Calculus - CBSE 12th Board Marathon

Ch: 05 Continuity 9 Marks
and Differentiability
CH: 06 Application 4 Marks
of Derivatives
Ch: 07 Integrals 9 Marks
Ch: 08 Application
of Integrals 6 Marks
Ch: 09 Differential
Equation
8 Marks
➢ Theory
➢ Imp. PYQ
➢ Imp. MCQ
➢ Case Study
3 Marks
Guratnteed
❖ Property-I
(i) Sin 𝐬𝐢𝐧 − 𝟏𝐱 = x (ii) c𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − 𝟏𝐱 = x
(iii) t𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐚𝐧 − 𝟏𝐱 = x (iv) c𝐨𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐭 − 𝟏𝐱 = x
(v) s𝐞𝐜 𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝟏𝐱 = x (vi) cos𝐞𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝟏𝐱 = x

❖ Property-II
𝛑 𝛑
(i) sin-1 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 = 𝛉, Provided - ≤𝛉≤
𝟐 𝟐
(ii) c𝐨𝐬−1 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 = 𝛉, Provided 0 ≤ 𝛉 ≤ 𝛑

𝛑 𝛑
(iii) t𝐚𝐧−1 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 = 𝛉, Provided - <𝛉<
𝟐 𝟐
(iv) c𝐨𝐭−1 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝛉 = 𝛉, Provided 0 < 𝛉 < 𝛑

𝛑
(v) s𝐞𝐜−1 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 = 𝛉, Provided 𝛉 𝛜 [0, 𝛑] – { }
𝟐
𝛑 𝛑
(vi) cos𝐞𝐜−1 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 = 𝛉, Provided 𝛉 𝛜 [- , ] – {0}
𝟐 𝟐
Example :-
𝛑
(i) sin-1 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟔
𝟓𝛑
(ii) sin-1 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟔
𝟐𝛑
(iii) cos-1 (cos )
𝟑
𝟑𝝅
(iv) tan-1 (tan )
𝟒
❖ Property-III
(i) sin-1 −𝒙 = −𝐬𝐢𝐧 − 𝟏𝐱
(ii) tan-1 −𝒙 = −𝐭𝐚𝐧 − 𝟏𝐱
(iii) Cosec-1 −𝒙 = −𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝟏𝐱
(iv) cos-1 −𝒙 = 𝛑 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − 𝟏𝐱
(v) cot-1 −𝒙 = 𝛑 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 − 𝟏𝐱
(vi) sec-1 −𝒙 = 𝛑 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝟏𝐱

❖ Property-IV
𝝅
(i) sin-1𝒙 + cos-1𝒙 =
𝟐
𝝅
(ii) tan-1𝒙 + cot-1𝒙 =
𝟐
𝝅
(iii) Sec-1𝒙 + Cosec-1𝒙 =
𝟐
❖ Property-V
𝟏 -1 𝟏
(i) Sin-1 = cosec-1 x (iv) Cosec = sin-1 x
𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
(ii) cos-1 = sec-1 x (v) sec-1 = Cos-1 x
𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
(iii) tan-1 = cot-1 x (vi) Cot-1 = tan-1 x
𝒙 𝒙
Property-VII If x > 0, y > 0
𝒙+𝒚
(i) tan-1x + tan-1y = tan-1 , if xy < 1
𝟏 − 𝒙𝒚
𝐱+𝐲
(ii) tan-1x + tan-1y = 𝛑 + tan-1 , if xy > 1
𝟏 − 𝐱𝐲
𝒙−𝒚
(iii) tan-1x - tan-1y = tan-1 if xy > -1
𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚
Property-VIII If x, y ≥ 0 and x2 + y2 ≤ 1
(i) Sin-1x ± Sin-1y

= Sin-1 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 ± 𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
(ii) Cos-1x ± cos-1y

= cos-1 𝒙𝒚 ∓ 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐
Property-IX
(i) 2sin-1 x = sin-1 𝟐𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 If
(ii) 2cos-1 x = cos-1 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 If
𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟏−𝒙𝟐
(iii) 2tan-1x = tan-1 = sin-1 = cos-1
𝟏 −𝒙𝟐 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
Property-X
𝟏 𝟏
(i) 3 sin-1 x= sin-1 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 if - ≤ x ≤
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
(ii) 3 cos-1 x= cos-1 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 if ≤ x ≤ 𝟏
𝟐
𝟑𝒙 −𝒙𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
(iii) 3 tan-1 x= tan-1 if - <x<
𝟏 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
MahaMarathon|Relation&Function+InverseTrigonometry
Q 1.
CBSE 2023
Maha Marathon | Relation & Function + Inverse Trigonometry
Q 2.
CBSE 2023
Q 3. CBSE 2023
Q 4.
CBSE 2023
Q 5.
CBSE 2023
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the

A
correct explanation of (A)
B Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
C. (A) is true, but (R) is false
D. (A) is false, but (R) is true
Q 6.
CBSE 2023

A
B Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
C. (A) is true, but (R) is false

Q 7.
CBSE 2023
Q 8. CBSE 2023
Q 9.
CBSE 2023
Q 10. CBSE 2023

Q 11.
CBSE 2023
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Q 12 .
CBSE 2023
Topics Covered
▪ Continuity & Algebra of continuous functions
▪ Differentiability
▪ Derivatives of composite functions
▪ Derivatives of implicit functions
▪ Derivatives of ITF
▪ Exponential and Logarithmic function and their Differentiation
▪ Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms
▪ Second Order Derivative
▪ Mean Value Theorem
Continuity
Maha Ma/athon : Mathematics : Calculus
Continuity at a Point
Continuity at a Point
A Function f(x) is said to be continuous at

x = a; Where a ∈ domain of f(x), if
i.e; LHL = RHL= value of a function at x = a

Q 1. Find the value of the constant k so that the
function f defined below is continuous at x = 0,
where NCERT
SOLUTION :-
It is given that the function f is continuous at x = 0.

Q 2.
CBSE 2023
Q 3.
SOLUTION
SOLUTION :-
Continuity of Important Functions

I. All polynomial functions, logarithmic, modulus,
exponential functions, sinx , cos x and constant
function are continuous in their respective domain.
II. Tanx and secx are discontinuous at
III. Cot x and cosec x are discontinuous at

Continuity of Important Functions
IV. If f(x) contains [x] or {x}, continuity is doubtful at the
points where value inside [x] or {x} becomes integer.
V. The continuity is also doubtful at the points where f(x)

changes its definition.
VI. Every function is discontinuous at those points where

it is not defined.
Algebra of Continuous Functions
If f and g be continuous at a , then
i.) f + g continuous at a.
ii.) f – g is continuous at a.
iii.) cf in continuous at a, where c𝝐R
iv.) fg is continuous at a.
𝐟
v.) continuous at a , provided g(a) ≠ 0.
𝐠
Algebra of Continuous Functions
f(x) g(x) f(x) ± g(x) f(x).g(x) or f(x)/g(x)
Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous
Continuous Discontinuous Discontinuous May be Continuous
Discontinuous Discontinuous May be Continuous May be Continuous
Composition of two continuous functions are always

continuous
Q 4. Examine the continuity of the function at the
given point.
NCERT Exemplar
Q 5. Find a and b such that is

continuous at x = 1
A a = 3, b = 2 B a = 5, b = 2
C a = 5, b = 3 D a = 3, b = 4
NCERT, CBSE 2019

SOLUTION
At x = 1,
LHL =
RHL =
And f(1) = 11
Since f (x) is continuous at x = 1
Thus LHL = RHL = f (1)
and 5a - 2b = 11
Solving both, we get
a = 3 and b = 2
Q 6.
SOLUTION
Q 7.
CBSE 2023
Differentiability
Differentiability at a Point
Definition: A function f is differentiable
at a point c in its domain if
i.e., left hand derivative (LHD) and right hand

derivative (RHD) are finite and equal.
i.e.,
Differentiability at a Point
NOTE
Differentiability ⇒ Continuity
Continuity ⇏ Derivability
Non Derivability ⇏ Discontinuous

Discontinuous ⇒ Non Derivability
Q 1.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q 2.
A 1 B 2 C Any real number D 0
CBSE 2023
Differentiability of some Imp. Functions

I. Every polynomial function is differentiable at each x ∈ R
II. The exponential function ex & ax, a > 0 is differentiable at x ∈ R.
III. Every constant function is differentiable at each x ∈ R.
IV. The function log x is differentiable at each point in its domain.
V. Trigonometric and inverse-trigonometric functions are
differentiable in their respective domains.
VI. |x| is not differentiable at x = 0.
Differentiability of some Imp. Functions
VII. {x}, [x] are not differentiable at all integral points of x.

VIII. The sum, difference, product and quotient of two
differentiable functions is differentiable.
IX. The composition of differentiable function is a
differentiable function.
Algebra of Differentiability
f(x) g(x) f(x) ± g(x) f(x).g(x) or f(x)/g(x)
Derivable Derivable Derivable Derivable
Derivable Non-Derivable Non-Derivable May be Derivable
Non-Derivable Non-Derivable May be Derivable May be Derivable

Q 3. If is differentiable at NCERT
x = 1, then find a and b
A a = 5, b = 3
B a = 3, b = 5
C a = -5, b = 3
D a = -3, b = -5
SOLUTION
f(x) is differentiable at x = 1
~ f(x) is continuous at x = 1
….(i)
Again f(x) is differentiable at x = 1, so LHD = RHD

SOLUTION
Using (i)
Q 4.
SOLUTION
Q 5.
A CBSE 2023
D
SOLUTION
Q . Case study :- CBSE 2023
Q 7.
CBSE 2023
Q. CBSE 2023
Q.
CBSE 2023
Q. CBSE 2023
Standard Formula :-
(i)
(ii)
Standard Formula :-
𝒅 𝒅
(iii) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 = (iv) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅
(v) 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱 = (vi) 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐱 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅
(vii) 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐱 =
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
(viii) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐱 =
𝒅𝒙
Derivatives of Composite Functions

Basic Rules of Differentiation:
If u,v are functions of x, then
(i) (ii)
(iii)
Derivatives of Composite Functions

Q 1. Differentiate the function with respect to x
NCERT
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Q 2.
Q 3. Differentiate the function with respect to x

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Explicit and Implicit Functions
Dependent variable Independent variable

Explicit function Implicit function
Dependent variable can be Dependent variable cannot be
written in terms of independent written in terms of independent
variable. variable.
Eg. y = 2x2 + 3x + 1, y = 3x - 5 Eg. x2 + xy + y2 = 4, y + 9ey = 5x2
Derivatives of Implicit Functions

𝒅 𝒅𝒚
We use the result 𝒈 𝒚 = g’ 𝒚
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Ex: y + sin y = cos x

Q 4.
NCERT
SOLUTION
Q 5.
CBSE 2017
A B
C D
SOLUTION
Q 6. NCERT Exemplar
SOLUTION
Q 7.
SOLUTION
Derivatives of Inverse trig. functions

𝒅 𝟏 𝒅 𝟏
(i) (Sin-1 x) = (ii) (Cos-1 x) = -
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 −𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 −𝒙𝟐
𝒅 𝟏 𝒅 𝟏
(iii) (tan-1 x) = (iv) (cot-1 x) = -
𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
𝒅 𝟏 𝒅 𝟏
(v) (sec-1 x) = (vi) (Cosec-1 x) = -
𝒅𝒙 |𝒙| 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝒅𝒙 |𝒙| 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
Some Trigonometric Formulae

●
●
Some Trigonometric Formulae

●
●
Q 8. Find if y =
NCERT Exemplar
Q 9. If , then prove that
CBSE 2020
SOLUTION
Q 10. If , then find .
A B C D
SOLUTION
Let, x = tan θ
Therefore,
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

Q 11. Find .
NCERT
A B C D
Put
Therefore,
Hence,
Derivative of Logarithmic and

Exponential function
Q 12.
SOLUTION
Q 13. CBSE 2020
D
SOLUTION
We have: y = (tan x)tan x

Taking log on both the sides
Differentiating with respect to x, we get

Q 14.
Q 15. Find the derivative of the function with

respect to x. NCERT, CBSE 2016
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Derivatives of Functions in
Parametric Forms
If y = f 𝐭 and x = g 𝐭 then
𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐲/𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐲/𝐝𝛉
= or =
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱/𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱/𝐝𝛉
Q 16.
NCERT Exemplar, CBSE 2014,15,16
SOLUTION
Q 17.
CBSE 2018
SOLUTION
Q 18. then
A B C D
SOLUTION
Q 19.
NCERT
SOLUTION
Second Order Derivative

Let
Then,
Here, Second order derivative of y w.r.t. x,
And Second order derivative of f(x)

Q 20. NCERT
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Q 21.
CBSE 2018
SOLUTION
Q 22.
CBSE 2019
A
D
SOLUTION
We have,
Thus, Assertion is true.

Also, we can see that reason is false
Q 23.
SQP 2024
SOLUTION
Topics Covered
● Rate of Change of Quantities
● Increasing and Decreasing Functions
● Approximations
● Tangent & Normal
● Maxima and Minima
● Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function in a Closed
Interval
● Absolute maximum and Absolute minimum
Rate of Change of Quantities

If two variables x and y are varying with
respect to another variables say t, i.e., if x = f(t),
then by the Chain Rule, we have
Q 1. A ladder 13 m long is leaning against a wall.
The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground
away from the wall, at the rate of 2 m/sec. How fast
is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of
the ladder is 5 m away from the wall?.
CBSE 2019
SOLUTION
Let, OA → x and OB → y
Given : = 2 m/s
For ⃤ OAB,
SOLUTION
At x = 5,
Q 2.
A 113 B 210 C 116 D 97

SOLUTION
Q 3. A tank, as shown in the figure below, formed using a
combination of a cylinder and a cone, offers better drainage as
compared to a flat bottomed tank.
Case Study CBSE 2023
A tap is connected to such a tank whose conical part is full of water.

Water is dripping out from a tap at the bottom at the uniform rate of 2
cm3/s. The semi-vertical angle of the conical tank is 45.
On the basis of given information, answer the following questions:
Q .
CBSE 2023
Q.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q. CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Increasing Functions !
y
A function f(x) is said to

be increasing in its
domain (D) if
If x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≤ f(x2)
x
x1 x2
So, in the increasing function as x increases, f(x)

increases or remains constant.
Strictly Increasing Functions !
y A function f(x) is said to
be strictly increasing in
its domain (D) if,
If x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) < f(x2)
x
x1 x2
So, if a function is strictly increasing then f(x)

increases as x increases.
Decreasing Functions !
y

be decreasing in its
domain (D) if
If x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≥ f(x2)
x
x1 x2
So, in the decreasing function as x increases f(x)

decreases or remains constant.
Strictly Decreasing Functions !
y
be strictly decreasing in
its domain (D) if,
If x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) > f(x2)

x
x1 x2
So, if a function is strictly decreasing then f(x)

decreases as x increases.
Strictly Increasing/Decreasing !
If f’(x) > 0 then If f’(x) < 0 then

⇒ Strictly Increasing ⇒ Strictly Decreasing
Q 3. Prove that the function f given by f(x) = x2 −x +
1 is neither strictly increasing nor decreasing on (–
1, 1).
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Q 4. If f(x) = a(tan x - cot x), where a > 0, then find
whether f(x) is increasing or decreasing
function in its domain.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q 5.
CBSE 2023
Q 6.
CBSE 2020
Q 7.
NCERT Exemplar
SOLUTION
Concept of Local Maxima and Local
Minima
1. Local Maxima 2. Local Minima
f(a-h) < f(a) > f(a + h) f(a - h) > f(a) < f(a + h)
Local Maxima & Minima
First Derivative Tests
1. If f(x) changes from positive to negative at x

= a, then f has a Local Maximum at x = a
2. If f ’(x) changes from negative to positive at x =

a, then f has a Local Minimum at x = a.
3. If f ’(x) does not change any sign at x = a, then f

has neither Local maxima nor Local minimum at x = a.
Maxima and Minima

Let us consider the following graphs and try to find
the maximum and minimum values at a point.
Maxima and Minima

Local Maxima and Local Minima
Critical Points :-
A point c in the domain of a function f at which either
f′(c) = 0 or f is not differentiable is called a critical point of f.
Q 8.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q 9.
NCERT
SOLUTION
Q 10. The function f(x) = 2x3 - 3x2 - 12x + 4, has
NCERT Exemplar
SOLUTION
Q 11. Find the minimum value of (ax + by),
where xy = c2.
CBSE-2015, 2020
SOLUTION
Let where
Now,
SOLUTION
, for
Therefore, Minimum value

Maxima and Minima

First Derivative Test
Let f be a function defined on an open interval I and continuous at a critical
point c in I and h → 0+ . then –
□ If f ′(x)changes sign from (+)ve to (-)ve as x increases through c, then c is a
point of local maxima.
□ If f ′(x) changes sign from (-)ve to (+)ve as x increases through c, then c is a
point of local minima.
□ If f ′(x)does not change sign as x increases through c, then c is neither a point
of local maxima nor a point of local minima.
In fact, such a point is called point of inflection.
Maxima and Minima

Second Derivative Test
Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c ∈ I.
Let f be twice differentiable at c. Then
□ x = c is a point of local maxima if f’(c) = 0 and f’’ (c) < 0
The value f (c) is local maximum value of f .
□ x = c is a point of local minima if f’’(c) = 0 and f ‘‘(c) > 0

In this case, f (c) is local minimum value of f .
□ The test fails if f’(c) = 0 and f’’(c) = 0. In this case, we go

back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local
maxima, local minima or a point of inflection.
Q 12. A rectangular sheet of tin 45 cm by 24 cm is to be made
into a box without top, by cutting off square from each corner
and folding up the flaps. What should be the side of the square
to be cut off so that the volume of the box is maximum ?
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
CBSE 2023
Case Study
Q.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q. CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q. CBSE 2023
Q. CBSE 2023
Topics Covered
▪ Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation
▪ Integration of a variety of functions by substitution
▪ Integration by Partial Fractions
▪ Integration by Parts
▪ Definite Integral (Integral as the limit of sum)
▪ Fundamental theorem of Calculus
▪ Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of
definite integrals.
Indefinite Integration
Definition
If f & g are functions of x such that g' (x) = f(x) then,
where c is called constant of integration.

Standard Results on Integration:-
𝒅 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
(i) 𝒙𝒏 = nxn-1 ⇔ ‫= 𝒙𝒅 𝒏𝒙׬‬ +
𝒅𝒙 𝒏+𝟏
C PYQ
𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
(ii) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 = ⇔ ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 ׬‬ = log 𝒙 + 2017
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 2022
C 𝒅
(iii) 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 ⇔ ‫ 𝒙𝒆 = 𝒙𝒅 𝒙𝒆׬‬+ C
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒂𝒙
(iv) 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 ⇔ ‫׬‬ 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = +
𝒅𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂
C
𝐝
(v) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 ⇔ ‫ 𝐱𝐧𝐢𝐒 = 𝐱𝐝 𝐱𝐬𝐨𝐜׬‬+ C
𝐝𝐱
𝐝
(vi) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 = −𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 ⇔ ‫ = 𝐱𝐝 𝐱𝐧𝐢𝐬 ׬‬−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 + C
𝐝𝐱
𝐝
(vii) 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱 = 𝐬𝐞𝒄𝟐 𝐱 ⇔ ‫ 𝐱 𝐧𝐚𝐭 = 𝐱𝐝 𝐱𝟐𝐜𝐞𝐬׬‬+ C
𝐝𝐱
𝐝
(viii) 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐱 = −𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐞𝒄𝟐 𝐱 ⇔ ‫ = 𝐱𝐝 𝐱𝟐𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐜׬‬−𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐱 + C
𝐝𝐱
𝐝
(ix) 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐱 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐱 . 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱
𝐝𝐱
⇔ ‫ 𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐬 ׬‬. 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐱 + C
𝐝
(x) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐱 = −𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐱 . 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐱
𝐝𝐱
⇔ ‫ 𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐜 ׬‬. 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = −𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐱 + C

𝐝 𝟏 𝟏
(xi) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 − 𝟏𝐱 = ⇔‫׬‬ 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 − 𝟏 𝐱 + C
𝐝𝐱 𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝐝 𝟏 𝟏
(xii) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 − 𝟏𝐱 = ⇔‫׬‬ 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
− 𝟏𝐱 + C
𝐝𝐱 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝟏+𝒙
𝐝 𝟏 𝟏
(xiii) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝟏𝐱 = ⇔ ‫׬‬ = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝟏 𝐱 + C
𝐝𝐱 𝐱 𝐱𝟐 −𝟏 𝐱 𝐱𝟐 −𝟏
Nine-Special
Integrals Formula
Form :– I
𝐝𝐱 𝟏 𝐚+𝐱
(i) ‫׬‬
𝐚𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 +C
𝟐𝐚 𝐚 −𝐱
𝐝𝐱 𝟏 𝐱−𝐚
(ii) ‫׬‬ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 +
𝐱𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝐚 𝐱+𝐚
C
𝐝𝐱 𝟏 𝒙
(iii) ‫׬‬ = ta𝐧−𝟏 + C
𝐚𝟐+𝒙𝟐 𝐚 𝒂
Form :– II
𝒅𝒙
(i) ‫׬‬
𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
= log |x + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 | + 𝒄
𝒅𝒙
(ii) ‫׬‬ = log |x + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 | + 𝒄
𝒂𝟐+𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙 −𝟏 𝐱
(iii) ‫׬‬ = 𝐒𝐢𝐧 +C
𝒂𝟐−𝒙𝟐 𝐚
Form :– III
𝒙 𝒂𝟐
(i) ‫ 𝟐𝒙 ׬‬− 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 - ln 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 + C
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒂𝟐
(ii) ‫ 𝟐𝒙 ׬‬+ 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 + ln 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 + C
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒂𝟐 -1 𝒙
(iii) ‫׬‬ 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + sin +
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂
C
Properties of Indefinite Integration

Q 1. Find the following integral. NCERT

SOLUTION
Q 2. Verify the following
NCERT Exemplar
SOLUTION
Q 3. CBSE 2023
D
Q 4.
CBSE 2023
Methods of Integration
Broadly, there are 3 methods of Integration :
❖ Integration by Substitution
❖ Integration by Parts
❖ Partial Fractions
Integration by Substitution
Standard Substitution
Integration by Substitution
Standard Substitution
These are preferred substitutions you can also try other methods.
Q 5. the function. NCERT

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Q 6. CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q 7.
D
SOLUTION
Q 8. CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Integration by Parts 𝐈. 𝐁. 𝐏 :-
𝒅
‫ 𝒙 𝐟 ׬‬. 𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = f 𝒙 ‫ 𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒈 ׬‬- ‫׬‬ f 𝒙 ‫ 𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒈 ׬‬dx
𝒅𝒙
Ex: ‫ 𝒙 ׬‬. 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Integration by Parts 𝐈. 𝐁. 𝐏 :-
❖ Choice of first function is important,
we can use the order ILATE, where
I – Inverse Trigonometric functions
L – Logarithmic functions
A – Algebraic functions
T – Trigonometric functions
E – Exponential functions
Q 9. Integrate the Function

NCERT
SOLUTION
Q 10. CBSE 2023

SOLUTION
Q 11. NCERT
SOLUTION
Q 12. Evaluate: NCERT Exemplar

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Integration by Partial Fractions
𝐟 𝐱
⇒ Rational Function
𝐠 𝐱
𝐟 𝐱
Integrals of rational functions of the type
𝐠 𝐱
Where degree of f(x) is less than degree of g(x)

can be integrated by resolving the integrand
into partial fractions.
Integration using Partial Fractions

Q 13. Integrate the Function:
NCERT
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Q 14.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q 15. NCERT
SOLUTION
Q 16. CBSE 2023

SOLUTION
Definite Integral
Let f be continuous function defined on the closed interval
[a, b] and F be an antiderivative of f. Then
Definite Integral
Area Function
Definite integration gives ‘effective’ or
‘net’ area under the curve.
Properties of
Definite Integration
‫𝒃‬ ‫𝒃‬
‫∶ 𝟎𝑷‬ ‫𝒇 𝒂׬‬ ‫= 𝒙𝒅 𝒙‬ ‫𝒇 𝒂׬‬ ‫𝒕𝒅 𝒕‬
𝒃 𝒃
𝑷𝟏 : න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂
𝒂
𝑰𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 ‫𝒇 𝒂׬‬ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒃 𝒄 𝒃
𝑷𝟐 : ‫𝒇 𝒂׬‬ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ‫𝒇 𝒂׬‬ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ‫𝒇 𝒄׬‬ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
In
general:
‫𝒃‬ ‫𝒃‬
‫‪𝑷𝟑 :‬‬ ‫𝒇 𝒂׬‬ ‫= 𝒙𝒅 𝒙‬ ‫𝒇 𝒂׬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 ‪𝒂 + 𝒃 −‬‬
𝒂 𝒂
𝑷𝟒 ∶ න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒇 𝒂 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 King &
Add
𝟎 𝟎
Property
(Note that 𝑷𝟒 is particular case of 𝑷𝟑 )
𝟐𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝑷𝟓 ∶ න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝒇 𝟐𝒂 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟐𝒂
𝑷𝟔 ∶ ‫𝒇 𝟎׬‬ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 if f(2a – x) = f(x)
= 0 if f(2a – x) = -f(x)
𝒂 𝒂
𝑷𝟕 ∶ 𝒊. ) ‫׬‬−𝒂 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ‫𝒇 𝟎׬‬ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙,
If f is an even function, ie; if f(-x) = f(x)

𝒂
𝑷𝟕 ∶ 𝒊𝒊. ) ‫׬‬−𝒂 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 ,
If f is an odd function, ie; if f(-x) = -f(x)

Q 1. NCERT
SOLUTION
Q 2. NCERT
SOLUTION
Q 3. CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q 4.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q 5. CBSE 2023
A 1 B -1 C 2 D -2
Q 6.
CBSE 2023

A correct explanation of (A)
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not
B the correct explanation of (A)
C. (A) is true and (R) is false

Topics Covered
● Area under simple curves
{especially lines, circles/parabolas/ ellipses
(in standard form only)}
● Area between any of the two above said
curves
Introduction
Area under the curve from x = a to x = b with x axis.

Area under Simple Curves

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

Type 4

Type 5
Shortcut Tricks
1. Area bounded by ellipse: is = πab sq. units
2. Area bounded by two standard parabolas: (y2 = 4ax)

& (x2 = 4by) is sq. units
3. Area bounded by y2 = 4ax & y = mx + c is:
A= sq. units.
4. Area bounded by y2 = 4ax & y = mx is: A = sq. units.

Shortcut Tricks
5. Area bounded by x2 = 4by & y = mx + c is: A = 72 b2m3 sq. units.
𝟖
6. Area bounded by x2 = 4by & y = mx is: A = b2m3 sq. units.
𝟑
7.Area bounded by parabola y2 = 4ax and its latus

𝟖𝒂
rectum x = a is: A = sq. units.
𝟑
8.Area of circle: x2 + y2 = a2 is: A πa2 sq. units

Q 1.
NCERT
SOLUTION
Q 2.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q 3.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q 4.
A 𝝅/3 B 2𝝅/3 C 𝝅/4 D 𝝅/2
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Topics Covered
● Order and Degree Of A Differential Equation
● Generaland Particular Solutions Of
A Differential Equation
● Formation of differential equation
whose general solution is given
● Solution Of Differential Equations by Method Of
Separation Of Variables
● Solutions Of Homogeneous Differential Equations Of
First Order and First Degree
● Solutions Of Linear Differential Equation
Introduction
An equation that involves dependent variables,
independent variables and derivatives of the
dependent variables is called a differential equation.
Eg.
Order and Degree of

Differential Equations
Order and Degree of

Differential Equations
For example
The DE has Order =
The DE has Order =

Order and Degree of Differential

Equations
For example
The DE has Degree =
The DE has Degree =

Q 1.
Not
A 2 B 1 C defined D 0
SOLUTION
Q 2.
A 5 B 2 C 3 D 4
SOLUTION
Q 3.
A 3 B 2 C 1 D Not defined
SOLUTION
Solution of a Differential Equation

The solution (or the integral or the primitive) of a
differential equation is a relation between the
dependent and the independent variables (free from
derivatives) such that it satisfies the given differential
equation.
Solution of a Differential Equation

General Solution
The solution of a differential equation, involving exactly
the same number of arbitrary constants as is the order of
the differential equation, is called the general solution.
Particular Solution
A solution obtained by assigning values to the arbitrary
constants in the general solution is called a particular
solution of the given differential equation.
Methods of solving a Differential
Equation
Method 1: Variable separable
Method 2: Homogeneous
Method 3: Linear differential equation

Variable separable
Test:
Solution: Separate and integrate on both sides.
Q 4.
NCERT
SOLUTION
Q 5. Solve the differential equation

When y = 0 and x = 0.
NCERT Exemplar
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Q 6. The solution of differential equation tan y
sec2 x dx + tan x sec2 ydy = 0 is
NCERT Exemplar
(b)
(c)
(d)
SOLUTION
Q 7. Find the particular solution of y = 1 when x = 0
to satisfy the given condition.
NCERT
SOLUTION
Homogeneous differential equation

(HDE)
Q 8. Find the particular solution satisfying the
given condition:
Q 9. Find the particular solution satisfying the given
condition:
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Q 10.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q 11.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Linear differential equations (LDE)

A differential equation of the from
where, P and Q are constants or functions of x only, is known as
a first order linear differential equation. Some examples of the
first order linear differential equation are

Identify which of the following are linear differentia
equations.

Identify which of the following are linear differentia
equations.
Integrating Factor
Q 12.
CBSE 2023
Q 13.
CBSE 2023
Steps to solve first order LDE

(i) Write the given differential equation in the form
where P, Q are constants or functions of x only.
(ii) Find the Integrating Factor (I.F) = eഽPdx

(iii) Write the solution of the given differential equation as y (I.F) =
ഽ(Q × I.F)dx + Cc
Q 14. Find a particular solution satisfying the given
condition:
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Q 15.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q 16.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q 17.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
CBSE 2023
Q. CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
Q.
CBSE 2023
SOLUTION
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Kankarbagh, Patna-800020; Cont:- 9430848412, 6202604713
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Calculus - CBSE 12th Board Marathon

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Ch: 05 Continuity 9 Marks

(iii) t𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐚𝐧 − 𝟏𝐱 = x (iv) c𝐨𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐭 − 𝟏𝐱 = x

(v) s𝐞𝐜 𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝟏𝐱 = x (vi) cos𝐞𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝟏𝐱 = x

(ii) c𝐨𝐬−1 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 = 𝛉, Provided 0 ≤ 𝛉 ≤ 𝛑

(iv) c𝐨𝐭−1 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝛉 = 𝛉, Provided 0 < 𝛉 < 𝛑

(iv) cos-1 −𝒙 = 𝛑 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − 𝟏𝐱

(v) cot-1 −𝒙 = 𝛑 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 − 𝟏𝐱

(vi) sec-1 −𝒙 = 𝛑 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝟏𝐱

(i) Sin-1x ± Sin-1y

(ii) Cos-1x ± cos-1y

(ii) 2cos-1 x = cos-1 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 If

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the

D. (A) is false, but (R) is true

Q 10. CBSE 2023

A Function f(x) is said to be continuous at

i.e; LHL = RHL= value of a function at x = a

It is given that the function f is continuous at x = 0.

Continuity of Important Functions

II. Tanx and secx are discontinuous at

III. Cot x and cosec x are discontinuous at

V. The continuity is also doubtful at the points where f(x)

VI. Every function is discontinuous at those points where

Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous

Continuous Discontinuous Discontinuous May be Continuous

Discontinuous Discontinuous May be Continuous May be Continuous

Composition of two continuous functions are always

Q 5. Find a and b such that is

NCERT, CBSE 2019

Thus LHL = RHL = f (1)

Solving both, we get

i.e., left hand derivative (LHD) and right hand

Non Derivability ⇏ Discontinuous

A 1 B 2 C Any real number D 0

Differentiability of some Imp. Functions

Differentiability of some Imp. Functions

VII. {x}, [x] are not differentiable at all integral points of x.

Derivable Derivable Derivable Derivable

Derivable Non-Derivable Non-Derivable May be Derivable

Non-Derivable Non-Derivable May be Derivable May be Derivable

Again f(x) is differentiable at x = 1, so LHD = RHD

Derivatives of Composite Functions

Derivatives of Composite Functions

Q 3. Differentiate the function with respect to x

Explicit and Implicit Functions

Dependent variable Independent variable

Derivatives of Implicit Functions

Ex: y + sin y = cos x

Derivatives of Inverse trig. functions

Some Trigonometric Formulae

Some Trigonometric Formulae

Q 10. If , then find .

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

Derivative of Logarithmic and

We have: y = (tan x)tan x

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

Q 15. Find the derivative of the function with

Second Order Derivative

Here, Second order derivative of y w.r.t. x,

And Second order derivative of f(x)

Thus, Assertion is true.

Rate of Change of Quantities

A 113 B 210 C 116 D 97