Examples of the View factor algebra method:

(i) Figure (a): F1-2 is given in Jícha: Přenos tepla a látky

Příloha 2-3a, (případ 3 )
Determine F1-3 and F3-3 2

Apply summation rule to surface 1 3

F11 + F12 + F13 = 1

1

But F11 = 0 Figure (a)

∴ F13 = 1 − F12

To determine F33 apply summation rule to surface 3:

F31 + F32 + F33 = 1

1
Symmetry, F31 = F32

Thus, F33 = 1 − 2F31

Reciprocal rule: S1F1- 3 = S3 F3-1

∴ F3-3 = 1 − 2( S1 S3 ) F1-3

2
Just to remind the equation for radiation heat exchange
between two black objects with view factor F1-2:

(
Q& 1- 2 = S1F1- 2 ( Eb1 − Eb 2 ) = S1F1- 2σ T14 − T24 )

3
Determination of Heat Exchange Between
Black Surfaces

Electrical Network Analogy for Blackbody

Heat Exchange

Rewrite the Stefan-Boltzmann result for radiation

exchange between two black surfaces
Q& 1- 2 = S1F1- 2 ( Eb1 − Eb 2 )

into a form:
&
Q1- 2 =
( Eb1 − Eb 2 )
1
S1F1- 2
4
 As for the heat conduction, analogy with Ohm's law:

Q&1− 2 = current
E b = potential
1
= space resistance, related to a “good view” –
S1F1− 2 how the objects see each other

Radiation network: A circuit representing the exchange

equation is shown below:

Eb1 = σT14
Q&1− 2
Eb 2 = σT24 &
Q1- 2 =
( Eb1 − Eb 2 )
1
Q&1 Q& 2 S1F1- 2
5
Radiation network for an enclosure of black surfaces

An enclosure of 3 black surfaces. 2 3

1
Each surface is at temperatures T1, T2 and T3 or
potentials Eb1, Eb2 and Eb3.

Each surface exchanges 2

1
radiation with other surfaces R=
S 2 F2−3
that it "sees" 1
R=
S1F1− 2
Q& i = net heat leaving surface i 1
3
R=
S1F1−3
= sum of heat exchanged
with all surfaces 1
6
 Apply Stefan-Boltzmann result and sum 2
1
R=

& Eb1 − Eb 2 Eb1 − Eb 3 S 2 F2−3

Q1 = + 1
1 S1F1- 2 1 S1F1- 3 R=
S1F1− 2
3
1
R=
S1F1−3

1
Q&1 = ∑ S1F1− j (Eb1 − Ebj ) = ∑ S1F1− jσ (T14 − T j4 )
3 3

j =1 j =1 2

3 Eb1 − Ebj 2
Q&1 = ∑ 3
j =1 1 S1F1− j 3
1 1

For steady state: Q&1 + Q& 2 + Q& 3 = 0 Figure (a)

7
Apply Stefan-Boltzmann result for n surfaces

Q& i = ∑ S i Fi − j (Ebi − Ebj )

n
3
j =1 2
4
n Ebi − Ebj 1
Q& i = ∑ n
j =1 1 S i Fi − j
Fig. 10.6

For steady state: Q&1 + Q& 2 + Q& 3 + ... + Q& i + .... + Q& n = 0

8
Radiation Exchange Between Gray Surfaces

A graybody absorbs and reflects radiation

• Objectives:
(1) Determine the net heat transfer from each surface
(2) Determine the heat transfer between any two surfaces
in a multi-surface enclosure

• Types of problems: Two:

(1) Specified surface temperature: Determine heat rate
(2) Specified surface heat rate or insulated surface:
Determine surface temperature
9
• Assumptions:
Opaque surface, τ = 0
Gray surfaces, a = ε, r = 1 - a = 1 - ε
Nonparticipating medium
Uniform surface temperature
Uniform surface emissivity
Diffuse emission, irradiation and reflection
• Procedure:
(1) Define node, surface heat flux and surface resistance
(2) Introduce the concept of radiation network and
electrical circuit analogy
(3) Apply the network method to radiation exchange in
(i) Two-surface enclosure
(ii) Three- and multi-surface enclosures 10
 For the ith surface of an enclosure:
J
E
G rG
ρG
E i = emissive power W/m2
Gi = irradiation W/m2 αG
J i = radiosity W/m2
q&i = net flux leaving surface [W/m2] tG
τG
(difference between what “hits” Fig. 10.2
the surface and what leaves it)
J i qi Gi
At the fictitious surface:
fictitious
Incoming irradiation = Gi surface
Outgoing radiosity = J i ith surface

11
 From the definition of J i :
J i = Ei + ri Gi (a)

Use: ri = 1 − ai = 1 − ε i and ε i = E i / E bi

(a) becomes J i = ε i Ebi + (1 − ε i )Gi

J i − εi Ebi
Solve for Gi Gi =
1 − εi
Conservation of energy at the fictitious surface:
su
bs
q&i = J i − Gi tit
ute

& Ebi − J i
and express radiation heat rate Q& i = q&i .S Qi =
1− εi
εi S 12
 & Ebi − J i Ji
or Qi = (a) •
Ri fictitious
surface 1−ε
Ri = S ε i
1− εi i i
Ri = ith surface Ebi
Siε i •
Qi
Q& i = current
Ri = resistance
( E bi − J i ) = potential drop

• Ri is known as surface resistance

• The drop ( E bi − J i ) takes place at surface
• To determine Q& i from (a), must know the radiosity
Ji
13
Two-Surface Enclosures
• Enclosure is formed by
two gray surfaces Q2 Eb 2 , T2 , ε 2
•
•
J2
• Uniform emissivity fictitious
Q12
surface
• Uniform surface J1
•
temperature •
Q1 E b1 , T1 , ε 1

Examples:
(1) Two infinitely large parallel plates
(2) Two infinitely long concentric cylinders
(3) A convex body enclosed by a surface
14
Given: Temperature, emissivity and area of each surface
Objective: Determine the net heat exchange Q&1−2 between
the two surfaces

Conservation of energy at each surface

Q& 1- 2 = Q&1 = −Q& 2

Q&1 = energy added at the back of surfaces 1

Q& 2 = energy added at the back of surfaces 2

• Sign convention: Heat entering enclosure is positive

Heat leaving enclosure is negative
15
Apply (a) to each surface
Q& 1 = ( Eb1 − J1 ) R1
Q& 2 = ( Eb 2 − J 2 ) R2

R1 and R2 are surface resistances

1 − ε1 1 − ε2
R1 = R2 =
S 1 ε1 S 2 ε2
• we have three equations for four unknowns
J1, J 2 , Q&1, Q& 2 . Need a 4th equation.
• Consider radiation exchange between the fictitious
surfaces:
Q&1− 2 = fraction of J 1 leaving 1 and reaching 2
- fraction of J 2 leaving 2 and reaching 2 16
 Q&1− 2 = S1F1− 2 J1 − S2 F2−1J 2

Compare equation for two black surfaces:

Q& 1- 2 = S1F1- 2 Eb1 − S2 F2-1 Eb 2

For a gray surface radiosity J i replaces blackbody

emissive power E bi

The fictitious surfaces act as if they were black surfaces

with potentials J 1 and J 2 instead of E b1 and E b 2

Use the reciprocal rule

Q& 1-2 = S1F1- 2 ( J1 − J 2 )

17
 & J1 − J 2 J1 − J 2
Q12 = =
1 S1F1- 2 R1- 2

R1− 2= the space or view resistance defined as

1
R1- 2 =
S1F1- 2
We have the 4th equation for determining Q&1− 2.
And can complement the network:
Q&1− 2
Q& 1 = ( Eb1 − J1 ) R1 Q& 1 Q& 2

Q& 2 = ( Eb 2 − J 2 ) R2

Q& 12 = (J1 − J 2 ) R1- 2 Eb1 − Eb 2

Q& 1- 2 =
R1 + R12 + R2 18
Use Stefan-Boltzmann law and definitions of resistances

σ (T14 − T24 )
Q& 1- 2 = Q& 1 = −Q& 2 = (A)
(1 − ε 1 ) 1 (1 − ε 2 )
+ +
ε 1 S1 S1 F1- 2 ε 2 S2
• This result applies to any two-surface enclosure, based
on:
(1) Gray surfaces, a = ε
(2) Opaque surfaces, t = 0
(3) Diffuse emission, absorption, irradiation and
reflection
(4) Uniform emissivity and temperature for each surface
(5) Nonparticipating medium
19
Radiation network
σ (T14 − T24 )
Q& 1- 2 = Q& 1 = −Q& 2 = (A)
(1 − ε 1 ) 1 (1 − ε 2 )
+ +
ε 1 S1 S1 F1- 2 ε 2 S2

1−ε1 1 1−ε 2
Eb1 S1ε1 J1 S1F1-2 J2 S2ε 2 Eb 2
• • • •
Q1 Q1-2 Q2

• A gray surface adds a surface resistance

• The configuration of the two surfaces is reflected in the
view factor F12
• Equation (A) will be applied to three special cases:
20
(1) Infinitely large parallel plates: F1− 2 = 1 S1 = S2 = S

& σ S (T 4
− T 4
)
Q1− 2 = 1 2
1 ε1 + 1 ε 2 − 1

(2) Infinitely long concentric cylinders or concentric

spheres: S2 surrounds S1, F1− 2 = 1

& σ S (T 4
− T 4
)
Q1- 2 = 1 1 2
1 / ε1 + ( S1 S 2 )(1 − ε 2 ) / ε 2

(3) Small convex surface S1 surrounded by very large

surface S2 S1 / S 2 ≈ 0 and F1− 2 = 1
Q& 1- 2 = σS1ε 1 (T14 − T24 )
21
Radiation Shields

• Radiation shield: Used to

reduce radiation heat transfer
ε1 ε 31 ε 32 ε2

•J J 31• • J 32 J 2 •
• Example: Place a radiation 1

shield between two large 1 shield 2

parallel plates 3

• There are 6 resistances: 2 space and 4 surface

22
 Eb1 J1 J 3-1 Eb 3 J 3-2 J2 Eb 2
• • • • • • •
1 − ε1 1 1 − ε 3-1 1 − ε 3-2 1 1 − ε2
S 1ε 1 S 1F1-3 S 3ε 3-1 S 3ε 3-2 S 3 F3-2 S 2ε 2

• Ohms analogy gives the net heat transfer rate Q&1− 2:

Q& 1- 2 =
σ T1
4
− T2
4
( )
(1 − ε 1 ) + 1 + (1 − ε 3-1 ) + (1 − ε 3-2 ) + 1 + (1 − ε 2 )
S1ε 1 S1F1- 3 S 3ε 3-1 S 3ε 3- 2 S 3 F3- 2 S 2ε 2

23
 • For large parallel plates: S1 = S2 = S3 = S and
F1−3 = F3− 2 = 1

& σ S (T 4
− T 4
)
Q1- 2 = 1 2
1 ε 1 + 1 ε 2 + 1 ε 3-1 + 1 ε 3- 2 − 2

For concentric cylinders and spheres F1−3 = F3− 2 = 1

Q& 1- 2 =
(
σS1 T14 − T24 )
1 ε 1 + ( S1 S 2 )(1 ε 2 − 1) + ( S1 S 3 )(1 ε 3-1 + 1 ε 3- 2 − 1)

NOTE:
• Additional parallel shields reduces the heat loss further
• Each added shield adds three resistances
24
 • If all surfaces have the same emissivity:
One shield reduces the heat transfer rate T1 T3 T2
by a factor of 2

N shields reduce the heat rate

by a factor of (N + 1) 1 3 2

How we can determine the shield temperature?

Let’s assume identical emissivities ε1 = ε2 = ε3 = ε

q& =
( ) =
(
σ ⋅ T14 − T24 σ ⋅ T34 − T24 ) T34
1 4
(
= ⋅ T1 − T24 )
1 1 1 1 2
+ −1 + −1
ε1 ε 3 ε3 ε2
25