
resettlement
• Resettle indigenous lowland
population in larger urban
communities so as to accelerate the
process of politico religious
transformation

COLONIAL URBANISM
• The Colonial space was redesigned according to

an urbanizing program
• The small scattered native settlements were
forced to consolidate into compact Villages
• There were natives who resisted and fled to the
mountains

COLONIAL URBANISM
The villages were literally in Bajos dela

Campanas (under the bells), which sanctioned
control of native’s’ everyday life by allowing
the clergy to wake the villagers up each day,
summon them to mass and subject them to
religious catechism.

COLONIAL URBANISM

2. The creation of land-use pattern

through the Encomienda system.
• Concept of land as a private property
and capital was introduced.

COLONIAL URBANISM

3. The institution of a hierarchical
settlement system.
• “Pueblos” – Capitals or Towns
• “Cabecera” (head) The core of
municipality or poblacion
• “Barrios” Adjacent Barangays
• “Estancias” – large ranches or first
haciendas

COLONIAL URBANISM

4. The creation and structuring of

towns according to “Cuadricula”
model of planning.
• A system of streets and blocks laid out
with uniform precision
• Hierarchical fashion – Central Plaza or
Plaza Mayor symbolize power

COLONIAL URBANISM

LAWS OF THE INDIES (Leyes de Indias)
• A set of planning guideline
• The “Laws of the Indies” were decreed
by King Philip II in 1573.
• The laws guided Spanish colonists on
how to create and expand towns in
Spanish territories
• It establishes the church as urban
landmark and plaza public space.
COLONIAL URBANISM

Cuadricula
• a system of streets
and blocks laid
out with uniform
precision

COLONIAL URBANISM

Cuadricula
• the use of grid
pattern for urban
fabric, together with
the adherence to
the other
architectural rules,
was a consequence
of the ideal Greco-
Roma city concept.
COLONIAL URBANISM

5. The introduction of building
typologies and construction
technologies through colonial
infrastructures.
• Colonial infrastructures were constructed
of sturdier and more permanent building
materials.
• Distinguish itself from the flimsy
indigenous architecture
MANILA-THE GENESIS OF AN
INTRAMURAL COLONIAL CITY

MANILA
June 24, 1571 – Legazpi

officially inaugurated a
municipal council and
proclaimed Manila as
the capital of the new
territories under the
Spanish crown.

MANILA
New activities were introduced which

necessitated the creation of novel
institutions and characterizing urban
life.

MANILA
Slowly a city was created in

accordance with Hispanic Law and
urban heritage.

The Great Urban and
Architectural Transformation

The Great Urban and
• After a decade, Manila could lay

claim to the possession of urban
elements common with most
establish Spanish cities.
• The City quarter was surrounded by a
spiked log palisade.

The Great Urban and
• Central Plaza
• Cabildo – Municipal
Building
• General Market
• Wooden ports
• Garrison of Soldiers
• Residence of
Governor General
• Residence of Bishops
• Cathedral
• Townsfolk house

The Great Urban and
Manila was not

spared its share of
disasters and
tribulations.
• Persistently preyed
upon by pirates of
the sea
• Earthquakes and
conflagrations

The Great Urban and
• Most of the early settlement were

constructed with the use of wood,
bamboo and nipa thatch.
• Edifices built by Spaniards were non
permanent, abundant and highly
combustible materials.

The Great Urban and
• A fire from the vigil candles that rapidly

reduced the entire city to ashes
reinforced the need to utilize more
durable building materials.
• It prompted the next Governor-General,
Santiago De Vera, to order that all
buildings of the city be constructed of
stone and tiles.

The Great Urban and
Building Materials
Bricks or Ladrillos – Uses Kilns or Hornos

The Great Urban and
Building Materials
Tejas or V-shaped Roof Tile

The Great Urban and
Building Materials
Baldosas – square floor tiles

The Great Urban and
Building Materials
Adobe Stone – Soft Stone of Volcanic
Silleria or De Cal y Canto – edifices of cut
stones

The Great Urban and
Building Materials
Placuña Pelucida- capiz shells
Dura la Madera- hard wood

The Great Urban and
• 1645, A devastating earthquake

shattered the ambitious plans of the
Spaniards and it marked a turning point
in the development of architecture in
the Philippines.
• Birth of Arquitectura Mestiza in the

Philippines

Arquitectura Meztiza

• A term coined by Jesuit Francisco
Ignacio Alcina in 1688
• Structures built partly of wood and partly
stone
WOOD
STONE



• Used wood and wooden frame in the
upperfloor and stone in its ground floor
to make it resistant to earthquake.
• For the Cathedrals, it exceeds to more

than two floors and had walls of about
three meters thick supported by
buttress.

• The character was partly influenced
by amateur and artisans, but mainly
executed by the maestros de obras or
master builders.

• Wood joineries like dovetails were used
in the construction process

Intramuros: The Bastion of Authority

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
Bastion system style
In1590, the walled city, patterned after the
medieval city fortress of Europe, under the
Supervision of Governador-General Gomez
Perez Dasmariñas while it was designed and
supervised by Military engineer Leonardo
Turriano

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
• Spanish Walled City
or Manila Walled
CIty
• Bordered by bay
and the river

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
• 3916 Meters of
pentagonal
perimeter walls of
volcanic tuff
(Adobe) and brick
filled in with earth.
• Native labor was
used to build the
walls

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
• Stone landings
artillery or casa
matas

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
• Baluarte De San
Diego / Bastion

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
• Garita or Watch
Tower

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
• Entrance revellin bridge

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
• Revellin

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
• Moat

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
Puerta - Gates of
Intramuros
“Puerta de Sta. Lucia”

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
Puerta - Gates of Intramuros
“Puerta Real”

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
“Puerta Parian”

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
“Puerta Isabel”

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
“Gate of Fort Santiago”

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
“Gate of Fort Santiago”

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros
• It was reserved for the nobility and clergy
• Coolies and Indios were remained
outside the walls
• The monumental structures and other
edifices were all designed to relieve the
conquistador of his nostalgia and
homesickness, away from his temperate
homeland, in a strange tropical colony.

Extramuros: Living Beyond the walls

EXTRAMUROS
Extramuros
• Other villages, towns
and arrabales (suburbs) located beyond
the walls
• Spanish term for “outside the walls”

EXTRAMUROS
Extramuros
• Pueblo de Tondo, Pueblo de Quiapo,
Pueblo de Binondo, Isla de Binondo,
Pueblo de Malate, Ermita and Sta. Cruz
Dilao
• Church authorities began to expand its
mission into Binondo, Quiapo, Ermita and
Malate.

EXTRAMUROS
Extramuros
• Pueblo de Malate, home of ambitious maharlika
(nobleman), tradesman amassed their wealth
from the new imperial order.

EXTRAMUROS
Extramuros
• Pueblo de Tondo, was identified unprivileged
natives who regularly provided fresh foodstuff for
the market of Manila.

EXTRAMUROS
Extramuros

EXTRAMUROS
Extramuros

EXTRAMUROS
Extramuros
• Pueblo de Quiapo

EXTRAMUROS
Extramuros

EXTRAMUROS
Extramuros

MIDTERM ASSIGNMENT 1
1. Research atleast 3 examples of “Arquitectura
Meztiza” structures.
• Pictures
• Brief Description (Location, Owner, Year)
• Short Bond Paper

• Hand Written
• Can be done by pair or individual
• To be submitted next meeting, March 7, 2019
2. Map of Intramuros (Max of 5 Students)

15x20 Inches Board, Manual
To be submitted next meeting, March 14, 2019
Military Architecture and Defense
Installations

Military Architecture and Defense Installations
• The building of garrisons, naval

constructions, and fortresses was a military
strategy to safeguard and protect the
Spanish colonial possessions.
• Patterned to European Style and

characterized by heavy stonewalls,
moats, and grid road layouts.

Fort San Pedro- Cebu (1565)



Fort Santiago – Manila (1590)





• It was named after the Saint James, the
patron saint of Spain


• Approximately 600 American prisoners of war
died of suffocation and hunger in its
dungeons after being caged in extremely tight
quarters. The filthy water of the nearby Pasig
River also seeps in during high tide leaving its
ground damp most of the time.


• Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines,
spent his last days holed up in Fort Santiago
before being marched off to Bagumbayan
(now Rizal Park) where he was executed by
firing squad.


• Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines,
spent his last days holed up in Fort Santiago
before being marched off to Bagumbayan
(now Rizal Park) where he was executed by
firing squad.

Fort San Felipe – Cavite (1617)




• The structure is made of granite blocks,
with walls approximately 30 feet high
• A wide stairway leads to the top of the
port where a concrete house can be
found.
• The fort is dedicated to San Felipe Neri in
the 16th century.

Fuerza de Nuestra Senora del Rosario (1617)

Fuerza de Nuestra Senora del Rosario (1617)

Fuerza de Nuestra Senora del Rosario

(1617)
• The Fort San Pedro was built because of a
necessity.
• The need for protection from frequent Dutch
and Moro raids
• An order for the construction of a wooden
fortress at Punta de Iloilo, at the mouth of the
Iloilo River
• Found the image of the Our Lady of the Holy
Rosary or Nuestra Senora del Rosario which is still
exists at San Jose Parish Church at Plaza
Libertad
Fuerza de Nuestra Seniora del Pilar-

Zamboanga Peninsula (1635)






• A stone fort in defense against pirates and
raiders of the sultans of Mindanao
and Jolo.
• The cornerstone of the fort, originally
called Real Fuerza de San José (Royal Fort
of Saint Joseph)

EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS
CONVERSION

EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION
• On 14 April 1521, Rajah Humabon was

christened Carlos in honor of Rei Carlos I
de España

• While his chief consort, Hara Humamay

was given the name Juana, after Charles'
mother, Reina Juana del Castillo.

• The Baptism of Humabon and Humaymay

and Image of The Holy Child is the
beginning of the Oldest Founded church
in the Philippines, Basilica de Sto.Niño de
Cebu in 1565

• Prior to colonization the Natives / Early

Filipinos did not worship in temples.
Instead, members of the families,
dependents and relatives met for some
special rituals in private places called
SIMBAHAN. According to Padre
Francisco de San Antonio, OFM
• SIBI, locals built their places of worship

as extension of their Homes

Early Mission of Simbahan

The Early Builders and Missionaries

Order St. Augustine (OSA); Augustinians 1565

Augustinians 1565
Missions:
• Ilocos Norte
• Ilocos Sur
• La Union
• Tarlac
• Pampanga
• Northern Part of Bulacan
• Manila-Malate & Ermita
• Parañaque
• Pasig
• Batangas
• Panay Island
• Cebu Island
Order St. Augustine (OSA); Augustinians 1565

The Oldest Stone Church: Iglesia-Monasterio

de San Agustin y San Pablo de Ermita

The Oldest Stone Church: Iglesia-Monasterio

de San Agustin y San Pablo de Ermita

Royal granted Missionaries / Religious orders

Order of Friar Minor (OFM); Franciscans 1578

Franciscans 1578
Missions:
• Southern Parts of
Bulacan
• Manila-Del Monte
• Cubao
• Paco-Dilao-Sta.Ana
• Laguna
• Rizal
• Quezon
• Camarines Norte
• Camarines Sur
• Albay
• Sorsogon SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles y

San Fransisco de Asis








Society of Jesus(SJ); Jesuits 1581

Jesuits 1581
Missions:
• Cavite
• Samar Island
• Leyte Island
• Bohol Island
• Majority parts of
Mindanao









San Ignacio 16th century

Order of Preachers(OP); Dominicans 1587

Order of
Prechers(OP);
Dominicans 1587
Missions:
• Pangasinan
• Cagayan Valley
• Isabela Province
• Nueva Ecija
• Nueva Viscaya
• Quirino Province




Order of Augustinian Recollects(OSA-R/OAR);

Recoletos 1606


Recoletos 1606


Recoletos 1606


Recoletos 1606


Recoletos 1606

Order of Friar Minor Capuchin late 19th century

(OFMcap)

Order of Friar Minor Capuchin late 19th century

(OFMcap)


REGIONAL MATERIALS
Regional Identification:
Adobe &Volcanic Tuff in Central Parts of
Luzon

REGIONAL MATERIALS
Coralline and lime stone in Visayas and
Mindanao

REGIONAL MATERIALS
Sandstone some parts of Panay Island

REGIONAL MATERIALS
Bricks in Northern Parts of Luzon

IGLESIA
Levels of Roman Catholic church

1. Basilica
2. Cathedral
3. Parish
4. Chapels
5. Monastic/Religious Congressional
(Monastery, Abbey, Priory, Friary, Nunnery
etc.)

IGLESIA
Cathedral/ Catedral- The principal church of a
diocese housing the cathedra or bishops
throne

IGLESIA
throne

IGLESIA
throne

IGLESIA
In every cathedral has a Bishop, It has also
Bishop’s Palace / ARZOBISPADO or OBISPADO

IGLESIA
Archdiocese of
Nueva Segovia,
Vigan

IGLESIA
Archdiocese of
Nueva Caceres,
Naga

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting
• Highest Terrain in the community

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
• Highest Terrain in the community

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
• Dominican Cagayan valley’s Exposed Bricks
with ascending or undulating volutes topped
with Finials

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
with Finials

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
with Finials

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
with detailed kilned ornaments

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

• Churches are Also Fortress

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

• Churches are Also Fortress

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

• Churches has unrelated and eclectic style

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

• Churches has unrelated and eclectic style

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
• Philippine churches has Locally Mediated
ornaments

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
ornaments

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
ornaments – Mudejar

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA
ornaments – Mudejar

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

• Twin churches

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

• Twin churches

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

• Twin churches

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA

• Steel temple of Asia

ESTILOS DE IGLESIA


ESTILOS DE IGLESIA


ESTILOS DE IGLESIA


CUERPO DE IGLESIA
FACADA PRINCIPAL y FACADA POSTIGO

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
BUTTRESS- CONTRA FUERTE

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
NARTHEX- ZAGUAN

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Other Church Features:
Holy Water stoup- Pila de Agua Bendita

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
CORO-CHOIR LOFT

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
CORO-CHOIR LOFT

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
BELL TOWER/BELFRY-CAMPANARIO

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Under the Campanario, Retablo Menor, Baptisterio

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
PLANO DE IGLESIA FACADA PRINCIPAL

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
PLANO DE IGLESIA FACADA PRINCIPAL

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
PLANO DE IGLESIA NAVE view to PRYBESTERIO/SANTUARIO
Y CRUCERO

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
PLANO DE IGLESIA NAVE view to PRYBESTERIO/SANTUARIO
Y CRUCERO

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
PLANO DE IGLESIA CRUCERO ALA IZQUIERDA, LADO DE
EVANGELIO

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
PLANO DE IGLESIA CRUCERO LA DARETCHA, LADO DE
EPISTOLA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
PLANO DE IGLESIA NAVE CENTRAL

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
RETABLOS- Decorative altar piece which serves as the
backdrop for altars Retro(lat) Back, Tabula(lat) Table
Retablo Mayor

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Retablo Menor - Lado de Epistola, ala Daretcha

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Retablo Menor - Lado de Epistola, ala Daretcha

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Retablo Menor, Lado de Evangelio, la Ezquierda

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Pulpit/ Pulpito
Pews/ bangko

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Pews/ bangko

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Pulpit/ Pulpito

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
TRIBUNA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
TRIBUNA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Sanctuary- Prybesterio/Santuario

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Comulgatorio - Communion rail

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Sacristy- Sacristia

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Sacristy- Sacristia

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Camarin- storage also pilgrim’s area

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Convent- Convento

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Iglesia y Convento

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Cemetery- Cementerio/Osuario

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
Cemetery- Cementerio/Osuario

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
CAMPO SANTO

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
MORTUARIO

CUERPO DE IGLESIA
CAMPO Y SANTO MORTUARIO

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

CUERPO DE IGLESIA

Ecclesiastical Buildings
POR MUJERAS

Oldest Nunnery Convent: Monasterio de Santa Clara



Oldest Nunnery Convent for Mestiza and Natives
Beaterio de La Campaña

Oldest Nunnery Convent for Insulares:
Beaterio y Colegio de Santa Catalina de Sena

Oldest Nunnery Convent for Insulares:
Beaterio y Colegio de Santa Catalina de Sena

Other Beaterio/Nunnery: Colegio de Santa Isabel

Other Beaterio/Nunnery: Colegio de Santa Rosa

Other Beaterio/Nunnery: Colegio de Santa Rosa

Architecture for Colonial
Administration

Architecture for Colonial Administration
Monumental Civic Architecture

• Epitomized the Spanish administrative
institution
Governor’s Office and

Central Government House
House

Casa del Ayuntamiento

• One of the most important administrative
structures in the archipelago
• Seat of colonial governance and housed several
administrative offices and archives.


• Underwent several modifications and
reconstruction works.
• The main façade was refashioned in a style
inspired from the renaissance






Palacio del Gobernador General

• Also known as Palacio Real
• Residence of the highest official of the land




Casa del Ayuntamiento and Palacio del

Gobernador General
• Both were European style with spacious inner

courts
• Both did not last long enough.

Casa Aduana
• Customs and Finance House
• Classicist Architecture

Casa Aduana

Casa Aduana

Casa Aduana

Casa Aduana

Casa Aduana

Educational and Scientific Facilities


• The missionary task of bringing education, health
care and social welfare to the indigenous subjects
were zealously fulfilled by the various religious
order
• Two types of school buildings surfaced during
spanish period:
• “Colegio” or “Universidad” found in urban areas
• “Escuela Primaria” found in different pueblos


Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595-1769)

• Located in Cebu City and known as the first
educational institution established in Asia by the
Europeans outside Manila
• Currently, University of San Carlos, CEBU under
SVD fathers. Founded Padre Antonio Sedeño, SJ



Colegio de San Jose Manila (1571)

• 1910 restoration of the Escuela under Jesuits
• Oldest existing Seminary, now part ADMU
Katipunan
• Founded by Padre Pedro Chirino, SJ







Universidad de Santo Tomás
• La Pontificia y Real
Universidad de Santo
Tomás, Universidad
Católica de Filipinas
• Founded by the
Dominicans / Fray Miguel
Binavides, OP, Primera
Obispo de Nueva Segovia

• 1605 Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo

del Rosario
• 1611 renamed as Colegio de Santo Tomas


• 1611 renamed as Colegio
de Santo Tomas
• 1645 promoted to
University level
• 1690 received the title
Pontifical
• Notable personalities have
attended school in this
institution, including
national hero Dr. Jose Rizal
and Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo


• January 10, 1785, King Charles III of Spain
granted the title “Royal” to the University of Santo
Tomas for its contribution to Manila’s defense
from the British forces.


• January 10, 1785, King Charles III of Spain
granted the title “Royal” to the University of Santo
Tomas for its contribution to Manila’s defense
from the British forces.










Colegio de Niños Huerfanos de San Juan de Letran
• Founded in 1620 by Don Juan Geromino

Guerrero, Spanish military captain
• Administered by the Dominican Friars
• Oldest college in the Philippines and the oldest
secondary institution in Asia.
• Many Philippine presidents have graduated from
this institution


• Originally orphanage
for the Spanish Boys
• Secondary education
with bachelor degree
in Arts
•



Ateneo de Manila
• Escuela Municipal de Manila (1859–1865)

• Ateneo Municipal de Manila (1865–1901)
• Ateneo de Manila (1901–1959)

Ateneo de Manila
• exclusive school for the Boys with bachelor
degree in Arts

Ateneo de Manila

Ateneo de Manila

Ateneo de Manila

Ateneo de Manila

Ateneo de Manila

Ateneo de Manila

Ateneo de Manila

Ateneo de Manila

Ateneo de Manila

Ateneo de Manila

Ateneo de Manila

Ateneo de Manila

Ateneo de Manila – ERMITA CAMPUS 1921

Observatorio Astronomico Y Meteorologico de

Manila, Manila Observatory (1865)
- Exemplified the effort of Jesuits in the pursuit of
scientific knowledge
- established by the Jesuits in 1865 at the tower of
San Ignacio Church, Intramuros

Observatorio Astronomico Y Meteorologico de

Manila, Manila Observatory (1865)

In1878, Padre Fedirico Faura,SJ

inventor of Faura Barometer
became the director
Cable connections had been
established with other countries
overseas request typhoon
warning received and granted
by the observatory

• 1884- The Spanish Government declared Father

Faura’s weather bureau as a state institution to
be known as Manila Observatory.
• It was relocated to a new building in Ermita as a
normal Jesuit School.



Escuela Publica

Escuela Publica: Escuela Normal

Escuela Publica: Escuela Normal

• In 1900 the first private school to offer an

academic title for Maestro de Obras was the
Liceo de Manila.

Bahay na Bato:
The Realm of Aristocratic Domesticity

BAHAY NA BATO
Casa mestiza or Bahay na bato is evolved from

Bahay Kubo/Austronesian House
• Became the inspiration in developing a similar
house having the same feature but on grader
scale

BAHAY NA BATO
Bahay na Bato
• A new type of
domestic architecture
emerged from two
centuries of gestation
• Combined the
elements of the
indigenous and
Hispanic building
traditions
• Prevent the dangers
posed by fires,
earthquakes, and
cyclones
BAHAY NA BATO
Bahay na Bato
• The simple house of nipa y caña could no
longer satisfy the demands of the new urban
elites and the provincial aristocracy

BAHAY NA BATO
PLANO DE CASA

BAHAY NA BATO
PLANO DE CASA

BAHAY NA BATO
BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features

• Two Storeys, at times, Three
• Ground floor is made of cutstone or bricks
• Upper floor is made of wood

BAHAY NA BATO

• Grillwork that protect the ground floor windows
• Second-storey windows are broad with sliding
shutters whose latticework frames either capiz
shells (placuna placenta) or glass panels.

BAHAY NA BATO

• Beneath the pasamano (window sill), auxillary
windows called ventanillas, (small windows),
reach to the floor. Protected with either iron
grilles or wooden barandillas (baluster) and
sliding wooden shutters

BAHAY NA BATO

• Beneath the pasamano (window sill), auxillary
windows called ventanillas, (small windows),
reach to the floor. Protected with either iron
grilles or wooden barandillas (baluster) and
sliding wooden shutters

BAHAY NA BATO

• The house is capped by a high hip roof with a
45-degree-angle points to repel rain and
discharge warm air.

BAHAY NA BATO

• Zaguan (vestibule), vestibule and lower part as
storage area

BAHAY NA BATO

• Zaguan (vestibule), vestibule and lower part as
storage area

BAHAY NA BATO

• Entresuelo (mezzanine area) – raised a meter
above ground. Used as offices for servants
quarter.

BAHAY NA BATO

• Escalera (wooden staircase) – with two
landings led to the upper floor and directly
onto the interior hanging veranda (caida).

BAHAY NA BATO


BAHAY NA BATO


BAHAY NA BATO

• Caida (antesala)– Waiting area before being
received. This is the most immediate room from
the stairs and was an all purpose room for
entertaining, sewing, dancing, or even dining.

BAHAY NA BATO


BAHAY NA BATO


BAHAY NA BATO

• Sala (Living Room)– dances and balls were
held during fiestas and special occasions.
European influence was evident in the
furniture, draperies, paintings, porcelain jars, or
piano adorning the sala.

BAHAY NA BATO

• Sala (Living Room)– dances and balls were
held during fiestas and special occasions.
European influence was evident in the
furniture, draperies, paintings, porcelain jars, or
piano adorning the sala.

BAHAY NA BATO

• Comedor (dining room) – well-furnished with
silverware, displayed in “plateras” or glass-
paneled cabinets or mesa platera.

BAHAY NA BATO

• Comedor (dining room) – well-furnished with
silverware, displayed in “plateras” or glass-
paneled cabinets or mesa platera.

BAHAY NA BATO

• Cocina (kitchen) – With its distinctive “banguerra”

BAHAY NA BATO

• Cocina (kitchen) – With its distinctive “banguerra”

BAHAY NA BATO

• Banyo or paliguan (bathroom) - Adjacent to the
kitchen. It was often built separately from the
toilet.
• Latrina (toilet)

BAHAY NA BATO

• Batalan – metamorphosed into the azotea, an
outdoor terrace where the residentsand their
guests usually relaxed.

BAHAY NA BATO

• Balon (well) and Aljibe (Cistern) – beside the
azotea for food preparation and laundry
activities

BAHAY NA BATO

• Volada, cantilevered gallery extending from the
exterior of a building

BAHAY NA BATO

• Cuarto - Bedrooms

BAHAY NA BATO
BAHAY NA BATO Examples

• Syquia Mansion, Vigan

BAHAY NA BATO
BAHAY NA BATO Examples

• Pamintuan Mansion

Infrastructure and Industrial

Ferrocarril (Railway)
• Officially initiated in 1875 by the royal order
issued by king Alfonso of Spain
• Planned by Royal engineer Eduardo Lopez
Navarro (General Plan for Railways on the
island of luzon)

• This plan aimed to construct a line network
totaling 1730 km
• Cagayan Valley, Central Plains and Bicol

Tutuban Rail station
• Manila to Dagupan line
• Designed by Juan Hervas

Tranvias
• Sponsored by
Jocobo Zobel de
Zangroniz
• Designed by
Luciano Bremon
and Adolfo Bayo
• Founded the “La
Campaña Tranvia
de Filipinas”
• Manila to Malabon
line
Puentes / Bridge
Puente Grande
• The first bridge to
ever cross the
Pasig River was
the Puente
Grande, a ten-
span bridge
opened in 1630 by
the Spanish
colonial
government.

Puentes / Bridge
Puente de España
-1875
- designed by Jose Echevarria

Puentes / Bridge
Puente de Claveria or (Colgante/Suspension)

-Arroceros to Quiapo Link
-Constructed in 1852 with toll basis
- designed by french Engr. M. Gabaud

Puentes / Bridge
Puente de Claveria or (Colgante/Suspension)

-Arroceros to Quiapo Link
-Constructed in 1852 with toll basis
- designed by french Engr. M. Gabaud

Puentes / Bridge
Puente de Convalencia y Ayala

- Malacañang to Convalencia
-1880
- designed by M. Gabaud

Farolas / lighthouses
San Nicolas Light House (Pasig Farola) – designed

in Renaissance Revivalist Style.

Waterworks and Utilities
Carriedo Water Works- a

piped-in water system
opened in 1882.
The water daily

consumption was drawn
by means of pail and
kept in jars TAPAYAN to
which small alum crystals
TAWAS were added for
purification for drinking.

Commercial
1809 Calle Escolta- The Premier Business district in

the Philippines. Some of the entrepreneurs are
European commercial, British, French, German and
other expatriates.

Commercial
Carinderia with Turo-turo (ready to eat

restaurants) and with Sari-Sari/Tiange (Small
quantities shop)
Market, Mercado
Drugstore, Botica
Commercial building, Alcalferia
Warehouse, Almazen
store house, Camarin
Factory, fabrica

Commercial
Oil house, acieteros
Silk house, Alciacera
Rice dealers, arroceros
Soap makers, jaboneros
Silver and Gold smiths, platerias
Salt maker, Salinas
Sugar house, azucarera
Teatro de a lai libre(open air)
Cockfighting Arena, Sabungan en Rueda, earliest
amusement gaming system, cockfighting a
vernacular pastime

Commercial

Commercial

Commercial

JAIL
1857, Calabozo, Jail
Carcel y Presidio Correccional de Manila. Manila
Bilibid Prison, Radial Configuration with a central
panopticon tower. Designed by Emilio Diaz and
Armando Lopez Ezquerra

JAIL
1857, Calabozo, Jail
Carcel y Presidio Correccional de Manila. Manila
Bilibid Prison, Radial Configuration with a central
panopticon tower. Designed by Emilio Diaz and
Armando Lopez Ezquerra

BANK
Real Banco Españo de Las Islas Filipinas de Reyna
Isabela II oldest existing bank in the country
located also in Casa Aduana
-owned by the familla Zobel de Ayala

CONCLUSION
• The legacy of Spanish Colonialism gave Filipinos
built forms and architecture
• New concepts of space
• New forms of identities
• New power relations
• New ways of orchestrating the everyday
colonial experience

References:
-Required Reading: Lico, Gerard (2007). Arkitekturang Filipino: History of
Architecture and Urbanism in the Philippines
-Ching, Frank (2007). A global history of architecture
-Fernandez, Rino (2013). Diksyonariong Biswal ng Arkitekturang Pilipino
-Cabalfin, E (2014). What kids should know about Philippine Architecture
-Agoncillo, T (1990). History of the Filipino People 8th Edition. GAROTECH publishin
UP, Diliman
-Alarcon, N. (1991). Philippine architecture during the pre-spanish and Spanish
periods. UST Press, Sampaloc, Manila
-Gallende, O.S.A. P. (1987). Angels in Stone Architecture of Augustinian churches in
the Philippines 1st Edition. G.A.Formoso Publishing, Makati
-Jose, R. (1991). Simbahan, Church art in colonial Philippines 1565-1898. Ayala
Foundation, Makati
-Javellana, S.J. R. (1991). Wood and Stone For God’s greater glory: Jesuit Art and
architecture in the Philippines. Ateneo Press, Loyola, Quezon City
- Javellana, S.J. R. (2010). La Casa de Dios: the legacy of Filipino-Hispanic Churches
in the Philippines, Ortigas Foundation inc., Pasig City
-Lico, G. (2013). ISTILO pocket guide to architecture style in the Philippines
-Laya,J. Gatbonton,E. (1983) Intramuros of Memory, Intramuros Administration
-Laya,J. Toralba,M. Tinio,M. Philippine Heritage Homes a Guide Book (2014), Anvil
Publishing, Mandaluyong City
-Noche, M. (2010). Retablo: the living shrines of Faith, Filipino Heritage Festival
inc/Museum Foundation, Ermita, Manila
-Tinio Jr. Martin, Zialzita Fernando. (1987) Philippine Ancestral Houses.
-Tettoni,T. Reyes,E.(2012) The Philippine Style: Design & Architecture
-Cabigas, E. http://simbahan.net/
-Cabigas, E. http://langyaw.com/

COURSE OUTLINE
1. Pre-Hispanic Era
3. AMERICAN AND JAPANESE ERA
FRAMING THE IMPERIAL IMAGINATION
AMERICAN AND JAPANESE ERA

Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense / Spanish-

American war
• Fought between the United States and Spain in
1898
• End and Fall of Spanish Empire

The demise of the Spanish Empire at the end of

19th century enabled the United States, through
the Treaty of Paris, to acquire the Philippines, along
with other island possessions.

Treaty of Paris
• A treaty signed by Spain and the United States on
December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish–
American War
• It was signed by representatives of Spain and
the United States in Paris on Dec. 10, 1898.

Treaty of Paris
• Spain relinquish Cuba
and cede Puerto
Rico and one of
the Mariana Islands to
the United States, and
that the United States
hold Manila until
the disposition of
the Philippines had been
determined.

Treaty of Paris
• U.S. President William
McKinley had finally
decided that the United
States must take
possession of the
Philippines.
• The demand was
ultimately accepted with
the stipulation that the
United States should pay
Spain $20 million
nominally for public
buildings and public
works in the Philippines.

Independence Day
• 1898, June 12, Aguinaldo
declared the
independence of the
Philippines from Spain in
Kawit, Cavite,
• Established the First
Philippine Republic under
Asia's first democratic
constitution.

Independence Day
• 1898, June 12, Aguinaldo
declared the
independence of the
Philippines from Spain in
Kawit, Cavite,
• Established the First
Philippine Republic under
Asia's first democratic
constitution.

First Philippine Republic

• Also known as Malolos
Republic
• A nascent revolutionary
government in
the Philippines.
• Formally established with
the proclamation of
the Malolos Constitution on
January 21, 1899,
in Malolos, Bulacan

First Philippine Republic

• Also known as Malolos
Republic
• A nascent revolutionary
government in
the Philippines.
• Formally established with
the proclamation of
the Malolos Constitution on
January 21, 1899,
in Malolos, Bulacan

Philippine- American War

• February 1899-April 1902,
the Republic declared war
on United States
• Filipino revolutionaries
under Aguinaldo seized
control of most of the
Philippines’ main island of
Luzon and proclaimed the
establishment of the
independent Philippine
Republic.

PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR AFTERMATH

After defeating the Filipino Guerrillas, the American

occupation regime began the Massive Rebuilding
of the Philippines along the American Model and
planned an entire battery of infrastructure to
facilitate
1. Military Controls
2. Public Health
3. Education
4. Commerce

August 15, 1898, The 1st Public works office was

placed under Military corps engineers headed by
General Arthur Mcarthur and Judge Howard Taft
and headed the control of development planning
in the islands including civil administration

THEORY OF STYLE
• Early colonization
• Colonial Mission
Revival and
Monumental
American
Neoclassicism were
declared by the
United States as its
official style in the
Philippines at the
beginning of the
twentieth century.

THEORY OF STYLE
• Mission Revival, a
Style manifested its
presence initially in
the works of insular
Architect Edgar K.
Bourne through the
romantic evocation
of America’s
Hispanic heritage
from Southwestern
Frontiers.

THEORY OF STYLE
• Mission Revival was
further articulated
by William E. Parsons
within associations
aesthetics credo
that spawned hybrid
architecture in the
Philippines.

THEORY OF STYLE
• Mission Revival is a
compliance with
Daniel H. Burnham’s
architectural
prescription to
profusely use local
building motifs in the
design of state
architecture.

FIRST IMPERIAL DEVELOPMENTS

1. Construction of Forts and Camps
• US army officers in the Philippines decided to
establish campus outside the urban centers.
• Ancient Spanish barracks were considered as
substandard from the perspective of modern
military
• Those in manila were described as “Crumbling
stone hovels, dank, hot, airless, comfortless
and unsanitary”


Fort Stotsenburg - Barrio Sapang Bato in Angeles
City, 1902


Fort Stotsenburg - Barrio Sapang Bato in Angeles
City, 1902


Fort William McKinley – Province of Rizal, East of
Manila, 1902


Manila, 1902


Manila, 1902


Camp Wallace – Poro Point, La Union,1903


Camp John Hay – Baguio, 1905


Warwick Barracks– Cebu, 1899


Camp McGrath– Batangas


Camp Eldridge – Los Banos


Camp Wilhelm – Lucena, Quezon
Camp Daraga – Legaspi, Albay


Military camp Facilities:
• Headquarters
• Officers’ Housing
• Enlisted Men’s Barracks
• Armories,
• Warehouse
• Messes
• Officers Men’s Club
• Commissaries
• Post Exchange
• Recreation/Sports -facilities
• Hospitals
• Chapel
• Landscaping


2. Urban Cleansing and the New Tropical Hygiene
• With the American colonial Policy in Full Swing in
the Philippines, Urban planning and architecture
served the needs of Secular Education and
Public services


• On September 12, 1900, the 1st act approved by
the Philippine Commission with 1 Million USD
budget for the construction of roads and
bridges.
• The law required “Every able-bodied man in the
Islands to give 5 days of labor each year on road
construction and maintenance or, in lieu of that,
to pay a sum equivalent to local cost of such
labor”


• Demolishing the Intramuros wall to use stone for
paving streets
• “Obsolete Fortification of Middle Ages”


• Authorities singled out the stagnant moats that
served as the breeding ground for malaria-
carrying mosquitos and recommended to filled
with earth.


• Authorities singled out the stagnant moats that
served as the breeding ground for malaria-
carrying mosquitos and recommended to filled
with earth.


• Colonial Sanitary reengineering was vital to
arrest native unhygienic practices so as not to
pose biological threats.
• Native’s Toilet Practice
• Food Handling
• Dietary Customs
• Burial Practices
• Housing Design


• The Concept of the toilet was introduced in 1902
among dwellers of the bahay kubo in Manila by
way of pail system of “cubeta”
• Problems such as Unhygienic, outdoor bathing
and cooking and washing along rivers


• The first public bath and laundry, a one storey
made of concrete, was built in 1913 at Calle Lipa
in the district of Sampaloc.


3. Tsalet: The Healthy Housing Alternative
• Alternative to Bahay na Bato
• 1912, the Bureau of Health drew up plans for
sanitary habitations using tsalet prototype.


• New Materials were being developed to replace
highly flammable nipa as the staple material for
urban constructions.
• Philippine Act no. 1838 sanctioned banishment
of Nipa roof with the invention of incombustible
material as substitute


• Fire-resistant roofing material composed of
diamond-shaped roof shingles molded from a
mixture of equal volumes of cement, sand and
rice husk and reinforced by woven bamboo.


• Cement floor and wall slabs, were implanted
with sawali or woven bamboo, a technique
analogous to local building method known as
“tabique”


• Combined toilet and bath with pipe for
sanitation
• Slightly lower than the Bahay-Kubo, Discouraging
domestic animals under the House.
• New feature Extended porch or veranda








4. Urban Facilities
• Lavishing the urban space using technologies of
architectural aesthetics.
• Public spaces were laid out as lawns with
promenades around them.
• Old Botanical Garden was converted into Mehan
Garden
• Luneta Esplanade was rehabilitated and extended
out to Sea
• Concreting and Repair of Some streets


4. Urban Facilities
• Street Lights
• American electric street-railway service
• Sewer System
• City Water Supply
• Modern Public Market Buildings
• Anda Market, Intramuros
• Aranque Market, Sta. Cruz
• Herran Market, Paco
• Quinta Market, Quiapo
• Sta Ana Market
• Pandacan Market
• Divisoria Market

4. Urban Facilities
• Ports
• Canals
• Bridges

MASTER BUILDERS

MASTER BUILDERS
MONTGOMERY SCHUYLER
• The First American
architectural Historian to
Survey Philippine architecture
• “The architecture of the
Philippines and of the Spanish
of West Indies is a great deal
better being Spanish than it
would…had it been of the
United States.”

MASTER BUILDERS
MONTGOMERY SCHUYLER
• He enumerate the Distinct
Qualities of tropical architecture
for the Philippines
• “The thin walls impermeable to
heat, the long, dark, open
arcades along which one may
make his way in the shade,
these features of the
architecture of the Peninsula
which are equally appropriate,
which are even more
appropriate heat in the tropical
heat of Cuba and Luzon….
These necessary features are
susceptible of most attractive
architectural expression.”
MASTER BUILDERS
EDGAR KETCHUM BOURNE

• The Insular Architect
• Architect reared in the
style of eclectic revivalism
• “The beautiful roof of
Spanish tiles is losing
ground before the
invasion of galvanize
iron… there is no doubt
that for permanent
buildings the long-lived
Spanish tile will prove
more economical”.

MASTER BUILDERS
EDGAR KETCHUM BOURNE

• 4000 Dollars Annual Salary and was tasked “To
make all necessary plans, specifications for
constructions and repair of public buildings, and
to send these plans and specifications with
estimate of cost”
• Developed a style predicated on the extant
Spanish built heritage of Manila in order to
dispense a sense of imperial nostalgia and instill
domestication of the local styles.
• New building types that necessitated a “new
architecture”

MASTER BUILDERS
EDGAR KETCHUM BOURNE – WORKS

Bureau of Science Building 1901
• Mission Revival style with two flanking mirador towers,
extended pediments, precast ornaments

MASTER BUILDERS

Bureau of Science Building 1901

MASTER BUILDERS

Bureau of Science Building, 1901

MASTER BUILDERS

Insular Ice plant and Cold storage, 1902
• First massive building by the Americans
• Brick-clad façade
• The largest structure of the period to sustain the absence
of cold for Americans

MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS

Renovation of San Lazaro Hospital, San Lazaro
Hygienic Morgue with a crematory.

MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS

Pioneer Nurses of San Lazaro Hospital

MASTER BUILDERS

Bilibid Prison Hospital

MASTER BUILDERS

Bilibid Prison Hospital

MASTER BUILDERS

Manila City Hall
• Made of imported materials, Californian Red Wood wall
shingles, Oregon pine wooden floor and with Concrete
footing

MASTER BUILDERS

Customs House, 1903
• Made of imported materials, Californian Red Wood wall
shingles, Oregon pine wooden floor and with Concrete
Dome, footing

MASTER BUILDERS

Episcopal Cathedral of Saint Mary and John,1905
• 1st modern church in Concrete
• Steel truss dome

MASTER BUILDERS

Episcopal Cathedral of Saint Mary and John,1905
• 1st modern church in Concrete
• Steel truss dome

MASTER BUILDERS

• In 1903 Bureau of Architecture and Construction
became Bureau of Public Works
• Bourne ended his position due controversy and
political issues

MASTER BUILDERS
DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM
“There can be no monetary

profit in the work but it would
be a door of happiness to men
who can to improve
opportunity for the sake of the
Poetic thing itself”

MASTER BUILDERS
• Conscripted his services to

architecturally materialized
the imperial ambition to
build an American tropical
empire
• Six-week mission to survey
Manila and Baguio

MASTER BUILDERS
City Beautiful Movement:

• Civic core, Wide radial avenue, Landscape
promenades and Visually arresting panorama

MASTER BUILDERS
• Urbanist Aesthetics Philosophy of City Beautiful

found expression in the White City at the
Columbian World’s Fair held in Chicago in 1893

MASTER BUILDERS

Burnham’s
Recommendations
• Establishment of Civic Core
with streets radiating in it
• Cleaning and development
of canals and esteros for
transportation
• Construction of a bay shore
boulevard from Manila to
Cavite

MASTER BUILDERS

Burnham’s
Recommendations
• Provisions of zones for major
public facility
• Parks and Open Spaces for
recreational activities
• Summer Resorts

MASTER BUILDERS
Burnham’s Recommendations
• Appeared to resemble in many aspect the plan
for Chicago and San Francisco

MASTER BUILDERS

Master Plan of Manila

MASTER BUILDERS

• based on City Beautiful
Movement and
• Style of NEO-CLASSISIM
and PALADIANISM of US
Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS

Movement and
Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS

Movement and
Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS

Master Plan of Baguio
• Health Resort of Americans
• Majority of Americans in the Philippines
recognized the health hazards accompanying
the imperial venture in the tropics.
• Some had been weakened by dysentery,
typhoid, malaria and a host of other tropical
ailments not to mention symptoms of depression.
• Medical Scholars coined a term for “tropical
depression”

MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS

• An upland climate believed to be an effective
cure to tropical fatigue of the Americans.
• Baguio was declared by the Philippine
Commission as the Summer Capital of the
Philippines on June 1, 1903.
• Recreation hub of the Americans

MASTER BUILDERS

3 PROPOSAL OBJECTIVES
1. To provide a street system adapted to the
changing contours, easy communication, and
avoiding east-west & north-south orientation of
building lines.

MASTER BUILDERS

2. To provide suitable locations for public,
semipublic and private institutions of importance.

MASTER BUILDERS

Governor General
summer house

MASTER BUILDERS

Baguio City Hall

MASTER BUILDERS

Session Hall

MASTER BUILDERS

3. To provide Provide recreation areas in the shape
of playgrounds, parks and open esplanades and
parkways

MASTER BUILDERS

parkways

MASTER BUILDERS

parkways

MASTER BUILDERS

parkways

MASTER BUILDERS

“American Stick Style Homes” by Edgar Bourne in
Baguio

MASTER BUILDERS
William Edward Parsons
• Recommended by
Burnham personally, to
continue the Beautiful
city Movement
• Nicknamed
“Caminero” or “Road
builder”

MASTER BUILDERS
• Introduced the building

technology “Kahn Structural
System”
• Terrazzo Stones and
Veneer Flooring
• Steel
• Galvanized Iron Roof
• Prefabrication
• Reinforced Concrete
• Concrete Hollow blocks
• PROBLEM-ABSENSE OF
SKILLED WORKERS
MASTER BUILDERS

• Responsible for Public Buildings for Civil services,
Health services, Education & Transportation
Facility.

MASTER BUILDERS

• Planning with the use of modularized system
• Theory of Styles: Buildings with Neoclassic
rendition Large with Capiz windows extended
to the floor and arcaded or colonnade.

MASTER BUILDERS
William Edward Parsons – WORKS

Albay Provincial Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS

Albay Provincial Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS

Laguna Provincial Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS

Capiz Provincial Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS

Capiz Provincial Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS

Iloilo Provincial Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS

Marinduque Provincial Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS

Marinduque Provincial Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS

Pampanga Provincial Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS

Davao Municipal Building

MASTER BUILDERS

Davao Municipal Building

MASTER BUILDERS

Paco Rail Station

MASTER BUILDERS

Paco Rail Station

MASTER BUILDERS

Paco Rail Station
• based on York Penn Station

MASTER BUILDERS

Paco Rail Station

MASTER BUILDERS

Paco Rail Station

MASTER BUILDERS

Paco Public Market

MASTER BUILDERS

Paco Public Market

MASTER BUILDERS

Paco Public Market

MASTER BUILDERS

Paco Public Market

MASTER BUILDERS

Paco Public Market

MASTER BUILDERS

Paco Public Market

MASTER BUILDERS

Philippine Normal University

MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS

Philippine Normal University - Dormitory

MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS

Philippine General Hospital

MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS

University of the Philippines- University Hall

MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS

University of the Philippines- Manila Rizal Hall

MASTER BUILDERS

University of the Philippines- Manila Rizal Hall

MASTER BUILDERS

Army Navy Club

MASTER BUILDERS

Army Navy Club

MASTER BUILDERS

Army Navy Club

MASTER BUILDERS

Army Navy Club

MASTER BUILDERS

Army Navy Club

MASTER BUILDERS

Army Navy Club and Elks Club

MASTER BUILDERS

Elks Club

MASTER BUILDERS

Elks Club

MASTER BUILDERS

Manila Club

MASTER BUILDERS

Manila Club

MASTER BUILDERS

YMCA Building

MASTER BUILDERS

YMCA Building

MASTER BUILDERS

Manila Hotel

MASTER BUILDERS

Manila Hotel

MASTER BUILDERS

Manila Hotel

MASTER BUILDERS

Manila Hotel

MASTER BUILDERS

Manila Hotel

MASTER BUILDERS

Manila Hotel

MASTER BUILDERS

Manila Hotel
Telephone, air-condition and Lifts (Elevator) were
introduced in Manila Hotel

MASTER BUILDERS

Gabaldon Type Schools
In 1907, one of the country’s first legislators, Isauro Gabaldon, wrote
the “Gabaldon Law” or Act No. 1801 which provided the funding for
the building of modern public schools in the country between 1907
and 1915 with a budget of P1 million.

MASTER BUILDERS

In 1907, one of the country’s first legislators, Isauro Gabaldon, wrote
the “Gabaldon Law” or Act No. 1801 which provided the funding for
the building of modern public schools in the country between 1907
and 1915 with a budget of P1 million.

MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS


MASTER BUILDERS

• According to historians, Parsons ensured that the structures still reflected
the Spanish heritage in the design of the buildings while still embodying
modern ideals.
• So the American architect took inspiration from
the bahay kubo and bahay na bato found in most towns, with the
buildings raised 1.2 meters on wooden or concrete platforms.
The Gabaldons also have high ceilings with large windows for proper
ventilation and lighting for students.

MASTER BUILDERS

Educational Development for Women

MASTER BUILDERS

Educational development for Sports

MASTER BUILDERS

Educational development for Sports

MASTER BUILDERS
• In 1912, US changed its

Policies by decreasing
American colonial
machinery and
hastening the process of
allowing the Philippines
to pursue its
independence
• Same situation of Bourne,
Parsons’ career ended
due to controversy

MASTER BUILDERS
George Fenhagen
• Remembered for the UNBUILT Capitol Building in
Manila

MASTER BUILDERS
George Fenhagen
Masonic Temple
• One of the1st multi storey concrete buildings in
the Philippines

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane
• Took full charge as Consulting
Architect
• Capitols Buildings, composed
of court house, jail, garage,
storeroom, hospital and
residence of Provincial
Governor and Provincial
Treasurer

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane
Pangasinan Provincial Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane
Leyte Provincial Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane
Leyte Provincial Capitol

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane
Legislative building
• intended for National Library of the Philippines

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane
Legislative building
• intended for National Library of the Philippines

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane
Malacañang Executive House

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane

MASTER BUILDERS
Ralph Doane
• On May 27, 1936, President Manuel L. Quezon gave instructions for the
installation of an air-conditioning system in Malacañang Palace.
• The office of President Quezon was the first air-conditioned office in the
Philippines. Today, it is called the Quezon Executive Office in honor of
President Quezon, and is located in the Presidential Museum and Library.

FILIPINO ARCHITECTS IN THE
BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS

PENSIONADOS
• Pensionado Program – In 1903, the insular

government has launch a scholarship program
that allowed Filipino students to pursue
university education in the United States.
• American Government scholarship for the
Filipinos.

PENSIONADOS
Filipino Pioneer Architects in the Philippine Islands

“PENSIONADOS BATCH 1”

PENSIONADOS
Carlos A. Baretto
• The first recipient of the
scholarship for Architecture
in Drexel Institute of
Philadelphia
• First Filipino architect with an
academic degree from
abroad.
• Became the pioneering staff
of the Division of
Architecture

PENSIONADOS
Carlos A. Baretto
• Due to loss and destruction
of many official documents,
very little is known about life
and professional
accomplishments of Baretto
in architecture and civil
service.

PENSIONADOS
Antonio Mañalac Toledo
• Graduated from Ohio State

University in 1910
• William Parson’s Draftsman
• Master of Classist Style

PENSIONADOS

Philippine Normal University – Women’s Dormitory
– Collaborated with Parsons.

PENSIONADOS

Manila City Hall

PENSIONADOS

Manila City Hall

PENSIONADOS

Manila City Hall

PENSIONADOS

Manila City Hall

PENSIONADOS

Agrifina Circle: Old Department of Agriculture &
Finance

PENSIONADOS

Finance – Tourism Building

PENSIONADOS

Finance currently the National Museum, Museum of Natural History.

PENSIONADOS

MANILA-BUREAU OF CUSTOMS OFFICE

PENSIONADOS

MANILA-BUREAU OF CUSTOMS OFFICE

PENSIONADOS

UP MANILA-COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, CALDERON HALL

PENSIONADOS

UP MANILA-COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, CALDERON HALL

PENSIONADOS

CEBU PROVINCIAL CAPITOL

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua
• Cornell University
• First Registered Architect in
the Philippines
• Founder of MIT
• First Chairperson of the
Board of Examiners for
Architects in the Philippines

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua
Philippine General Hospital, Nurses Home

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua
De La Salle University Manila

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua
Librada Avelino Hall, Centro Escolar University

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua
Pier 7, Manila

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua
Pier 7, Manila

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua
Pier 7, Manila

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua
Pier 7, Manila

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua
Pier 7, Manila

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua
Pier 7, Manila

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua
Mapua Institute of Technology

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua

PENSIONADOS
Tomas B. Mapua

PENSIONADOS
Juan De Guzman Arellano

• Brother of Arcadio Arellano
• Drexel Institute 1911
• University of Pennsylvania,
Graduate School
• Beaux Arts School of New
York
• Vernacular Classist &
Modernist

PENSIONADOS

Banco Español de Filipinas de Reyna Isabela or
Bank of the Philippine Islands (outside the walls)

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Legislative Building (National Congress and Senate of the Philippines)

PENSIONADOS

Legislative Building (National Congress and Senate of the Philippines)

PENSIONADOS

Legislative Building - UPPER HOUSE SENATE

PENSIONADOS

Legislative Building – LOWER HOUSE CONGRESS

PENSIONADOS

Legislative Building

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Jones Bridge (Former Puente de España)

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

La Madre de Filipinas (Mother Philippines)

PENSIONADOS

La Madre de Filipinas (Mother Philippines)

PENSIONADOS

Central Post Office, Manila

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

University of the Philippines, Villamor Hall, College
of Conservatory of Music and Fine Arts

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

University of the Philippines Diliman, Benitez Hall
College Of Education

PENSIONADOS

University of the Philippines Diliman, Benitez Hall
College Of Education

PENSIONADOS

University of the Philippines Diliman, Malcolm Hall
College of Law

PENSIONADOS

University of the Philippines Diliman, Malcolm Hall
College of Law

PENSIONADOS

Metropolitan Theater Manila

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Rizal Memorial Stadium (1st Stadium in Asia)

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Negros Provincial Capitol

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS
Arcadio De Guzman Arellano

• Maestro de Obras
• Established the 1st surveying
office
• 1st Filipino employed by the
Americans’ adviser

PENSIONADOS

Gota de Leche

PENSIONADOS

Gota de Leche

PENSIONADOS

Mausoleum of the Veterans

PENSIONADOS

Mausoleum of the Veterans

PENSIONADOS

Ariston Bautista House

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Casino Español de Manila

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Salvador Araneta and Victoria López Residence

PENSIONADOS

Salvador Araneta and Victoria López Residence

PENSIONADOS
Tomas Fernandez Arguelles

• Advocate of the
enforcement of Building
Code of Manila.
• Manila City councilor

PENSIONADOS

Heacock Building – one of the 1st department store in the Philippines

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Elizalde and Co. Building

PENSIONADOS

Elizalde and Co. Building

PENSIONADOS
Architecture Schools and Professional

Organizations in the Philippines
• 1890- Escuella Practica y Profesional de

Artes y Oficios de Manila, established by
Spanish Government the First school for
Maestro de Obras or Master Builder
• 1900- Liceo de Manila, First Private school

for Maestro de Obras

PENSIONADOS
• 1902- Academia de Arquiteqtura y

Agremensura de Filipinas (AAAF)
• the first professional organization of
architects, engineers and surveyors in
the Philippines, offered a four year
course in civil engineering and
architecture founded by Carlos
Alejandro Barretto.
• Offered four-year course in civil
engineering and architecture.

PENSIONADOS
• 1921, the First Engineering and

Architecture Act No. 2895 was passed by
Philippine Assembly, licensure
examination, board exam for
engineering and architecture.
• Licensed Maestro de Obras will

automatically grant the title architect.
• THOMAS MAPUA – The 1st Registered

Architect in the Philippines
• 1925, MIT was the 1st Architectural School

PENSIONADOS
Rev. Fr. Roque Ruaño, O.P. opened the

UST College of Architecture and Fine
Arts in 1930. Ruaño was the designer of
the 1st earthquake shock resistant
building in Asia.

PENSIONADOS
1941 – Adamson
University opened
its architecture
program
1946 – Cebu
Institute of
Technology
1953 – Mindanao
Colleges
PENSIONADOS
• 1933-The Philippine Architects Society was established

(PAS), the first architectural organization in the
Philippines undertaking were drafting its own
constitution and By Laws, the Rules of charges and
Professional fees, and canon of ethics of the Society.
Juan Nakpil the First President

PENSIONADOS
• 1945 the PAS was called

for a noble cause to help
rehabilitate the war-
stricken country.
• The society once again

resumed its activities and
changed the name to
the Philippine Institute of
Architects and Planners
(PIAP) then to the present
Philippine Institute of
Architects (PIA).

PENSIONADOS
Filipino Pioneer Architects in the Philippine Islands

“PENSIONADOS BATCH 2”

PENSIONADOS
PENSIONADOS BATCH 2
• Trained in American universities
and had traveled extensively to
Europe, exposing themselves to a
new style that quickly swept the
western hemisphere – the Art
Deco
• Returned to Philippines armed
with the new aesthetics from
Euro-America.

PENSIONADOS
Andres Luna de San Pedro

• Most Senior in the Group
• University of Pennsylvania,
1921
• Revivalist Style
• Introduced new
architectural forms by
incorporating modern
and exotic design motifs
• Son of painter Juan Luna

PENSIONADOS

Legarda Elementary School

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Perez-Samanillo Building (First-United Building)

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Regina Building

PENSIONADOS

Regina Building

PENSIONADOS

Regina Building

PENSIONADOS

Perez-Samanillo Building & Regina Building

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

The Crystal Arcade – First Air-conditioned Mall

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

“Board of Tourist Industry” might

have been a front for a Japanese spy
organization. - lougopal2012

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

The Alfonso Zobel Mansion

PENSIONADOS

The Alfonso Zobel Mansion

PENSIONADOS

Insular Life Building

PENSIONADOS

Plaza Cervantes

PENSIONADOS

Saint Cecilia's Hall

PENSIONADOS

Governor Natalio Enriquez Ancestral House

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

St. Vincent de Paul Parish, Adamson University Main Chapel

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS
Fernando Hizon Ocampo

• Revivalist Style
• University of Pennsylvania
• Master Degree in Rome
• Designed buildings with
straightforward simplicity,
synthesizing traditional
designs with art deco
ornaments typifying
moderne style of the
period

PENSIONADOS

UST Central Seminary

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Admiral Apartments, was one of the tallest residential buildings in the city

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Angela Apartments

PENSIONADOS

Angela Apartments

PENSIONADOS

Angela Apartments

PENSIONADOS

Angela Apartments

PENSIONADOS

Calvo Building

PENSIONADOS

Calvo Building

PENSIONADOS

Manila Cathedral

PENSIONADOS

Manila Cathedral

PENSIONADOS

Manila Cathedral

PENSIONADOS
Juan Felipe de Jesus Nakpil

• Master’s degree Harvard
University
• 1st National Artist for
Architecture (1973)
• Art deco Vanguard
• Engineer and Architect

PENSIONADOS

Avenue Theater

PENSIONADOS

Avenue Theater

PENSIONADOS

Captain Pepe Building

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Commercial Bank & Trust Building (now Allied Bank)

PENSIONADOS

Manila Jockey Club Building

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Nakpil Bautista Pylon

PENSIONADOS

Philtrust Building

PENSIONADOS

Philtrust Building

PENSIONADOS

Quezon Institute

PENSIONADOS

Quezon Institute

PENSIONADOS

Renovation of Saint John the Baptist Church, Quiapo Church

PENSIONADOS

Renovation of Saint John the Baptist Church, Quiapo Church

PENSIONADOS

State Theater

PENSIONADOS

Ever Theater

PENSIONADOS

Rufino Building

PENSIONADOS

Rufino Building

PENSIONADOS

Rizal Theater

PENSIONADOS

SSS Building, Quezon City

PENSIONADOS

Caloocan Monumento, Bonifacio Monument

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon
Hall (Administration)

PENSIONADOS

University of the Philippines Diliman -
Gonzales Hall (Main Library)

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS
Pablo Sebero Antonio

• University of London,
finished within 3yrs of 5yrs
program
• Vanguard of Art Deco
Modernism
• 2nd National Artist for
Architecture (1976)
• Veered away from the
traditionalist and
academic styles to
embrace modern
streamlining.

PENSIONADOS

Boulevard-Alhambra Apartments (Bel Air)

PENSIONADOS

Boulevard-Alhambra Apartments (Bel Air)

PENSIONADOS

Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Far Eastern University

PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS


PENSIONADOS

Galaxy Theater

PENSIONADOS

Life Theater

PENSIONADOS

Life Theater

PENSIONADOS

Life Theater

PENSIONADOS

Ideal Theater

PENSIONADOS

Ideal Theater

PENSIONADOS

White Cross/Boy’s Town, San Juan City

PENSIONADOS

Manila Polo Club

PENSIONADOS

Manila Polo Club

WAR AND NOSTALGIA FROM THE NATION

1934 -Commonwealth of the Philippines
1941-Manila was declared as open city to

spare the city from damage from the
advancing Japanese Imperial Army.

• The citizens were caught in state of shock as

the realized that the Americans had
abandoned the city to Japanese.

On February 5, 1945, the American were set to

reclaim Manila Imperial
• Last days witnessed the whole destruction of
Manila’s Built Heritage and irreplaceable
treasure of colonial treasures

Manila as the 2nd most devastated allied city in the war



• Japanese Occupation launched several

programs designed to rechannel Filipino loyalty
from US to Japan
• No significant Architecture was built during the
period
• Takeover of private and public buildings for
military purposes
• Manila experienced the horrors of Urban
Warfare
• “Defensible Architecture”
• Piles of Sandbags
• Glass windows protected by tape
• Darkened Windows – Total Blackout
PENSIONADOS
Conclusion
• American Administration molded the
architecture in the Philippines and the
Filipinos itself
• A sense of mourning for the lost during war
• A time to rise from the ashes and build a new
nation


COURSE OUTLINE
1. Pre-Hispanic Era
4. Post-World War II Era
RISING FROM THE RUINS
POST-WORLD WAR II ERA

• The 1945 battle for

liberation witnessed
the massive
decimation of
Manila’s urban-built
heritage and the
irreplaceable
treasures of colonial
architecture.

• In the midst of postwar destitution and economic

limbo, shantytowns mushroomed sporadically in
the urban areas in response to shortage of
housing.

• Despite the shaken state of the country, the US and

the Philippines decided to proceed with plans for
independence.
• US sponsored the rehabilitation of the Philippines with

a condition: That the Philippines grant the American
parity rights to enable them to enjoy the same rights
the Filipinos have
• to develop and exploit the natural resources
• to operate public utilities in the country.
• The US War Damage Rehabilitation Fund

was dedicated to rehabilitation of public
buildings, roads, and bridges.
• It was also instrumental in resurrecting to

their original splendor the prewar
neoclassic government buildings such as
Manila City Hall, Post Office Building,
Agriculture and Finance Buildings,
Legislative Buildings and group of Buildings
in the University of the Philippines Manila
following faithfully their original plans.
• In 1946, the independent Philippines expressed

its identity by implementing modernism through
the utilization of reinforced concrete, steel and
glass, the pre-dominance of cubic forms,
geometric shapes and Cartesian grids, and the
absence of applied decoration.

• The 1950s and 1960s staple architectural

elements were the brise-soleil
(sunbreaker), glass walls, pierced screens
and thin concrete shells.

• The post-war doctrine was “Form follows

function,” professed by the “Third Generation
Filipino Architects”, who readily addressed the
demands of a clientele who were eager to
embrace modern life and ideas.
• Through the third-generation architects

continued to promote the modern and
progressive ideas of their modernist idols in the
first half of 1960s, for better or worse, a
hegemonic modernism in the philippines began
to take form.

• Glass-box, high-rise buildings, biomorphic forms,

folded plate architecture, and the rational
functionalism of the International Style were the
principal interest which guided the teaching
and practice of architecture in the Philippines at
the time.

THIRD-GENERATION FILIPINO ARCHITECTS

Otilio Arellano
• NBI - National Bureau of
Investigation , Taft Ave
• Sining Kayumanggi at the
Mehan Gardens c.
• Palacio del Governador ,
Intramuros
• Restoration of Metropolitan
Theater
• Philippine School of Business
Administration Inc., Aurora
Blvd., Q.C.
• RCBC Bldg., Buendia Ave.,
Makati
• San Juan Municipal Center
N.Domingo St., San Juan

Otilio Arellano
NBI - National Bureau of Investigation , Taft Ave

Otilio Arellano
NBI - National Bureau of Investigation , Taft Ave

Otilio Arellano
Palacio del Governador , Intramuros

Otilio Arellano
Palacio del Governador , Intramuros

Otilio Arellano
Philippine School of Business Administration Inc.
Aurora Blvd., Q.C.

Otilio Arellano
San Juan Municipal Center

Carlos Arguelles
• Ateneo de Manila Campus, Loyola
• Philam Life Building , U.N. Ave.
• Manila Pavilion (former Mla.Hilton
)U.N.Ave., Mla.
• Holiday Inn , Roxas Blvd.
• Philippine National Bank , Escolta
Manila
• Development Bank of the Philippine.
,Makati
• Chronicle Broadcasting Network
Studio
• 600 Units Philam Life Homes , Q.C.
• VGP Center (formerly the Manila Bank
Building)
Carlos Arguelles
Philam Life Building , U.N. Ave.

Carlos Arguelles

Carlos Arguelles

Carlos Arguelles
Manila Pavilion (former Mla.Hilton )U.N.Ave.,
Manila

Carlos Arguelles
Manila

Carlos Arguelles
Manila

Carlos Arguelles
Manila

Carlos Arguelles
Philippine National Bank , Escolta Manila

Carlos Arguelles

Carlos Arguelles

Carlos Arguelles
Development Bank of the Philippine. ,Makati

Carlos Arguelles

Carlos Arguelles

Carlos Arguelles
VGP Center (formerly the Manila Bank Building)

Carlos Arguelles
VGP Center (formerly the Manila Bank Building)

Cesar Concio
• U.P. Diliman ‘s Palma &
Melchor Halls
• Protestant Chapel &
Fellowship Center , U.P.
(Church of the Risen Lord,)
• U.P College of Forestry Bldg. ,
Los Banos
• Insular Life Building. , Makati
• Children’s Memorial Hospital ,
Q.C.
• Mother of Perpetual Help
Church, Baclaran
• Union Church of Manila
• Ramona Apartments,
Adriatico Street, Manila
Cesar Concio
U.P. Diliman ‘s Palma & Melchor Halls

Cesar Concio

Cesar Concio

Cesar Concio
Protestant Chapel & Fellowship Center , U.P.

Cesar Concio

Cesar Concio

Cesar Concio

Cesar Concio
Insular Life Building. , Makati

Cesar Concio

Cesar Concio

Cesar Concio
Children’s Memorial Hospital , Q.C.

Cesar Concio
Children’s Memorial Hospital , Q.C.

Cesar Concio
Mother of Perpetual Help Church, Baclaran

Cesar Concio

Cesar Concio

Cesar Concio

Cesar Concio

Cesar Concio

Cesar Concio
Ramona Apartments, Adriatico Street, Manila

Cesar Concio
Ramona Apartments, Adriatico Street, Manila

Cresenciano de Castro
• Philippine Nuclear Research
Institute
• Philippine Science High School
• The Concorde Condominium
and Office Building
• Shoemart Bldgs. In Manila
• Mindanao State University Bldg.,
Marawi City
• Central Luzon State University
Bldgs, Nueva Ecija
• Asian Development Bank (Now
Department of Foreign Affairs,
Pasay City)
• Colgate Palmolive Phils. ,Inc.
• Proj.in,Guam, Taipei,Taiwan
Vietnam & Saudi

Philippine Nuclear Research Institute

Philippine Nuclear Research Institute

Philippine Science High School

The Concorde Condominium and Office Building

Mindanao State University Bldg., Marawi City

Mindanao State University Bldg., Marawi City

Central Luzon State University Bldgs, Nueva Ecija

• Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
• Philippine Science High School
• The Concorde Condominium and Office Building
• Shoemart Bldgs. In Manila
• Mindanao State University Bldg., Marawi City
• Central Luzon State University Bldgs, Nueva Ecija
• Asian Dev’t.Bank ( Now Dep’t.of Foreign
Affairs,P.C.)
• Colgate Palmolive Phils. ,Inc.
• Proj.in,Guam, Taipei,Taiwan Vietnam & Saudi

Asian Development Bank (Now Department of
Foreign Affairs, Pasay City)



Gabriel Papa Formoso

• La Tondena Building
• G.T. International Tower
• Asian Institute of
Management
• Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
• Valley Golf Club, Victoria
Valley, Antipolo, Rizal
• Alabang Golf and Country
Club, Alabang
• Development Academy of
the Philippines, Tagaytay City
• Club Filipino, Greenhills
• Pacific Star Building, Makati
• America Lepanto Building,
Paseo de Roxas


• Manila Peninsula Hotel,
Ayala Avenue
• Dona Narcisa de Leon
Building
• Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
Complex, Roxas Blvd.
• BA-Lepanto Building,
Paseo de Roxas, Makati
• Dusit (formerly Nikko) Hotel
• Heritage (formerly The
Regent of Manila) Hotel
• Metropolitan Museum, BSP
Complex, Roxas Blvd
(Interior by Lor Calma)
• (w/Kohn Pederson Fox) GT
Tower
• (w/RMDA Architects)
Alabang Town Center

La Tondena Building


La Tondena Building


Asian Institute of Management


Asian Institute of Management


Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas






Alabang Golf and Country Club, Alabang


Alabang Golf and Country Club, Alabang


Club Filipino, Greenhills


Pacific Star Building, Makati


Pacific Star Building, Makati


America Lepanto Building, Paseo de Roxas


America Lepanto Building, Paseo de Roxas


Dusit (formerly Nikko) Hotel






Manila Peninsula Hotel, Ayala Avenue










Dona Narcisa de Leon Building


Heritage (formerly The Regent of Manila) Hotel






(w/RMDA Architects) Alabang Town Center


(w/RMDA Architects) Alabang Town Center

Leandro Locsin
• Holy Sacrifice Chapel , U.P. Diliman
Campus
• Cultural Cener of the Philippines
• Folk Arts Center 1974
• PHILCITE 1976
• PICC 1976
• Phil. Plaza Hotel 1976
• Hyatt Regency Hotel , Roxas Blvd
• Makati Stock Exchange Bldg. 1971
• Ayala Museum , Makati 1974
• Mandarin Oriental Hotel , Makati 1976
• Ninoy Aquino International Airport
1979
• National Arts Center , Makiling , Los
Banos 1976
• Istana Nurul Iman ( Palalce of Sultan
of Brunei )

Leandro Locsin
Holy Sacrifice Chapel , U.P. Diliman Campus

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin
Cultural Center of the Philippines

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin
Folk Arts Center 1974

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin
PHILCITE (Philippine Center for International Trade and
Exhibition)1976

Leandro Locsin
Exhibition)1976

Leandro Locsin
Exhibition)1976

Leandro Locsin
PICC 1976

Leandro Locsin
PICC 1976

Leandro Locsin
PICC 1976

Leandro Locsin
PICC 1976

Leandro Locsin
PICC 1976

Leandro Locsin
PICC 1976

Leandro Locsin
PICC 1976

Leandro Locsin
Philippine Plaza Hotel 1976

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin
Hyatt Regency Hotel , Roxas Blvd

Leandro Locsin
Hyatt Regency Hotel , Roxas Blvd

Leandro Locsin
Makati Stock Exchange Bldg. 1971

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin
Ayala Museum , Makati 1974

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin
Mandarin Oriental Hotel , Makati 1976

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin
Ninoy Aquino International Airport 1979

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin
National Arts Center , Makiling , Los Banos 1976

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin
Istana Nurul Iman ( Palace of Sultan of Brunei )

Leandro Locsin

Leandro Locsin

Alfredo Luz
• Menzi Building on Ayala
Avenue
• Amon Trading building on
Buendia
• L & S Building on Roxas
Blvd., Dewey Blvd.,
Manila,
• Fil-Oil Refinery Service
Building in Limay, Bataan
• World Health Organization
• Ramon Magsaysay
Center
• Quisumbing Building

Alfredo Luz
Amon Trading building on Buendia

Alfredo Luz
Amon Trading building on Buendia

Alfredo Luz
World Health Organization

Alfredo Luz
Ramon Magsaysay Center

Alfredo Luz
Ramon Magsaysay Center

Alfredo Luz
Quisumbing Building

Felipe Mendoza
• Batasang Pambansa Bldgs.,
Q.C
• Dev’t. Academy of the Phils.
RCBC Bldg., 23 Branches
• PCI Bank T.M. Kalaw , Mla
• Far Eastern University Hospital ,
Morayta , Mla
• San Jose Seminary Bldg.,
Ateneo de Mla.Univ.Q.C
• Assumption School bldgs.,
Antipolo , Rizal
• Mormon Temple , Green
Meadows , Q.C
• Buildings at the Rice Research
institute , Los Banos
• Glorietta , San Fernando ,
Pampanga
• 250 Room Suehiro Hotel ,
GUAM
• Safeway Supermarket , U.S.A

Felipe Mendoza
Batasang Pambansa Bldgs., Q.C

Felipe Mendoza

Felipe Mendoza

Felipe Mendoza
Far Eastern University Hospital , Morayta , Mla

Felipe Mendoza
San Jose Seminary Bldg., Ateneo de Manila
University .Q.C

Felipe Mendoza
University .Q.C

Felipe Mendoza
University .Q.C

Felipe Mendoza
Assumption School bldgs., Antipolo , Rizal

Felipe Mendoza
Mormon Temple , Green Meadows , Q.C

Felipe Mendoza
Mormon Temple , Green Meadows , Q.C

Felipe Mendoza
Buildings at the Rice Research institute , Los Banos

Felipe Mendoza
Buildings at the Rice Research institute , Los Banos

Angel Nakpil
• National Press Club
Bldg., Magallanes Drive
, Manila
• Former Head Office of
PLDT , Makati
• Picache Bldg.Plaza
Miranda Qpo.(1st
HighRise Bldg
• Lopez Museum Bldg.,
Pasay

Angel Nakpil
National Press Club Bldg., Magallanes Drive ,
Manila

Angel Nakpil
Manila

Angel Nakpil
Manila

Angel Nakpil
Manila

Angel Nakpil
Former Head Office of PLDT , Makati

Angel Nakpil

Angel Nakpil

Angel Nakpil
Picache Bldg. Plaza Miranda Quiapo.(1st HighRise
Bldg

Angel Nakpil
Bldg

Angel Nakpil
Bldg

Angel Nakpil
Lopez Museum Bldg., Pasay

Angel Nakpil

Angel Nakpil

Jose Maria Zaragoza

• Meralco Building Pasig City
• Sto. Domingo Church and
Convent Quezon City
• Metropolitan Cathedral of
Cebu City
• Villa San Miguel,
Mandaluyoung.

Jose Maria Zaragoza

Meralco Building Pasig City

Jose Maria Zaragoza


Jose Maria Zaragoza


Jose Maria Zaragoza


Jose Maria Zaragoza

Sto. Domingo Church and Convent Quezon City

Jose Maria Zaragoza


Jose Maria Zaragoza


Jose Maria Zaragoza


Jose Maria Zaragoza


Jose Maria Zaragoza

Metropolitan Cathedral of Cebu City

Jose Maria Zaragoza

Metropolitan Cathedral of Cebu City

Jose Maria Zaragoza

Villa San Miguel, Mandaluyong.

Jose Maria Zaragoza

Villa San Miguel, Mandaluyong.

Francisco Mañosa and

Brothers (Jose & Manuel Jr.)
• San Miguel Corporation
Head Office,Mandaluyong
• Tahanang Filipino at the
CCP Complex Roxas blvd
• Shrine of Our Lady Queen of
Peace , EDSA
• Mary Imaculate Parish
Church, Las Pinas , Rizal
• Quezon Memorial Circle ,
Q.C.
• Landscaping of Corregidor
Island
Francisco Mañosa and Brothers (Jose & Manuel Jr.)

San Miguel Corporation Head Office,
Mandaluyong


Mandaluyong


Mandaluyong


Mandaluyong


Tahanang Filipino at the CCP Complex Roxas Blvd








Shrine of Our Lady Queen of Peace , EDSA








Mary Imaculate Parish Church, Las Pinas , Rizal






Landscaping of Corregidor Island


Quezon Memorial Circle , Q.C.





Other Architects
• Francisco Fajardo
• Augusto Fernando
• Carlos Banaag
• Gines Rivera
• Antonio Heredia


COURSE OUTLINE
1. Pre-Hispanic Era
ARCHITECTURE FOR THE NEW SOCIETY
LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY

• In the late 20th century, modern architecture

with straight lines and functional aspects was
introduced, particularly in the Brutalist
architecture that characterized government-
built structures done in the Marcos period.

1950s and 1960s

• Brutalism also appeared during this period
• Brutalism is derived from the French word
‘beton brut’, meaning rough concrete
• Brutalist structures are massive and unrefined
with coarsely formed surfaces, usually of raw
and exposed concrete
• Pre-cast construction and pre-fabrication
was introduced to industrialize building
methods

• In the 1960s, Filipino architects incorporated

some modernist formal principles by
employing local materials and referencing
vernacular traditions

MODERNITY
As a historical stage
MODERNISM
As a cultural process that takes place at
several points along the development of
capitalism.
MODERNIZATION
As a social process that attempts to
construct modernity
Modernism
• Leading movement of 20th century
• Movement grounded in the rejection of
classical precedent and style

Modernism
• Said to coincide with “modern history” (a
period including the present but excluding
the Greek and Roman epochs)
• Characterized by the deliberate divergence
from tradition and the use of innovative forms
of expressions

Modernism
Positivistic
knowledge and truth systems could be verified
by way of scientific inquiry
Technocentric
progress in knowledge is achieved through
advances in technology
Rationalistic
knowledge is achieved by the application of
reason
Modernism
• Marked by strongly held beliefs in universal
progress, the possibility of absolute truth,
rational planning of ideal social orders
• Use of reinforced concrete, steel, and
glass
• Primacy of cubic forms, geometric shapes,
and cartesian grids
• Absence of decoration, stylistic motifs,
traditional roofs, and ornamental details

Manosa Brothers’ Sulo Hotel

Manosa Brothers’ Sulo Hotel

Francisco Fajardo’s Max’s Restaurant



An International Philippines: The Golden

Age of Philippine Architecture
While drive for self-identity is on its way, the

Philippines is also attempting to project itself
in the World stage. In the architectural
scene, the Philippines joins International
Fairs and Expositions to showcase its
architecture including its culture and
economic standing.

In the 1953 Philippine International Fair,

which the Philippines hosted, the Philippines
called on the design of Otilio Arellano for a
symbolic gateway as the centerpiece of
the fair. It was made up of a series of huge
pointed arches, the summit of which was
crowned by a conical salakot

Otilio Arellano: Gateway to the East, 1953

Philippine International

Otilio Arellano: Gateway to the East, 1953

Philippine International

In the1962 Seattle World Exposition, the

Philippines rode on the appeal of Filipino-
exotica utilizing the design of Luis Ma.
Araneta for its pavilion. This pavilion was a
two-storey pavilion whose centerpiece was
the Pavilion of Handicrafts and Industries
characterized by its exaggerated surface
ornaments in the form of wooden tribal
artifacts and its entrance that simulated a
fearful precolonial tribal deity whose mouth
was exaggeratedly open. It, however, was
more Polynesian than Filipino.
Luis Ma. Araneta’s Pavillion, 1962 Seattle

World Exposition

In the 1960s, the world was audience to the

space race between the USA and the
USSR. This Space Race stimulated the
imaginations of people around the world
conjuring images of a high-tech future for
human civilization – the so called Space
Age.

The 1964 New York World’s Fair reflected

this “future,” influencing the Philippine
pavilion designed by Otilio Arellano. The
pavilion follows a circular plan that seemed
to float over a body of water. It was an
attempt to combine native and space-age
aesthetics. It, however, was literally a
salakot posing as a flying saucer on what
looked like a launching pad.

Otillo Arellano’s Philippine pavilion for the

1964 New York World’s Fair





In the1970 Osaka World Exposition, the

Philippine pavilion was designed by
Leandro Locsin. It was made of steel,
concrete, and Philippine hardwood. It is
remembered for its sweeping curved roofs
that can be described as an allusion to a
bird in flight or the prow of a Muslim vinta. It
symbolizes the nation’s noble aspiration of
reaching noble heights.

Leandro Locsin: 1970 Osaka World

Exposition Philippine pavilion

Leandro Locsin: 1970 Osaka World

Exposition Philippine pavilion

• The presidency of Ferdinand

Marcos was a period of political
and maelstrom, human rights,
transgression, and great economic
instability. Yet in the outset of his
governance, it was a time national
rebirth and resurrection of old
Filipino traditions.
• The First Lady Imelda Marcos
packaged herself as “The
Patroness of Art” and tended the
cultural renaissance under
aesthetics maxim “the true, the
good, and the beautiful”.
• A mandatory that a national

culture be fostered and preserved.
• The official art and architecture of
the martial law regime
reverberated with this
regeneration of a national myth
through the creation of a new
socio-political and ethical order
portrayed as a radical alternative
to existing ideology.

• As the state became the new

patron of arts, the First Lady
involved herself in all matters
relating to arts and culture.
• The Marcos regime took the nexus
of architecture and society more
seriously than any other
administration in promoting the
aesthetics of power in built form.

This New Society includes a systematic

cultural revivification program. It would,
despite its excesses, would usher in a
Golden Age of Philippine Architecture that
would try to create a one and unified
Philippine Architecture through “the
reinvention of a precolonial, barangay-
based vernacular heritage.

Tropical Modernism
• Brise-soleil
• Glass walls
• Pierced screens
• Thin concrete shells
• “Form follows function”

Tropical Modernism
• Simple
• Clean lines
• Smooth finished
• Cylinders and unusually shaped buildings
• Slanted or curved roofs
• Unadorned façade
• Minimal surface modeling

The Trope of Tropicality
Veterans Memorial Medical Center

People’s Homesite and Housing

Corporation


Ruperto Gaite: Quezon City Assembly Hall

Development Academy of the Philippines

Metropolitan Theater

Bautista Nakpil Pylon

GSIS BUILDING











The Trope of Native Civilization




































Folk Architecture
Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)

Jorge Ramos and the Architects Collaborative

Folk Architecture
Lung Center of the Philippines Philippine Heart Center for Asia
National
Kidney and
Transplant
Institute

Folk Architecture
PHILTRADE Planning Resources Operations System (PROS)

Folk Architecture
Passively Cooled Urban House Geronimo V. Manahan

Geronimo Manahan



The Trope of State Spectacle







1975 Imelda initiated unification of the three (3)

architectural organizations
1. Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA)
2. League of Philippine Architects (LPA)
3. Association of Philippine Government Architects (APGA)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
United Architects of the Philippines (UAP)
November 1975
Metropolitan Manila
Commission created
with Imelda Marcos
as governor
1979
Imelda Marcos as
First Honorary
Member of the UAP
Manila Film Center 1982






PHILCITE, 1976





Manila Film Center – FROILAN HONG

Manila Film Center – FROILAN HONG

COURSE OUTLINE
1. Pre-Hispanic Era
6. THE NEW MILLENNIUM
DEMOCRACY PERIOD
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

Democracy Period
• Post EDSA euphoria gave rise to a myriad of
artistic
• Philippine Architecture underwent change
(mid 1980s)
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

Post-modernism
Aesthetic Language
• heavily influenced by classical architecture

• “decorative packaging” to façades by juxtaposing
symbolic elements and enveloping them with irony
and metaphor
• garish application of color
• return to ornament and traditional design elements
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Skidmore, Owings & Merill
Asian Development Bank Building in Ortigas
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Rogelio Villarosa
King’s Court Building II
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Rogelio Villarosa
AIC Gold Tower
Tektite Towers Renaissance Tower
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Felino Palafox Jr.
Nueva Ecija Capitol Building
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Palafox Associates
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Dewey Santos & Felix Ngo
Metrobank Branches
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Jose Siao Ling &

Associates
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Antonio Sindiong
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
William Coscolluela
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Sanctuarium
Classmate Digital KTV
West Burnham Place in Baguio
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Post-modern Skyscrapers
• “Tower-on-the-podium”
formula of corporate and
commercial towers
3 Vertical Segments:
– Podium
– Shaft
– Crown
Rufino Pacific Tower
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Enterprise Center
William Tung Sunview Palace BSA Twin Towers
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Shang Grand Tower

Palmer & Turner and
Recio+Casas
Orient Square
William V. Cosculluella
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
⦁ Rise of master planned micro-cities

⦁ Bay City
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD

⦁ Eastwood City
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD

⦁ Eastwood City
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD

⦁ Fort Bonifacio Global City
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD

⦁ Fort Bonifacio Global City
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD

⦁ Rockwell Center
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD

⦁ Rockwell Center
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
⦁ Rise of master planned retail environments

⦁ SM Mall of Asia
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD

⦁ SM Mall of Asia
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD

⦁ Araneta Gateway Center
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD

⦁ Vertiz North
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD

⦁ Greenbelt Mall
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Gated Communities Tagaytay Highlands
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Gated Communities Victorianne
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Disney-fication
• Invention of fantasy environments
• Urban fiction originating from the marketing
strategy of Disney World
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Folly
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Globalism
Architecture of Global Multinationalism
• typified in buildings that serve as Corporate HQ
Essensa Towers World Trade Exchange Pacific Plaza Towers

By I.M. Pei By Michael Graves By Arquitectonica
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Globalism
Yuchengco Tower SOM LKG Tower Kohn Pedersen Fox
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Globalism
SM Mall of Asia Arquitectonica
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Globalism
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
High-Tech
– light and strong
– heavily insulated wall panels
– use of steel and aluminum and mirror glass
NAIA Terminal 3 by SOM
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
High-Tech
Ayala One GT Tower One San Miguel One Roxas Triangle
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Deconstructivism
CSB School of
Design and Arts
Eduardo Calma
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Deconstructivism
Residence of
Alexius Medalla
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Deconstructivism
Ampoanan sa Kalinaw Ug Kinaadman
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Retro-modernism
• Sometimes called Minimalism
• Lucid lines, transparent volumes, clean-cut massing,
uncluttered presence.
Ciudad de Calamba
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Retro-modernism
Alabang Town Center
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Retro-modernism
McDonald’s in Vigan
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Neo-vernacularism
New Medical City Aquino Center
Ateneo Science Education Complex
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Neo-modern
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Neo-modern
City of Dreams Albert S. Yu ASYA
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Neo-modern
SOLAIRE RESORT Carmelo Casas

THE NEW MILLENNIUM
DEMOCRACY PERIOD
GREEN ARCHITECTURE
Implementation of “green architecture” to

reverse the negative impact of buildings on
human health and on the environment by
enhancing the efficiency and moderating the
use of materials, energy and space.
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Green Architecture
• Green Architecture
– Economical, energy-saving, environment-
friendly, and sustainable development
F-shelters
-designed by Dr.
Florence Soriano
-fast-to-build and
foldaway
emergency shelter
--uses wood-wool
cement board
(WWCB)
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Green Architecture
Earthbag shelter in Escalante, Negros Occidental
• Rio Dome
- use of “earthbag construction systems” developed by
Nader Kahlili
- made of rice sacks packed with waterproof earth mixture
and cement
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Green Architecture
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Green Architecture
®
2013 LEED EBOM GOLD Batangas
®
2006 LEED NC SILVER
Baguio
® ®
2011 LEED CI SILVER 2011 LEED NC GOLD
Makati Parañaque City
®
2011 LEED CS SILVER
Laguna
Pre Certified
®
2010 LEED NC GOLD
Pampanga
® ®
LEED CI PLATINUM+LEED CS GOLD
Taguig ®
2011 LEED EBOM GOLD Mandaluyong
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

DEMOCRACY PERIOD
Green Architecture
4-STOREY OFFICE BLDG , LIBIS, QC (2012)

RESORT RESIDENTIAL CONDOMINIUM
BORACAY (2012)
LHK SQUARE
SAN JUAN CITY (2012)
GREEN HOME
HYUNDAI LOGISTICS CENTER, LAGUNA (2013) NATIONAL MUSEUM, OF NATURAL HISTORY, MANILA, (2013) ANGELES CITY (2014)
THE NEW MILLENNIUM

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4

ASST. PROF. ELMER M. SOLIMAN JR

Architecture has began as

PREHISTORIC BUILDING TYPES

In 2006, the Tabon Cave

The complex is managed by

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

1. The builders, whether artisans or those who

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

2. There is consonant adaptation, using natural

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

2. There is consonant adaptation, using natural

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

3. The actual process of construction involves

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

4. There is balance between social/economic

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

5. Architectural patterns and styles are subject

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

5. Architectural patterns and styles are subject

• Utilizing technologies learned only through

• Can address the most common of structural

Structural logic and

Tectonic principle: iron

• Southeast Asian culture descendants

Archetypal Tropical Characteristic

1. Elevated living floor

BOTANIC BUILDING MATERIALS

Vernacular Structural Element

Vernacular Structural Element

Vernacular Structural Element

Vernacular Structural Element

Vernacular Structural Element

Vernacular Structural Element

Vernacular Structural Element

UPLAND and LOWLAND houses have

Lowland Dwellings – Open, airy interior

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

• Stone and Mortar

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

•Villages located on the slopes or peaks of hills

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

•Batanes island did not possess enough timber resources nor

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

•PANPET- ROOF NET made of ropes fastened securely to the

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

• 1593 gold mine diggers and

• Consists of houses made by the ISNEG & KALINGA

• Consists of houses made by the IFUGAO, BONTOC, IBALOI

THE NORTHERN STRAIN