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Radiation Transfer BlackGrayBody
Radiation Transfer BlackGrayBody
∴ F13 = 1 − F12
2
Just to remind the equation for radiation heat exchange
between two black objects with view factor F1-2:
(
Q& 1- 2 = S1F1- 2 ( Eb1 − Eb 2 ) = S1F1- 2σ T14 − T24 )
3
Determination of Heat Exchange Between
Black Surfaces
into a form:
&
Q1- 2 =
( Eb1 − Eb 2 )
1
S1F1- 2
4
As for the heat conduction, analogy with Ohm's law:
Q&1− 2 = current
E b = potential
1
= space resistance, related to a “good view” –
S1F1− 2 how the objects see each other
Eb1 = σT14
Q&1− 2
Eb 2 = σT24 &
Q1- 2 =
( Eb1 − Eb 2 )
1
Q&1 Q& 2 S1F1- 2
5
Radiation network for an enclosure of black surfaces
Q1 = + 1
1 S1F1- 2 1 S1F1- 3 R=
S1F1− 2
3
1
R=
S1F1−3
1
Q&1 = ∑ S1F1− j (Eb1 − Ebj ) = ∑ S1F1− jσ (T14 − T j4 )
3 3
j =1 j =1 2
3 Eb1 − Ebj 2
Q&1 = ∑ 3
j =1 1 S1F1− j 3
1 1
For steady state: Q&1 + Q& 2 + Q& 3 + ... + Q& i + .... + Q& n = 0
8
Radiation Exchange Between Gray Surfaces
• Objectives:
(1) Determine the net heat transfer from each surface
(2) Determine the heat transfer between any two surfaces
in a multi-surface enclosure
11
From the definition of J i :
J i = Ei + ri Gi (a)
Use: ri = 1 − ai = 1 − ε i and ε i = E i / E bi
& Ebi − J i
and express radiation heat rate Q& i = q&i .S Qi =
1− εi
εi S 12
& Ebi − J i Ji
or Qi = (a) •
Ri fictitious
surface 1−ε
Ri = S ε i
1− εi i i
Ri = ith surface Ebi
Siε i •
Qi
Q& i = current
Ri = resistance
( E bi − J i ) = potential drop
Examples:
(1) Two infinitely large parallel plates
(2) Two infinitely long concentric cylinders
(3) A convex body enclosed by a surface
14
Given: Temperature, emissivity and area of each surface
Objective: Determine the net heat exchange Q&1−2 between
the two surfaces
Q& 2 = ( Eb 2 − J 2 ) R2
σ (T14 − T24 )
Q& 1- 2 = Q& 1 = −Q& 2 = (A)
(1 − ε 1 ) 1 (1 − ε 2 )
+ +
ε 1 S1 S1 F1- 2 ε 2 S2
• This result applies to any two-surface enclosure, based
on:
(1) Gray surfaces, a = ε
(2) Opaque surfaces, t = 0
(3) Diffuse emission, absorption, irradiation and
reflection
(4) Uniform emissivity and temperature for each surface
(5) Nonparticipating medium
19
Radiation network
σ (T14 − T24 )
Q& 1- 2 = Q& 1 = −Q& 2 = (A)
(1 − ε 1 ) 1 (1 − ε 2 )
+ +
ε 1 S1 S1 F1- 2 ε 2 S2
1−ε1 1 1−ε 2
Eb1 S1ε1 J1 S1F1-2 J2 S2ε 2 Eb 2
• • • •
Q1 Q1-2 Q2
& σ S (T 4
− T 4
)
Q1− 2 = 1 2
1 ε1 + 1 ε 2 − 1
& σ S (T 4
− T 4
)
Q1- 2 = 1 1 2
1 / ε1 + ( S1 S 2 )(1 − ε 2 ) / ε 2
•J J 31• • J 32 J 2 •
• Example: Place a radiation 1
22
Eb1 J1 J 3-1 Eb 3 J 3-2 J2 Eb 2
• • • • • • •
1 − ε1 1 1 − ε 3-1 1 − ε 3-2 1 1 − ε2
S 1ε 1 S 1F1-3 S 3ε 3-1 S 3ε 3-2 S 3 F3-2 S 2ε 2
Q& 1- 2 =
σ T1
4
− T2
4
( )
(1 − ε 1 ) + 1 + (1 − ε 3-1 ) + (1 − ε 3-2 ) + 1 + (1 − ε 2 )
S1ε 1 S1F1- 3 S 3ε 3-1 S 3ε 3- 2 S 3 F3- 2 S 2ε 2
23
• For large parallel plates: S1 = S2 = S3 = S and
F1−3 = F3− 2 = 1
& σ S (T 4
− T 4
)
Q1- 2 = 1 2
1 ε 1 + 1 ε 2 + 1 ε 3-1 + 1 ε 3- 2 − 2
Q& 1- 2 =
(
σS1 T14 − T24 )
1 ε 1 + ( S1 S 2 )(1 ε 2 − 1) + ( S1 S 3 )(1 ε 3-1 + 1 ε 3- 2 − 1)
NOTE:
• Additional parallel shields reduces the heat loss further
• Each added shield adds three resistances
24
• If all surfaces have the same emissivity:
One shield reduces the heat transfer rate T1 T3 T2
by a factor of 2
q& =
( ) =
(
σ ⋅ T14 − T24 σ ⋅ T34 − T24 ) T34
1 4
(
= ⋅ T1 − T24 )
1 1 1 1 2
+ −1 + −1
ε1 ε 3 ε3 ε2
25