METU / SFL Spring 2024

DEPARTMENT OF BASIC ENGLISH

INTERMEDIATE GROUP
ACTIVE VOCABULARY LIST FOR THE 1ST SPAN
WIDE ANGLE 4
UNIT 1 Achievements
Phrases (p.5)
• to miss an opportunity • to make a difference
• to take risks • to do your best
• to make the most of sth • to take advantage of sth
Vocabulary development: collocations (p.8)
• to make contact • to think differently (about sth)
• to live dangerously • to guarantee success
• heavily guarded • to be absolutely certain
• widely recognized • to be secretly pleased
• to make (real) progress • to take sth seriously
• to think highly (of sth/sb) • to acquire knowledge
• beautifully designed • to live simply
• to avoid trouble (from sth)

UNIT 2 News
Verbs (p.17) Comment adverbs (p.23)
• to announce (sth / that…) • luckily • naturally
• to attempt (to do sth) • usually • surprisingly
• to lead to (a struggle/change/revolution) • quickly • curiously
• to launch (one’s career / a product) • apparently • obviously
• to realize (that…) • unfortunately • sadly
• to bring down sb/governments
• to prevent (sth from soing sth)
• to distract (sb from sth)

UNIT 3 – Exploration
(p.28)
 independent  to quit
 to set off  practical
 to explore  flexible
 to keep going  to (know how to) survive

Words whose meanings the students are asked to guess (p.30)

• pioneer (in sth) (n)
• aviator (n)
• (complete an) orbit (n)
go into orbit around Earth
• (develop strong) bond(s) (n)
• (make a) voyage (n)
• (reach the) summit (of sth) (n)
• fascinating (stories) (adj)
• confront (wild animals/extreme
weather/hostile natives/injury/illness) (v)
• repressive (Victorian Britain) (adj)
• (fulfill family) obligation(s) (n)
• self-educated (adj)
 Suffixes for nouns (p.32)
 exploration  contribution (ex. 10)
 confidence  difference
 personality  encouragement
 membership  happiness
 achievement  friendship
 willingness  security

UNIT 5 Survival
Vocabulary development: Phrasal verbs with “look” (p.53):
 look into  look out
 look forward to  look around
 look up from  look after
 look up to
Verbs (p.56):
 to destroy  to protect
 to forecast  to affect
 to react  to prepare
Adjectives (p.58):
 amazing  awful
 huge  tiny
 terrified  terrible
 exhausted  delighted
 freezing  essential
 extraordinary  ridiculous

UNIT 6 – Trends
Adjectives used for clothes (p.65):
 casual  fashionable X unfashionable
 stylish  formal
 classic  tight
 loose  trendy
(Clothing) vocabulary (p.65)
 (in the) workplace  for the benefit of
 (the) pressure (to perform well)  (receive one’s) pension
 household (responsibilities)  to retire (in five years)
 (at a good/fast/slow) pace
Adverbs and phrases for emphasis (p.70)
 in fact  honestly
 more importantly  simply
 to tell you the truth  just
 actually  (not) even
 clearly
 READING STRATEGIES
UNIT 1
TEXT 1 CHINESE CULTURE
 to boast sth (v)  a region’s national/cultural heritage (n)
to boast about sth. (v).  to utilize sth (n)
 a profound culture/Chinese civilization (adj)  to contribute to the promotion of sth (n)
 a diverse culture/collection of sth (adj)  exquisite cooking (adj)
 a unique culture (adj)  to be protected by the constitution (n)
 the Shang Dynasty (n)
 the Imperial Era (n)
the beginning of an era
 political stability (n)

TEXT 2 WHAT IS IT ABOUT THE ERASMUS PROGRAM? COLLOCATION

• to launch/start a program (v)
to be launched in 1987 PASSIVE USE
• to be involved in sth (adj)
• to fascinate sb (v)
to be fascinated by sb/sth PASSIVE USE
• to be fluent in a language (adj)
• to head to a place (v)
• an inspiring experience (adj)
• to lead to/cause confusion (n)
 regardless of sth (adv. phrase)
• to receive/ get a grant (n)an amount of money
to give sb a grant
• to cover the expenses (n)
• a host university/nation (adj)
to be a host (n)
to host sb/ smt (v) host a meeting
• a real / great / important asset (n)
• to lose / increase motivation (n)
• beyond doubt (adv. phrase)
• to be / become independent (n)

TEXT 3 A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE

 cross-cultural communication (adj)
 to exploit sb / sth (v)
to exploit somebody’s curiosity /feelings
/beliefs
 to adopt sth (v)
to adopt an approach / attitude / policy or
role (to sth)
 have a positive / negative attitude to /
towards sb /sth (n)
 the significance of sth (n)
(understand) the significance of body
language
to have (great) significance
to be significant (adj)
significantly (adv)
 have/ keep/ maintain personal space (n)
to keep your personal space
to invade sb’s personal space (v)
 to depend on sb / sth (v)
 a big / serious insult (n)
 a universal language / meaning / message (adj)
 to react / behave / dress appropriately (adv)
 an appropriate behaviour / option etc.
 to show / apply sensitivity (n)
 to apply / use common sense (n)
 to cause offence (v)
 UNIT 2
TEXT 1 NICOTINE FACTS
 to require sth (v)
 to spread rapidly (adv)
 initial effects/stages (adj)
 alcohol / drug abuse (n)
 have/experience unpleasant withdrawal
 to be (highly) addictive (adj)
symptoms (n)
 to stimulate sth (v)
 to be addicted to nicotine/drugs/alcohol (v)
 the release of adrenaline/endorphine (n)
 to do sth deliberately (adj)
 to undermine the success of sth (v)

TEXT 2 EATING DISORDERS

 an eating disorder (n)
 to be susceptible to (doing) sth/infections
 to starve yourself (v)
 to suffer from a disorder/illness etc. (v)
 to become an obsession for sb (v)
have an obsession with (doing) sth
 to be consistent with sth (adj)
 to deny sth/your illness/the seriousness of sth
(v)
 to evaluate sth (v)
 to get rid of sth (phrasal v)
• to detect bulimia/an illness in sb (v)
• to lack control over sth/self-confidence (v)
• to seek help (v)
• to diagnose a medical problem/disease/a
condition (v)
• to blame sb for (doing) sth (v)

TEXT 3 REASONS WHY CELL PHONES ARE BAD FOR YOUR HEALTH
 to revolutionize sth (v)  to emit light/gas/sound etc. (v)
 a modern convenience (n)  to generate negative feelings (v)
 an efficient way to communicate (adj)  to be visible (adj)
 excessive use of smt (adj)  to conduct a survey/a study/research (v)
 to transmit radio waves (v) / be transmitted  to interfere with sth (phr. v)
electronically  take a precaution/precautions (n)
 exposure to smt (n)
 to show traces of smt (n)
 at rapid speed / a rapid recovery (adj)

UNIT 3
TEXT 1 BROKEN WINDOWS
 crime-prevention theory/methods (n)  the enforcement of the law (n)
the prevention of sth law enforcement
 the tendency (for sb) to do sth (n) to enforce a law or rule (v)
a growing tendency (for sb to do sth)  to cut down on sth (phrasal v.)
to tend to do sth (v)  to drop/increase substantially (adv)
 an unoccupied building (adj) a substantial increase/decrease (adj)
to occupy a building (v)  to adopt a policy/a harsh approach/a method,
 violation of a rule/law/human rights, etc. (n) etc. (v)
to violate a rule/law (v)  to subside (trouble, pain, tension, etc. subsides)
 a petty crime (adj) (v)
 a decline in crime/street violence (n)
a sharp decline

TEXT 2 RECYCLING: THE KAMIKATSU EXAMPLE

  to be/grow concerned about/with/for sth (adj)
a great/serious concern about/over sth (n)
 the impact of sb/sth on/over sb/sth (n)
have a major/significant/profound/negative
impact on sb/sth
 sustainable development/growth/project/
initiative/forms of energy, etc.
environmentally sustainable
 an education/a government initiative (n)
a public/local initiative for sth
 to implement an idea/plan/system, etc. (v)
to be fully implemented
the implementation of a plan, system, etc. (n)
 to sort your trash/waste/clothes etc. (v)
to sort sth into groups or categories
 robotic diligence (n)
work with diligence
diligent work (adj)
TEXT 3 FUTURE OF EDUCATION
• to found sth (v)
founder (n)
foundation (n)
foundational (adj)
• an interactive experience (adj)
to interact with sb (v)
interaction (n)
interactively (adv)
• core literacies/skills (adj)
a core literacy (n)
• a shift from sth to/towards sth (n)
• to aid sb in/with (doing) sth (v)
• to boost sb’s confidence/morale/ego (v)
UNIT 4
TEXT 1: THE SKILLS GAP
 the shortage of skilled labour
a desperate/ severe/serious shortage
 a barrier to success/ growth/ development (n)
to create/ reduce/ overcome/ remove a barrier
 precisely (adv)
 plentiful/adequate supply
gas/water supply
in short supply
 high/low expectation of sb/sth
to expect sb to do sth
 a remedy for/to a problem
 to be made redundant (adj)
to attach a sexist label to sb(n)
 the frustration of sth / that … (n)
sense of frustration
 a convenient way/method/time to do sth (adj)
to be convenient for sb/sth
 to encourage sb to do
encouragement to do sth
 to process waste/food/materials, etc. (v)
the process of doing sth /sth (n)
 to estimate the value/number etc. of sth (v)
to estimate that + sentence
 an incredible example/story/person/talent, etc.
(adj)
 to transform sth into sth (v)
 to value sb/sth (v)
the value of sth (n)
a valuable person/item etc. (adj)
 technological/recent/green innovation (n)
• virtual reality (adj)
virtually (adv)
• to manage sth (v)
manager (n)
management (n)
• consensus on/about sth (n)
to reach a consensus
• a valid measurement/reason/argument
(adj)
• a reliable measurement/test/method (adj)
• to equip sb with sth (v)
to be equipped with sth
 to address a gap/an issue/ a problem
to demonstrate an ability/a skill/
knowledge
 a substitute for sb
to be no substitute for sth
 to persuade sb to do sth
fail/try/ manage to persuade sb
 voluntary work/ service, etc
a voluntary group/organization/agency,
etc.
 an essential /valuable/remarkable attribute
(n)
 to acquire a skill knowledge (v)
TEXT 2: IS THE GLASS CEILING CRACKED?
 an invisible barrier (adj)  to promote sb to sth (v)
 to eliminate sth (from sth) (v) to be promoted to sth
to totally / completely eliminate sth  to interfere with sth (phr v)
 to deprive sb of sth (phr. v)  to facilitate sth (v)
to be deprived of sth  to tackle a problem / issue / question (v)
 to attribute sth to sb / sth (phr. v) to tackle sth head-on / effectively
 to encounter sth (v)

TEXT 3: MALALA YOUSAFZAI – A BIOGRAPHY

 to strongly / seriously advocate sth (v)  an anonymous phone call, letter, etc. (adj)
an advocate of / for sth (n) anonymously (adv)
 to have passion for sth (n)  a nomination for sth (v)
to do sth with passion to nominate sb / sth for / as sth (v)
to be passionate about sth (adj) to nominate sb to do sth
 to ban sth / to ban sb from doing sth (v)  a serious injury / illness / accident (adj)
to out / lift a ban on sth (n) to be seriously ill / injured / damaged (adv)
a banned substance / drug  to recover from sth (v)
 to prohibit sth (v) to make a recovery (sth) (n)
to be prohibited (from doing sth)  to innovate for sth (v)
prohibition (n) to encourage innovation (in sth) (n)
 to strongly oppose (doing) sth (v) scientific / technical / technological
opposing / opposed (adj) innovations
opposition / opponent (n) innovative ideas / products (adj)
 to have the right to do sth (n)  to invest in sth (v)
 to determine to do sth (n) to make an investment (n)
to be determined to do sth (adj) a profitable investment
determination (n)

UNIT 5
TEXT 1: HOW TO BEAT BOREDOM
 to engage in sth (phrasal v.)  to fulfill a goal/requirement (v)
 to date back (phrasal v.) a fulfilling career/life (adj)
 a profound effect/influence/consequence (adj.) to seek/find personal fulfillment (n)
to be profoundly disturbing/grateful (etc.) (adv)  to underline sth (v)
 internal affairs (adj.)  the underlying cause/reason/problem (adj)
internally (adv.)  to have a propensity to do sth (n)
 external factors/conditions (adj.) propensity for sth (n)
externally (adv.)  productive employees/classes (adj.)
 to be/look/seem dull (adj.) to improve/increase productivity (n)
extremely/deadly/very dull (adj) productively (adv.)
 TEXT 2: THE GROWTH MINDSET
 assumption (n)  to attempt sth/to do sth (v)
to assume (that) (v)  to mold yourself/sth/sb into sth (v)
 a sense of fulfillment (n)  to cement a point/idea/relationship, etc. (v)
 to emerge from sth/a place (sth)  to alter sth such as a plan or lifestyle (v)
 diligent study/work (adj.)  a major/big/serious/severe setback (n)
 to nurture an idea/plan/feeling, etc. (v)  to be burdened with/by sth (adj)
 to label sb/sth (v) to burden sth/sb (v)
 the validity of reseach results (n)  to shift sth (v)
 to amass information/knowledge, etc. (v) to shift from sth to sth (v)
 compelling evidence/reason/argument, etc. (adj)

TEXT 3: WHY WE’RE ALL ADDICTED TO TEXTS, TWITTER, AND GOOGLE

 to desire (to do) sth (v)
 abstract concepts/ ideas (adj)
 to be curious about sth (adj)
 to form/run in a loop (n)
 instant success/access (adj)
 to anticipate sth/problems/changes/
developments (v)
anticipation (n)
 to predict sth (v)
(un)predictable (adj)
 a sensitive electronic camera touchpad (adj)
 to enhance sth (v)
 to stimulate sb to do sth (v)
stimulating effects (adj)
stimulus (pl. stimuli) (n)
 an exhausting task/day/ process (adj)
to be exhausted from/by sth (adj)
exhaustion (n)
 to accomplish sth (v)
to easily/successfully/safely accomplish sth (v)
accomplishment (n)
 to adjust sth (for sth) (v)
to slightly/automatically adjust sth
to make (the necessary) adjustments to sth (n)

MTR II
TEXT 55 UNSCHOOLING

 to have / show / lack emotional / intellectual

 to have / set / achieve / reach short-term /
achievable / unrealistic / common goal (n)
 to have / adopt / try / use new / novel /
traditional / (in)formal / scientific approach (n)
 to be / become / remain / make sth flexible // a
flexible job / approach / attitude (adj)
 to proceed rapidly / slowly / cautiously /
smoothly = to advance (v)
 at sb’s own pace // a fast / rapid / slow pace //
the pace of change / life (n)
 to meet the requirements of sth (n)
 to vary greatly / widely (from sb/sth to sb/sth)
(v)
maturity (n)
 to demand sth (from sb) (v) // to make / meet
urgent / main / strong demand (for sth) (n)
 to (closely / approximately) correspond sth with
sth (v)
 to estimate that + sentence // to estimate sth /
the cost
 to be totally / truly unique (to a place / Turkey =
only found in) (adj)
 to be receptive to sth / learning / new ideas = to
be open to (adj)
 to consider doing sth (v)

TEXT 40 A GOOD LIFE

 to attain sth (v.)  to be consistent (adj.)
 attainable goals/targets/objectives (adj.)
the attainment of a goal (n.)
 a steady way of life (adj.)
 to contribute to sth (phr. v.)
 longevity (n.)
 inclination to do sth (n.)
 to be inclined to do sth (adj.)
TEXT 29 DO MEN AND WOMEN SPEAK THE SAME LANGUAGE?
 to judge sb/sth by sth (v.)
 misinterpretation (n.)
to misinterpret sth (as sth) (v.)
 to arise from sth (v.)
 grave reasons (adj.)
 contrary to general impression/popular
belief /opinion (adj.)
 social gatherings // a family gathering (n.)  solely (adv.)
 to participate in sth (v.)
participation in sth (n.)
a participant in sth (n.)
 to interrupt sb (v.)
interruption (n.)
 notably (adv.)
a notable success/achievement/example
(adj.)
 male/female/foreign/British counterparts (n.)
 a reciprocal exchange/relationship (adj.)
TEXT 141 THE ERA OF HIGH-TECH POLLUTION
 an annual turnover (n.)
 an (average) lifespan of 5 days/10 years (n.)
 to confine sth to sth (v.)
 waste disposal (n.)
to dispose of sth (v.)
TEXT 121 BRAIN GENE ‘CLUE TO AGEING’
 an association between A and B (n.)
to be associated with sth (adj.)
 progressive decline/reduction in sth (adj.)
 virtually every mental symptom (adv.)
TEXT 62 PARAGLIDING
 to be proficient in/at sth/doing sth (adj.)
proficiency in/at sth/ doing sth (n.)
 to act accordingly (adv.)
 to develop/use judgment (n.)
 predetermined landing spot/level of spending
/limit/amount (adj.)
to predetermine sth (v.)
 pioneer in/of sth (n.)
TEXT 140 CAUSES OF ENDANGERMENT
 to conceive sth/of sth (as sth) // to conceive
consistently (adv.)
consistency (n.)
 a stable cultural environment (adj.)
 to be affectionate (adj.)
affectionately (adv.)
affection (n.)
 to retain sth (v.)
 to raise a topic/an issue/a subject/a question (v.)
 to elaborate on sth (v.)
 to contradict sb/sth (v.)
contradiction (between A and B) (n.)
contradictory messages/statements/demands (adj.)
 abruptly (adv.)
an abrupt change/halt/end (adj.)
the sole purpose/reason/survivor (adj.)
 to trigger sth (v.)
 to assert oneself (v.)
 to impose sth on sb (v.)
 to reassure sb (about sth) // to reassure sb that
+sentence (v.)
 discrepancy (between A and B/in sth) (n.)
 to conceal sth (v.)
 an uphill struggle/battle/fight (adj.)
 precisely (adv.)
precise details/instructions/measurements (adj.)
 life expectancy (n)
 to result from sth (phr. v.)
 to obtain sth (v.)
 to tackle sth (v.)
 progression (from sth) (to sth) (n.)
 to soar (v.)
 reckless actions (adj.)
recklessly (adv.)
recklessness (n.)
 a courageous decision (adj.)
 to detect sth (v.)
 that + sentence // to conceive what/how/why
etc. (v.)
conception (of sth) // conception (that) (n.)
 to encompass sth (v.)
 captive/wildlife conservation (n.)
to conserve sth (v.)
 overexploitation (n.)
 to undergo alterations (v.)
 to accelerate sth (v.)
 to adjust to new circumstances (v.)
 a potent force/symbol/weapon/drug (adj.)
 to induce changes in climate (v.)
 to be susceptible to sth (adj.)
susceptibility to sth (n.)
 to disrupt ecological balances (v.)
disruption (n.)
 the utilization of sth (n.)
to utilize sth (as sth) (v.)
 to transmit a disease (v.)
the transmission of a disease (n.)
 to jeopardize sb/sth (v.)
to put sb/sth in jeopardy (n.)

TEXT 106 E-BOOKS E-MERGE

 to feel/have/resist/fight/supress an urge to do  a major/ considerable/complex/risky/ hazardous
sth (n.) undertaking (n.)
to urge sb to do sth//to urge sb that +sentence to undertake a task/a project/research/a study (v.)
(v.)  nomination for sth (n.)
 at the disposal of sb/at sb’s disposal (n.) to nominate sb (for sth) (v.)
 virtually (adv.)
 to submit sth (to sb/sth)
submission (n.)
 prospect for/of sth (n.)
 as regards sth (idiom)

TEXT 20 FACTORS INFLUENCING PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR

 to assume that + sentence (v.)
to make an assumption (n.)
 to indicate that + sentence (v.)
 a bystander (n.)
 to interfere with sth (phr. v.)
 to take sth into account (idiom)
 to encounter sth (v.)
 an ambiguous situation (adj.)
 the occurrence of sth (n.)
 to assess sth (v.)
assessment (n.)
 to foster sth (v.)
 to be unwilling to do sth (adj)
 to be prejudiced against/in favour of sb/sth (adj.)
prejudice against/in favour of sb/sth (n.)
 to be vulnerable (to sb/sth) (adj.)

TEXT 109 LAZERS THE LIGHT OF THE 21ST CENTURY

 a new invention(n)  to determine(v)
invent (v)  to prevent excessive bleeding
inventor (n)  to treat(v) an aillness
an inventive (adj) method/ mind treatment (n) of cancer
 to be familiar with sth  to remove(v) cancerous growth
familiar sight/tune  destroy (v) cancerous growth
 accuracy(n) of sth  ordinary telephone technology
do sth with accuracy extraordinary
 accurate (adj) ordinarily
TEXT 54 WHO NEEDS A DEGREE?
 a(n) experienced / senior / federal /  a remote area (adj)
 independent judge (n)
to correctly / wrongly / harshly judge sb / sth //
to judge sb by their appearance (v)
to make a(n) quick / (in)accurate judgement
about sb / sth (n)
to be / sound judgmental about / of sb / sth
(adj)
 to achieve a goal / objectives / an ambition (v)
great / significant / personal / scientific
achievement (n)
an achievable goal / outcome / target (adj)
 to show great / academic / intellectual
brilliance (n) = great skill or intelligence
 to originate from sb / sth (v)
the origins of sth / life / the universe (n)
an original painting / idea (adj) // originally
(adv)
TEXT 21 THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR
 to be concerned with sth/sb (adj.)
 to be rooted in sth (adj.)
 heredity (n.)
a hereditary illness/disease/condition/problem
(adj.)
 curiously (adv.)
to be curious (about sth) // to be curious (to do
sth) (adj.)
curiosity (about sth) // curiosity (to do sth) (n.)
 to make/draw a distinction (between A and B)
(n.)
to be distinct from sth (adj.)
 an instinctive behavior/reaction (adj.)
instinctively (adv.)
instinct to do sth (n.)
TEXT 22 ADDICTIVE PERSONALITY
 to associate sb/sth (with sb/sth) (v.)
 a (constant) compulsion (to do sth) (n.)
compulsive eating/spending/gambling (adj.)
 impulse to do sth (n.)
 to engage in sth // to engage sb in sth (phr. v.)
 to neglect sb / sth (v.)
 to be secretive (about sth) (adj.)
 to have access to sth (n.)
to access sth (v.)
 substance/alcohol/drug abuse (n.)
to abuse alcohol/drugs (v.)
 to make adjustments to sth (n)
TEXT 51 CULTURE AND FIELDWORK
 customary behaviour (adj.)
 to dominate the world of media (v)
male / female-dominated job / industry (adj)
the dominating factors / personality (adj)
to achieve / establish complete / economic /
political / male domination (n)
 to be in awe of sb / sth (n)
 to put off (doing sth) = to postpone (phr v)
 to broaden the / your mind / horizons (v)
 to advise sb (not) to do sth
to give (sb) / ask (for) / follow / take practical / helpful
/ legal / financial advice (n)
It is / seems advisable to do sth (adj)
 stimulus (plural stimuli) (n.)
to stimulate sth (v.)
to substitute (for) sb/sth // to substitute A for B (v.)
 substitution (n.)
a substitute (for sb/sth) (n.)
 artificial eggs/flowers/sweeteners (adj.)
artificially (adv.)
 to permit sb to do sth (v.)
 to range from A to B (n.)
 to relieve an unpleasant feeling (v.)
relief (n.)
 to adjust sth (to sth) (v.)
 to exaggerate sth (v.)
exaggeration (n.)
 an obstructive influence (adj.)
to obstruct sth (v.)
obstruction (n.)
 to alter a person’s brain chemistry (v.)
alteration (n.)
 to abstain (from sth) (v.)
 intervention in sth (n.)
to intervene in sth (v.)
 to suffer from malnutrition (n.)
 to engage in sth (phr. v.)
 to acquire customs/a language/information (v.)  to immerse yourself in sth (v.)
language acquisition (n. phr)  to employ sth (v.)
 to conform to rules/standards (phr. v.)  to confide (to sb) // to confide (to sb) that + sentence
 to abide by sb’s decision (phr. v.)
 prevalent among young children/in big cities
(adj.)
 mainstream culture/politics/journals/media
(adj.)

TEXT 23 SCHIZOPHRENIA
 to live up to sth (phr. v.)  incomprehensible (adj.)
 major disturbances (n.)  distortion (n.)
 perception of reality (n.) to distort sth (v.)
to perceive sth // to perceive sb/sth to be /have  to exclude sth (from sth) (v.)
sth (v.) exclusion (of sb/sth) (from sth) (n.)
 to account for sth (phr. v.)  social withdrawal (n.)
 to occupy a place (v.)  to be liable to do sth (adj.)
 a striking resemblance/feature (adj.)  a considerable period of time (adj)
 peculiar ideas (adj.) considerably (adv.)
peculiarity (n.)

TEXT 45 TIME AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION

 to be/seem arbitrary // an arbitrary decision  precisely (adv)
(adj) to be precise // precise details/instructions
 to measure sth (v) /measurements (adj)
measurement (n)
 disregard for sth (n)
measurable (adj)
to disregard sth (v)
 to perceive sth (v)
perception (n)  consistently (adv)
 conception (of sth) // conception that +  to appreciate sth (v)
sentence (n) to have appreciation of sth (n)
an economic commodity (n)

TEXT 27 WHO TALKS MORE – MEN OR WOMEN?

 cultural/gender/racial stereotypes // to  to determine sth (v.)
conform to/fit the stereotype of sb/sth (n.)  nurture (n.)
 to gain status/reputation/support/experience/ to nurture sb/sth (v.)
confidence (v.)  task-oriented toys/leaders/approach/management
 to point out sth to sb // to point out that + (adj.)
sentence (phr. v.)
 interactive toys/games/videos (adj.)
 to shed light on sth (idiom)
interaction (between A and B) / interaction (of A) with
 to be/remain/stay alert (adj.)
B (n.)
alertness (n.)
 to respond by doing sth // to respond to sb/sth
(with sth) (v.)
to make a response to sb/sth // in response to
sth (n.)

TEXT 132 WILL WE TRAVEL TO STARS

 to require(v) a well-equipped spacacraft
requirement(n)
basic/ general requirements
 to object(v)
objection(n)
 main / no objection to sth
 to accelerate(v) to speed
the acceleration(n) of a car
 to overcome difficulties/problems
 enormous(adj)
 to transmit(v) signals
 to generate(v) power
 to explore
the direction we wish to explore