8.condensed Matter Physics - NET-JRF

fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
0
Q1. A narrow beam of X - rays with wavelength 1.5 A is reflected from an ionic crystal with
an fcc lattice structure with a density of 3.32 gcm 3 . The molecular weight is 108 amu
( 1 amu  1.66 1024 g )

A. The lattice constant is
0 0 0 0
(a) 6.00 A (b) 4.56 A (c) 4.00 A (d) 2.56 A
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Given ne f f  4 , M = 108 kg,   3.32gm cm -3 = 3320 kgm-3,
N A  6.023 1026 atoms/kmol
ne f f  M 4  108
a3    6.00  10 30 m 3  6.00  10 10  6.00 A 0
NA   6.023  10 26  3320
B. The sine of the angle corresponding to (111) reflection is
3 3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 8 4 8
Ans. : (b)
Solution: According to Bragg’s law
 a a
2d sin    , sin   where d   for (111) plane
2d h2  k 2  l 2 3
3 3  1.5 A0 3 3 3
 sin      .
2a 2 6A 0
2 6 2 8
Q2. A flux quantum (fluxoid) is approximately equal to 210-7 gauss-cm2. A type II
superconductor is placed in a small magnetic field, which is then slowly increased till the
field starts penetrating the superconductor. The strength of the field at this point is
2
 105 gauss.

A. The penetrating depth of this superconductor is
0 0 0 0
(a) 100 A (b) 10 A (c) 1000 A (d) 314 A
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Ans. : (a)
Solution: Given Fluxoid  0  2  10 7 gauss –cm2
2
First Critical field H c1    10 5 gauss

The relation between first critical field and penetration depth is
0 0 2  107 0
H c1    2
   1012 cm 2    10 6 cm  100 A
2
 H c1   2  105

B. The applied field is further increased till superconductivity is completely destroyed.
8
The strength of the field is now  105 gauss. The correlation length of the

superconductor is
0 0 0 0
(a) 20 A (b) 200 A (c) 628 A (d) 2000 A
Ans. : None of the options is matched.
8
Solution: Given second critical field H c 2    10 5 gauss. The relation between second critical

0
field and correlation length is H c 2  2.

0 2  10 7 1 1 100 0
 2     10 12 cm 2     106 cm   1010 m  50 A
H c 2 8
   10 5 4
2 2

Q3. The two dimensional lattice of graphene is an arrangement of Carbon atoms forming a
honeycomb lattice of lattice spacing a, as shown below. The Carbon atoms occupy the
vertices.
1
c1
1
(A). The Wigner-Seitz cell has an area of d2

1
c2
1
3 2
1
a1
1 1
(a) 2a 2 (b) a d1 b1
2
1
a2 b2
a
2 3 3 2
(c) 6 3a (d) a
2
Ans. : (d)
 
Solution: Primitive lattice vectors are b1 and b2
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
b1  3a cos 300 iˆ  3a cos 600 ˆj 
2
3
a  3iˆ  ˆj 
   3 3 2
b2 
2
3
a  
3i  ˆj ,  A  b2  b1 
2
a
(B). The Bravais lattice for this array is a

 
(a) rectangular lattice with basis vectors d1 and d 2
 
(b) rectangular lattice with basis vectors c1 and c2
 
(c) hexagonal lattice with basis vectors a1 and a2
 
(d) hexagonal lattice with basis vectors b1 and b2
Ans. : (c)
 
Solution: The Bravaiss lattice for this array is the Hexagonal lattice with basis vectors a1 and a 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q4. The potential of a diatomic molecule as a function of the distance r between the atoms is
a b
given by V r    6
 12 . The value of the potential at equilibrium separation between
r r
the atoms is:
(a)  4a 2 / b (b)  2a 2 / b (c)  a 2 / 2b (d)  a 2 / 4b
Ans. : (d)
a b dV r 
Solution: Given V r    6
 12 . At equilibrium radius, 0
r r dr r r0
dV r  6a 12b r013 12b 2b 2b

   7  13  0  7    r06 
dr r0 r0 r0 6a a a
a b a2 a2  a2
 The value of potential at equilibrium is V r0         .
r06 r012 2b 4b 4b
Q5. If the number density of a free electron gas in three dimensions is increased eight times,
its Fermi temperature will
(a) increase by a factor of 4 (b) decrease by a factor of 4
(c) increase by a factor of 8 (d) decrease by a factor of 8
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Ans. : (a)
Solution: The relation between Fermi energy and electron density is E F 
2
2m
3 2 n  
2/3
.
E  '
F
2
2m

3 2  8n
2/3
 4E
 4 E F  TF'  F TF  4TF
EF
Q6. The excitations of a three-dimensional solid are bosonic in nature with their frequency ω
and wave-number k are related by ω  k2 in the large wavelength limit. If the chemical
potential is zero, the behaviour of the specific heat of the system at low temperature is
proportional to
(a) T 1/ 2 (b) T (c) T 3/ 2 (d) T 3
Ans. : (c)
Solution: If the dispersion relation is   k s in large wavelength. Then the specific heat is
C v  T 3 / s . Given   k 2  C v  T 3 / 2
NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q7. Consider a system of non-interacting particles in d dimensional obeying the dispersion
relation   Ak s , where ε is the energy, k is the wavevector, s is an integer and A is
constant. The density of states, N(ε), is proportional to
s d d s
1 1 1 1
(a)  d (b)  s
(c)  s
(d)  d
Ans. : (b)
Q8. The experimentally measured transmission spectra of metal, insulator and semiconductor
thin films are shown in the figure. It can be inferred that I, II and III correspond,
respectively, to
 
Transmission (%)
(a) insulator, semiconductor and metal

(b) semiconductor, metal and insulator
(c) metal, semiconductor and insulator
(d) insulator, metal and semiconductor 
Ans. : (a) 300 1000

Wavelength (nm)
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Q9. The energy required to create a lattice vacancy in a crystal is equal to 1 eV. The ratio of
the number densities of vacancies n(1200 K)/n(300 K) when the crystal is at equilibrium
at 1200 K and 300 K, respectively, is approximately
(a) exp 30  (b) exp 15 (c) exp15 (d) exp30
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The equation for number density of vacancies n  Ne  E / 2 k BT where E: Energy required
to form vacancies, N: density of lattice sites
E  1 1
n1200K 
E  1 1  E  1 
n e  E / 2 k BT1   
2k T T     
 1   E / 2 k BT2  e B  2 1  ,  e 2 k B  300 1200   e 2 k B  400   e 30
n2 e n300 K 
Q10. The dispersion relation of phonons in a solid is given by
 2 k    02 3  cos k x a  cos k y a  cos k z a 
The velocity of the phonons at large wavelength is
(a)  0 a / 3 (b)  0 a (c) 3 0 a (d)  0 a / 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: For large  , k x a, k y a, k z a  are small.
  k 2 a 2   k y2 a 2   k z2 a 2   02 a 2 2
 k    3  1  x   1 
2 2
0
2   2
  1 
  2
 
2

k x  k y2  k z2 
    
 2a2 a d  0 a
 2 k   0 k 2    0 k  v g   .
2 2 dk 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q11. A magnetic field sensor based on the Hall Effect is to be fabricated by implanting As into
a Si film of thickness 1 μm. The specifications require a magnetic field sensitivity of
500 mV/Tesla at an excitation current of 1 mA. The implantation dose is to be adjusted
such that the average carrier density, after activation, is
(a) 1.25 × 1026 m-3 (b) 1.25 × 1022 m-3
(c) 4.1 × 1021 m-3 (d) 4.1 × 1020 m-3
Ans. : (b)
IB 103 1 V
Solution: n   6 19
 3
 1.25 1022 m 3 where H  500  10 3 V / T .
teVH 10 1.6 10 500 10 B
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Q12. In a band structure calculation, the dispersion relation for electrons is found to be
 k   cos k x a  cos k y a  cos k z a ,
where β is a constant and a is the lattice constant. The effective mass at the boundary of
the first Brillouin zone is
2 2 4 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 a 2 5 a 2 2 a 2 3 a 2
Ans. : (d)
2
Solution:  k   cos k x a  cos k y a  cos k z a , Effective mass m  
 d 2 k 
 2 
 d k 
 
  
Brilliouin zone boundary is at k x   ,ky   ,kz   .
a a a
 d 2 k  2
Hence  2   3 a 2  m   .
 d k   , , 3 a 2
a a a
Q13. The radius of the Fermi sphere of free electrons in a monovalent metal with an fcc
structure, in which the volume of the unit cell is a3, is
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
 12 2   3 2   2  1
(a)  3  (b)  3  (c)  3  (d)
 a   a  a  a
Ans. : (a)
1/ 3
 3 2 N   2    2 k F2 
  3 n   
2/3
Solution: Radius of Fermi sphere is k F    , EF   2

 V   2m   2m 
1/ 3
N 4  12 2 
For fcc solid  3  k F   3  .
V a  a 
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q14. Using the frequency-dependent Drude formula, what is the effective kinetic inductance of
a metallic wire that is to be used as a transmission line? [In the following, the electron
mass is m , density of electrons is n , and the length and cross-sectional area of the wire
 and A respectively.]

(a) mA / ne 2   (b) zero 
(c) m / ne 2 A  
(d) m A / ne 2  2 
Ans. : (c)
Q15. The phonon dispersion for the following one-dimensional diatomic lattice with masses
M 1 and M 2 (as shown in the figure)
K
M1 M2 M1 M2
is given by
 1 1  4M 1 M 2 2  qa 

 2 q   K    1  1  sin   
 M 1 M 2   M 1  M 2 2  2  
where a is the lattice parameter and K is the spring constant. The velocity of sound is
K M 1  M 2  K
(a) a (b) a
2M 1 M 2 2M 1  M 2 
K M 1  M 2  KM 1 M 2
(c) a (d) a
2M 1  M 2 
3
M 1M 2
Ans. : (b)
Solution: For small value of q (i.e. long wavelength approximation limit).
 qa  qa
We have sin   
 2  2
 1 1  4M 1M 2 2  qa 

2 q      1  1  sin  2 
 M1  M 2 
2
 M 1 M 2     
1  4M 1 M 2  qa  
2
 1
  2 q       1  1  2   
M
 1 M 2  

 M 1  M 2   2  
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 1 1    1 4 M 1 M 2 q 2 a 2 
  2 q       1  1  



 M 1 M 2    2 M 1  M 2  4 
2
 1 1   M 1 M 2 q 2 a 2 
  2 q       1  1 



   M 1  M 2  2 
2
 M1 M 2
 1 1   M 1 M 2 q 2 a 2 
For Acoustical branch:  2 q       1  1 



   M 1  M 2  2 
2
 M1 M 2
 M  M2  M 1 M 2 q 2 a 2  a 2
  2 q     1   
 M  M 2 2  2M  M  q
2
 M 1M 2  1 2  1 2

  q   aq
2M 1  M 2 
 
Velocity of sound is v g   a
q 2M 1  M 2 
Q16. The electron dispersion relation for a one-dimensional metal is given by

 ka 1 2 
 k  2 0 sin 2  sin ka 
 2 6 
where k is the momentum, a is the lattice constant,  0 is a constant having dimensions of
energy and ka   . If the average number of electrons per atom in the conduction band
is 1/3, then the Fermi energy is

(a)  0 / 4 (b)  0 (c) 2 0 / 3 (d) 5 0 / 3
Ans. : (a)
Q17. If the energy dispersion of a two-dimensional electron system is E  uk where u is the
velocity and k is the momentum, then the density of states D E  depends on the energy
as
(a) 1 / E (b) E (c) E (d) constant
Ans. : (c)
Solution: In two dimensional system, the number of allowed k-states in range k and k  dk is
2
 L 
g k dk    2kdk .
 2 
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E dE
Given dispersion relation is E  uk  k   dk 
u u
2 2
 L  E dE  L  2
 g E dE    2     EdE
 2   2  u 
2
u u
g E dE 1 L2
  E    E.
dE u 2 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
Q18. The physical phenomenon that cannot be used for memory storage applications is
(a) large variation in magnetoresistance as a function of applied magnetic field
(b) variation in magnetization of a ferromagnet as a function of applied magnetic field
(c) variation in polarization of a ferroelectric as a function of applied electric field
(d) variation in resistance of a metal as a function of applied electric field
Ans. : (d)
Q19. The energy of an electron in a band as a function of its wave vector k is given
by E k   E 0  B cos k x a  cos k y a  cos k z a  , where E0 , B and a are constants. The
effective mass of the electron near the bottom of the band is

2 2 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3Ba 2 3Ba 2 2Ba 2 Ba 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Near the bottom of the band the k  0
1 1 1
 k x a  , cos k y a  1   k y a  , cos k z a  1   kz a 
2 2 2
cos k x a  1 
2 2 2
 1 1 1 2
E  k   E0  B  cos k x a  cos k y a  cos k z a   E0  B 1   k x a   1   k y a   1   k z a  
2 2
 2 2 2 
 1 2 1
 E0  B  3  a 2  k x  k x  k x    E0  3B  Ba 2 k 2
 2  2
2
 2
Effective mass of the electron is m *  2 
d E / dk 2 Ba 2
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Q20. A DC voltage V is applied across a Josephson junction between two superconductors

with a phase difference 0 . If I 0 and k are constants that depend on the properties of the
junction, the current flowing through it has the form
 2eVt   2eVt 
(a) I 0 sin   0  (b) kV sin   0 
     
(c) kV sin  0 (d) I 0 sin  0  kV
Ans. : (a)
Q21. A uniform linear monoatomic chain is modeled by a spring-mass system of masses m
separated by nearest neighbour distance a and spring constant m 02 . The dispersion
relation for this system is
  ka    ka 
(a)  k   2 0 1  cos   (b)  k   2 0 sin 2  
  2   2 
 ka   ka 
(c)  k   2 0 sin   (d)  k   2 0 tan  
 2   2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The dispersion relation for uniform linear mono-atomic chain of atoms is
 ka 
 k   2 0 sin  
 2 
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q22. The pressure of a nonrelativistic free Fermi gas in three-dimensions depends, at T  0 ,
on the density of fermions n as
(a) n 5 / 3 (b) n1 / 3 (c) n 2 / 3 (d) n 4 / 3
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The Fermi energy in three dimension is defined as
2/3
 2  3 2 N 
EF  
2m  V 
 
2
2m

3 2 n 2/3
Where, n is the electron concentration or density of free Fermi gas.

The total energy of free Fermi gas in 3D is
2/3
3 3  2  3 2 N 
E  NE F  N   
5 5 2m  V 
The pressure of a nonrelativistic free Fermi gas is defined as

 E 
p F  
3
  N
2
3 2 N     V 5 / 3
2/3  2
 V  N 5 2m  3
2
5
2
 nEF  n 
5
2
2m
3 n  
2 2/3 2 2
5 2m
3 2  n 5 / 3
2/3
Q23. Consider an electron in bcc lattice with lattice constant a . A single particle wavefunction


  
that satisfies the Bloch theorem will have the form f r  exp ik .r , with f r  being
 2   2   2 
(a) 1  cos   x  y  z   cos   x  y  z   cos   x  y  z 
 a   a   a 
 2   2   2 
(b) 1  cos   x  y   cos   y  z   cos   z  x 
 a   a   a 
     
(c) 1  cos   x  y   cos   y  z   cos   z  x 
a  a  a 
     
(d) 1  cos   x  y  z   cos   x  y  z   cos   x  y  z 
a  a  a 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The primitive translational vector for BCC is
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 a
 a
2
  2
  a
 
a '  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , b '  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , c '  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
2

Bloch function defined as
  
 
 k r   u k r e ik .r  f r e ik .r

Here f r  is atomic wavefunction, which has the periodicity of the lattice i.e.
 
u k r  a   u k r 
Given Bloch function
  2   2   2 
f (r )  1  cos   x  y    cos   y  z    cos   z  x  
 a   a   a 
   2  a a   2  a a   2  a a 
f (r  a ' )  1  cos   x  y     cos   y  z     cos   z  x   
 a  2 2   a  2 2   a  2 2 
   2   2   2 
f (r  a ' )  1  cos   x  y   cos   y  z   2   cos   z  x 
 a   a   a 
   2   2   2  
f (r  a ' )  1  cos   x  y   cos   y  z   cos   z  x   f (r )
 a   a   a 
  
f (r  a ' )  f (r )
Similarly,
     
f (r  b ' )  f (r ) and f ( r  c ' )  f ( r )
Other functions do not satisfy the periodicity
Q24. The dispersion relation for electrons in an f.c.c. crystal is given, in the tight binding
approximation, by
 kxa kya kya k a k a k a
 k   4 0 cos cos  cos cos z  cos z cos x 
 2 2 2 2 2 2 
where a is the lattice constant and  0 is a constant with the dimension of energy. The x -
 
component of the velocity of the electron at  , 0, 0  is
a 
(a)  2 0 a /  (b) 2 0 a /  (c)  4 0 a /  (d) 4 0 a / 
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: Group velocity of electron in dispersive medium is expressed as
 1 d 1  d ˆ d ˆ d    
v   i j kˆ   v x iˆ  v y ˆj  v z kˆ
 dk   dk x dk y dk z 
 kx a kya ka k a  ka kya kya k a 
 sin cos  cos z sin x  iˆ   cos x sin  sin cos z  ˆj  
 2 a  2 2 2 2   2 2 2 2  
v 0  

  sin k z a cos y  cos k x a sin k z a  kˆ
k a

  2 2 2 2  
 
At  , 0, 0 
a 
 2 a         
v  0  sin cos 0  cos 0sin  iˆ   cos sin 0  sin 0cos 0  ˆj   cos 0sin 0  sin 0cos  kˆ 
  2 2  2   2 
 4 a   
v  0 iˆ  0 ˆj  0kˆ    0iˆ  0 ˆj  0kˆ   vx iˆ  v y ˆj  vz kˆ
    
 4 a  
vx  0 , v y  0, vz  0

4 0 a
The x - component of velocity is vx 

NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
Q25. When laser light of wavelength  falls on a metal scale with 1 mm engravings at a
grazing angle of incidence, it is diffracted to form a vertical chain of diffraction spots on
a screen kept perpendicular to the scale. If the wavelength of the laser is increased by 200
nm, the angle of the first-order diffraction spot changes from 5 0 to
(a) 6.60 0 (b) 5.14 0 (c) 5.018 0 (d) 5.210
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The condition of maxima peak in grating is
b sin   m ; m  0,1, 2,3,....
where b is the width of slit or width of engraving, whereas ‘ m ’ is the order of
diffraction and  is the angle of diffraction
For 1st order diffraction: b sin    (i)
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When wavelength of incident light increased to    200 nm , let’s assume the 1st order
peak appears at    b sin      200 (ii)

Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii), we get
b sin   b sin    200
200 200  109
 sin    sin    sin     sin 
b 10 3
 sin    2  10 4  sin   2  10 4  sin 50  2  10 4  0.087196  0.08736
    sin 1  0.08736     5.010
Q26. Consider the crystal structure of sodium chloride which is modeled as a set of touching
spheres. Each sodium atom has a radius r1 and each chlorine atom has a radius r2 . The
centres of the spheres from a simple cubic lattice. The packing fraction of this system is
 r 3
  r2 
3
 2 r13  r23
(a)   1      (b)
 r1  r2   r1  r2   3 r1  r2 3
r13  r23 r13  r23

(c) (d) 
r1  r2 3 2r1  r2 
3
Ans. : (b)
Solution: This question can only be solved by solving each option by assuming r1  r2 and

comparing result with the packing fraction of simple cubic which is .
6
  r 3  r 3    1 3  1 3  
Option (a):   1
 
2
          
 r1  r2   r1  r2    2   2   4
2 r13  r23 2 2r 3 2 1 
Option (b):     
3  r1  r2 3 3 8r 3 3 4 6
r13  r23 2r 3 1
Option (c):  3 
 r1  r2 
3
8r 4
 r13  r23 2r 3 
Option (d):  
2  r1  r2 3 2  8r 3
8
Thus, correct option is (b)
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Q27. Consider two crystalline solids, one of which has a simple cubic structure, and the other
has a tetragonal structure. The effective spring constant between atoms in the c -direction
is half the effective spring constant between atoms in the a and b directions. At low
temperatures, the behaviour of the lattice contribution to the specific heat will depend as
a function of temperature T as
(a) T 2 for the tetragonal solid, but as T 3 for the simple cubic solid
(b) T for the tetragonal solid, and as T 3 for the simple cubic solid
(c) T for both solids
(d) T 3 for both solids
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The specific heat of solid in three dimensions is proportional to T 3 and it is
independent of crystal structure.
In 3D : CV  T 3
In 2D : CV  T 2
In 1D : CV  T

Q28. A superconducting ring carries a steady current in the presence of a magnetic field B
normal to the plane of the ring. Identify the INCORRECT statement.
(a) The flux passing through the superconductor is quantized in units of hc / e
(b) The current and the magnetic field in the superconductor are time independent.
   
(c) The current density j and B are related by the equation   j  2 B  0 , where 
is a constant
(d) The superconductor shows an energy gap which is proportional to the transition
temperature of the superconductor
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The flux quantization in superconducting ring is   no
hc h
where o  in CGS units and o  in MKS units.
2e 2e
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)
Q29. X -ray of wavelength   a is reflected from the 111 plane of a simple cubic lattice. If
the lattice constant is a , the corresponding Bragg angle (in radian) is

   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 3 8
Ans. (c)
Solution: According to Bragg’s Law 2d sin   
a a a
where d    for 111 plane
h k l
2 2 2
111 3
 a 3  3 
 sin        sin 1   
2d a 2  2  3
2
3
Q30. The critical magnetic fields of a superconductor at temperatures 4 K and 8 K are
11 mA / m and 5.5 mA / m respectively. The transition temperature is approximately
(a) 8.4 K (b) 10.6 K (c) 12.9 K (d) 15.0 K
Ans. (b)
Solution: The relation between critical field and critical temperature is
  T 2 
H C T   H 0 1    
  TC  
Let at T  T1 , H C T1  , T  T2 , H C T   H C T2 
  T 2    T 2 
Thus we get H C T1   H 0 1     , H C T2   H 0 1   2  
1
  TC     TC  
H C T1  2
2
T 
1  1  T2  T12
H C T1  C  2 2 8   4 
2 2
T H T
  C  T   TC   10.6
H C T2  T 
2 C
H C T1  2 1
1  2  1
H C T2 
 TC
where T1  4 k , T2  8 k , H C T1   11 mA / m and H C T2   5.5 mA / m
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Q31. The low-energy electronic excitations in a two-dimensional sheet of grapheme is given


 
by E k  vk , where v is the velocity of the excitations. The density of states is
proportional to
3 1
(a) E (b) E 2 (c) E 2 (d) E 2
Ans. (a)
Solution: The number of k - states in range k and k  dk in two dimension is
2
 L 
g  k  dk    2 kdk
 2 
2 2
 L  E dE  L  2
 E   k  dE   dk  g  E  dE    2     EdE
 2     2    
2
The density of state is

g  E  dE
2
 L  2
 E    E   E  E
 2    
2
dE
Q32. A He  Ne laser operates by using two energy levels of Ne separated by 2.26 eV .
Under steady state conditions of optical pumping, the equivalent temperature of the
system at which the ratio of the number of atoms in the upper state to that in the lower
1
state will be , is approximately (the Boltzmann constant k B  8.6 105 eV / K )
20
(a) 1010 K (b) 108 K (c) 106 K (d) 104 K
Ans. (d)
Solution: According to Boltzmann relation
E2 N2
N2  E  N1  kT  E E
 exp     exp  T 
N1  kT  N2  E  N  E1 N1
k ln  2 
 N1 
N1 2.26
E  2.26 eV , k B  8.6 105 eV / K ,  20  T   0.877 104 K
N2  1 
8.6 105 ln  
 20 
 T  104 K
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NET/JRF (DEC-2015)
Q33. The first order diffraction peak of a crystalline solid occurs at a scattering angle of 300
when the diffraction pattern is recorded using an x-ray beam of wavelength 0.15 nm . If
the error in measurements of the wavelength and the angle are 0.01nm and 10
respectively, then the error in calculating the inter-planar spacing will approximately be
(a) 1.1 102 nm (b) 1.3  104 nm (c) 2.5  102 nm (d) 2.0  103 nm
Ans. : (a)
 d 1 d  cos 
Solution: Bragg’s Law for n  1,   2d sin   d    , 
2sin   2sin   2sin 2 
Error in d can be calculated as
2 2 2
 d   d  2  1  2   cos   2
     2  
2
        
      2sin    2sin  
d 2

2 2 2
 d2
1  2sin   2   cos    2sin   2
 2           
d 4sin    
2
 
 2sin  sin     
1
 2
 2
 2        2 2 2
 d
  2   d  d        
d 2
 2
tan      tan   
where   30o ,   1.5  1010 m,    0.11010 m,    1o
 1.5 1010
d   1.5  1010 m
2sin  2sin 30o
1
    
2 2 1
 0.11010   2
    3  
2 2
  180    1.5  1010  0.067   

2
Thus,  d  1.5 1010  10   
 1.5 10   tan 30     180  
     
  
1 1
 1.5  10  0.067    0.03  2  1.5 1010  0.005389 2
102 2
 
 d  1.5 10  0.0734  0.111010  1.11011 m  1.1102 nm
10
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Q34. The dispersion relation of electrons in a 3-dimensional lattice in the tight binding
approximation is given by,
 k   cos k x a   cos k y a   cos k z a
where a is the lattice constant and  ,  ,  are constants with dimension of energy. The
   
effective mass tensor at the corner of the first Brillouin zone  , ,  is
a a a
 1/  0 0   1/  0 0 
2   2  
(a) 2  0 1/  0  (b) 2  0 1/  0 
a  a 
 0 0 1/    0 0 1/  
 1/  0 0  1/  0 0 
2   2  
(c) 2  0 1/  0  (d) 2  0 1/  0 
a  a 
 0 0 1/    0 0 1/  
Ans. : (c)
Solution: The effective mass as a tensor quantity can be written as
 m*xx m*xy m*xz 
 *  2
mij*   m*yx m*yy m yz  where mij 
*
 2E 
 m*zx m*zy m*zz   

 ki k j 
since  k   cos k x a   cos k y a   cos k z a
2  2 2 2
 m*xx   , m*yy  
  2   a 2 cos k x a   2   a 2 cos k y a
   2 
 k x k x   k y 
2 2
m  2  2
*
, other terms are zero
     a cos k z a
zz
 2
 k z 
1/  0 0 
    * 2 2 2 2 
Now, at  , ,  ; mxx  , m yy 
*
, mzz  2  mij  2  0 1/ 
* *
0 
a a a a 2
a 2
a a
 0 0 1/  
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Q35. A thin metal film of dimension 2 mm  2 mm contains 4  1012 electrons. The magnitude
of the Fermi wavevector of the system, in the free electron approximation, is
(a) 2   107 cm 1 (b) 2  107 cm 1 (c)   107 cm 1 (d) 2  107 cm 1
Ans. : (b)
Solution: This is the case of two dimensional metal box. The Fermi wave vector of electron in
2  D is
1
1
 N 2
k F   2 n  2   2 2  ; L2  2mm  2mm  4  102 cm 2 ,
 L 
1
 4  10  12 1
 2 10 cm   2  107 cm 1
2
 k F  2  2 2 
14 2 2
 4 10 cm 
Q36. For an electron moving through a one-dimensional periodic lattice of periodicity a ,
which of the following corresponds to an energy eigenfunction consistent with Bloch’s
theorem?
  x   x     x  2 x   
(a)   x   A exp  i   cos    (b)   x   A exp  i   cos   
  a  2a      a  a  
  2 x  2 x      x  x 
(c)   x   A exp  i   i cosh     (d)   x   A exp  i  i 
  a  a     a 2a  
Ans. : (b)
Solution: According to block theorem,   x  a     x 
   2    x 2 x   
  x  a   A exp i   x  a   cos   x  a      A exp i      cos   2   
  a  a      a   a   
  2 x   x 2 x  
 A exp i   x  a   cos   A exp i   cos 
 a a    a a  
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)
Q37. Consider electrons in graphene, which is a planar monoatomic layer of carbon atoms. If
the dispersion relation of the electrons is taken to be   k   ck (where c is constant)
over the entire k -space, then the Fermi energy  F depends on the number density of
electrons  as
1 2 1
(a)  F   2 (b)  F   (c)  F   3 (d)  F   3
Ans. : (a)
Solution: In 2 D , density of state is
 L   d
g  k  dk    2 kdk , where   ck  k  and dk 
 2  c c
2
 L   d L2
 g   d     2  .   d
 2  c c 2 c 2
Now, number electrons at T  0 K is
F L2 F L2 2 N
N   g   d     d     F2  4 c 2 2  4 c 2 
0 2 c 2 0 4 c 2 F
L
  F  4 c 2  1/ 2   F   1/ 2
Q38. Suppose the frequency of phonons in a one-dimensional chain of atoms is proportional to
the wave vector. If n is the number density of atoms and c is the speed of the phonons,
then the Debye frequency is
 cn
(a) 2 cn (b) 2 cn (c) 3 cn (d)
2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Given   k    ck ( c is velocity of phonon)
L d L
Now g   d   d
 d / dk c
D L D L
Also N   g   d    d  N  D
0 c 0 c
N  N cn
 D  c  c n,  n    f D  . Best answer is (d).
L  L 2
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Q39. The band energy of an electron in a crystal for a particular k -direction has the form
  k   A  B cos 2ka , where A and B are positive constants and 0  ka   . The
electron has a hole-like behaviour over the following range of k :
 3    3
(a)  ka  (b)  ka   (c) 0  ka  (d)  ka 
4 4 2 4 2 4
Ans. : (a)
d d 2
Solution:   k   A  B cos 2ka ,  2 Ba sin 2ka , 2
 4 Ba 2 cos 2ka
dk dk
2 2
 
Effective mass m*  2 
d  / dk 2 2
4 Ba cos 2ka
   
Effective mass of electron me* and effective mass of holes mh* are opposite in sign i.e.,
m *
h  m . *
e 

Now, in the range 0  ka  , m* is positive
4
3 
While in the range  ka  , m* is negative
4 4
 3
Thus, electron has hole like behaviour in the region  ka 
4 4
NET/JRF (DEC-2016)
Q40. Consider a hexagonal lattice with basis vectors as shown in the figure below.
y
x

a2 a
1
a
If the lattice spacing is a  1 , the reciprocal lattice vectors are
 4   2 2   4   2 2 
(a)  ,0,   ,  (b)  ,0,  , 
 3   3 3  3   3 3
 4   2   2 2   2 
(c)  0,  ,  ,  (d)  ,  ,  2 , 
 3   3  3 3  3
Ans. : (a)
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Solution: From the figure, we can write

a1 
3a
2
   
3 xˆ  yˆ , a2  3a yˆ , a3  azˆ (let us assume)
  
Now V  a1.  a2  a3  
3a
2
 3 xˆ  yˆ . 3ayˆ  azˆ 

3a
2
 
3 xˆ  yˆ . 3a 2 xˆ  
3 3 3
2
a
 
Also, a3  a1  azˆ 
3a
2

3x  y 
ˆ ˆ
3a 2
2
 3 yˆ  xˆ  
Reciprocal lattice vectors are
 
* a2  a3 3a 2 xˆ 4 4
a1  2  2  xˆ  0 yˆ  xˆ  0 yˆ
V 3 3 3 3a 3
a
2
 
a3  a1
3 2
a 
3 yˆ  xˆ
2   2 2
*
a2  2
V
 2 2
3 3 3

3a

 xˆ  3 yˆ  
 3
xˆ 
3
 
yˆ 

a
2
* 4  2 2
for a  1 : a1  xˆ  0 yˆ , a2*   xˆ  yˆ
3 3 3
Q41. Consider a one-dimensional chain of atoms with lattice constant a . The energy of an
electron with wave-vector k is   k      cos  ka  , where  and  are constants. If
an electric field E is applied in the positive x -direction, the time dependent velocity of
an electron is
(In the following B is the constant)
 eE 
(a) Proportional to cos  B  at  (b) proportional to E
  
 eE 
(c) independent of E (d) proportional to sin  B  at 
  
Ans. : (d)
Solution: In the presence of electric field E , we can write
   
dp dk
F  eE   eE    eE
dt dt
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eE
Integration gives, k  t   k  0   t

d  1   k 
The group velocity v  
dk  dk
  k 
Since,   k      cos  ka  ,    a sin ka
k
a
Thus, v  sin  ka 

Time dependent velocity of electron is
a a  eE  
v t   sin  k  t  a   sin  k  0   ta
     
a  eE  a  eE 
 sin  k  0  a  at   v  t   sin  B  at
       
Q42. A thin rectangular conducting plate of length a and width b is placed in the xy -plane in
two different orientations as shown in the figures below. In both cases a magnetic field B
is applied in the z -direction and a current flows in the x direction due to the applied
voltage V . b
y B
B
x a
V1 a
V1 b
   
V V
If the Hall voltage across the y -direction in the two cases satisfy V2  2V1 the ratio a : b
must be
(a) 1: 2 (b) 1: 2 (c) 2 :1 (d) 2 :1
Ans. : (d)
IB
Solution: Since, Hall voltage is given by VH  , where w is width of conducting plate.
w
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 l1 a 
Since, in case (I), V  I1 R1 and R1   
A1 ab b
I1  bV
V  I1 
b 
I1 B bVB bVB
Then, VH  V1     w  a 
w 2w 2a
 l2 b 
And also in case (II), R2   
A2 ab a
V Va
V  I 2 R2  I 2  
R2 
I 2 B VaB
Then, VH  V2  
 w  2b
a2 2
Since, V2  2V1    a : b  2 :1
b2 1
NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q43. The energy gap and lattice constant of an indirect band gap semiconductor are 1.875 eV
and 0.52 nm , respectively. For simplicity take the dielectric constant of the material to be
unity. When it is excited by broadband radiation, an electron initially in the valence band
at k  0 makes a transition to the conduction band. The wavevector of the electron in the
conduction band, in terms of the wavevector kmax at the edge of the Brillouin zone, after
the transition is closest to
(a) kmax /10 (b) kmax /100 (c) kmax /1000 (d) 0
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The K  value of electron in C.B. is
2mE  2  9.1 10 kg 1.875 1.6 10 J  

1/ 2
31 19
K   K  7 109 m 1
 1.05  1034 J .S .
2 2  3.14 K
K max at the Brillouin Zone is K max   9
 1.2 1010 m 1  K  max
a 0.52 10 m 10
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Q44. The electrical conductivity of copper is approximately 95% of the electrical conductivity
of silver, while the electron density in silver is approximately 70 % of the electron
density in copper. In Drude’s model, the approximate ratio  Cu /  Ag of the mean collision
time in copper  Cu  to the mean collision time in silver  Ag  is
(a) 0.44 (b) 1.50 (c) 0.33 (d) 0.66

Ans. : (d)
ne2  n    n
Solution:    cu  cu cu  cu  cu  Ag
m  Ag nAg  Ag  Ag  Ag ncu
 cu 0.95 Ag 0.7ncu
    0.66
 Ag  Ag ncu
NET/JRF (DEC - 2017)

1 
Q45. The dispersion relation of a gas of spin fermions in two dimensions is E  v k ,
2

where E is the energy, k is the wave vector and v is a constant with the dimension of
velocity. If the Fermi energy at zero temperature is F , the number of particles per unit
area is
F 3F  3/F 2 2F
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 4 v  
6 2 v33   3v  
3 3

2 v 2  2 
Ans. : (d)
 E dE
Solution: E  v k  k   dk 
v v
2 2
 L  E dE  L  4
g  E  dE  2   .2 . .   . E.dE.
 2  v v  2   v 2
at T  0 K ,
EF
L2 4 2F
N  g  E dE  .
0
4 2  v 2 2
L2
N 2F
2  v
2 2
N 2F
n 
L2 2 v 2  2
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Q46. A crystal of MnO has NaCl structure. It has a paramagnetic to anti- ferromagnetic
transition at 120 K . Below 120 K , the spins within a single 111 planes are parallel but
the spins in adjacent 111 planes are antiparallel. If neutron scattering is used to
determine the lattice constants, respectively, d and d  , below and above the transition
temperature of MnO then
d d
(a) d  (b) d  (c) d  2d  (d) d  2d 
2 2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: At 80 K there are extra reflection not present at 293 K .

The reflection at 80 K may be classified in term of a cubic unit cell at lattice constant
0
8.85 A .
0
At 293 K the reflection corresponds to an FCC unit cell of lattice constant 4.43 A
d  a / 3 4.43 1
     d  2d 
d a / 3 8.85 2
Q47. A metallic nanowire of length l is approximated as a one-dimensional lattice of N
atoms with lattice spacing a . If the dispersion of electrons in the lattice is given
as E  k   E0  2t cos ka , where E0 and t are constants, then the dnsity of states inside
the nanowire depends on E as

2
t2  E  E0 
(a) N 3
E  E0
(b)  2t   1
 
E  E0 N
(c) N 3 (d)
t2  2t    E  E0 
2 2
Ans. (d)
Solution: E  k   E0  2t cos ka
dE
dE  2ta sin ka dk  dk 
2 ta sin ka
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2L 2L dE
 g  E  dE  dk 
  2 ta 1  cos 2 ka
L dE 2L dE
 
 ta E E
2 a  2t    E  E0 
2 2
1  0 
 2t 
 Density of state is,
g  E  dE 2N
 E  
dE   2t    E  E0 
2 2
Q48. Consider a two-dimensional material of length l and width w subjected to a constant

magnetic field B applied perpendicular to it. The number of change carries per unit area
B
may be expressed as n  k q , where k is appositive real number and q is the
 2  
carrier charge. Then the Hall resistivity  xy is
2 k l 2  w 2  2 k
(a) (b) (c) (d)
q2 w kq 2 l kq 2 q2
Ans. : (c)
A VH A
Solution:  xy  R    A  lw 
l I l
IB
where, VH 
nqw
B A B B 2 
  xy      2
nqw l nq k  q B  q kq
2 
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)
Q49. Sodium Chloride  NaCl  crystal is a face-centered cubic lattice with a basis consisting of
Na  and Cl  ions separated by half the body diagonal of a unit cube. Which of the
planes corresponding to the Miller indices given below will not give rise to Bragg
reflection of X -rays?
(a)  220  (b)  242  (c)  221 (d)  311
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Mixed  h k l  are absent in NaCl .  221 is mixed number of even and odd therefore
this plane is absent.

Q50. The dispersion relation for the electrons in the conduction band of a semiconductor is
given by E  E0   k 2 where  and E0 are constants. If c is the cyclotron resonance
frequency of the conduction band electrons in a magnetic field B , the value of  is

c 2 2c  2c  2c
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4eB eB eB 2eB
Ans. : (d)
eB 2
Solution: c  * where m  2
*
m d E / dk 2
d 2E
Since E  E0   k  2  2 2
dk
eB 2  2c
 c  2  2 eB   
 / 2  2eB
Q51. Hard disc of radius R are arranged in a two-dimensional triangular lattice. What is the
fractional area occupied by the discs in the closest possible packing?
 3   2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 2 5 7
Ans. : (a)
neff   r 2
Solution: P.F 
A
1 3 2 3 3 2 3 3
 2r   6 3r 2
2
where neff   6  1  3 and A  6  a  a 
3 4 2 2
3 r 2   3
P.F .   
6 3r 2
2 3 6
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NET/JRF (DEC - 2018)

Q52. The diatomic molecule HF has an absorption line in the rotational band at 40 cm 1 for
18 19
the isotope F . The corresponding line for the isotope F will be shifted by
approximately
(a) 0.05 cm 1 (b) 0.11 cm 1 (c) 0.33 cm 1 (d) 0.01 cm 1
Ans. : (b)
1 18 18
Solution: For 1HF 18 : 2 B1  40 cm 1  B1  20 cm 1 and reduce mass is 1  
1  18 19
119 19
For 1 HF 19 : The reduce mass is 2   and rotational constant is B2 .
1  19 20
B2 1
Since, 
B1 2
1 18 20
 B2   B1    20 cm 1  19.945 cm 1
2 19 19
Thus, 2 B2  39.889 cm 1
Shift in spectral line  2 B1  2 B2  40  39.889  0.11 cm 1
Q53. The excited state  n  4, l  2  of an election in an atom may decay to one or more of the
lower energy levels shown in the diagram below.
n4
l2
n3
l  0 l 1 l  2
n2
l 1
1
Of the total emitted light, a fraction comes from the decay to the state ( n  2, l  1 ).
4
Based on selection rules, the fractional intensity of the emission line due to the decay to
the state  n  3, l  1
3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
4 2 4
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Ans. : (a)
Solution: According to the selection rule for electric dipole, transition is  l  1 , the transition
from  n  4, l  2  to  n  3, l  0  and  n  3, l  2  is forbidden. If I is the intensity of
I I 3I
the total emitted light and I1  , therefore, I 2  I   .
4 4 4
I2
I 3 4d
Thus, 2  n4
I 4 l2
n3 3s 3d
I1
l  0 l 1 l2
2p
n2
l 1
Q54. The volume of an optical cavity is 1 cm3 . The number of modes it can support within a
bandwidth of 0.1 nm , centered at   500 nm , is of the order of
(a) 103 (b) 105 (c) 1010 (d) 107

Ans. : (c)
Solution: Number of Laser modes
 0.1 109
N  8 V 
 8  10 
2 3
  4.02 1010
  5 10 
4 4
7
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8.condensed Matter Physics - NET-JRF

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CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

( 1 amu  1.66 1024 g )

N A  6.023 1026 atoms/kmol

(A). The Wigner-Seitz cell has an area of d2

(B). The Bravais lattice for this array is a

dV r  6a 12b r013 12b 2b 2b

(a) insulator, semiconductor and metal

Ans. : (a) 300 1000

Q16. The electron dispersion relation for a one-dimensional metal is given by

is 1/3, then the Fermi energy is

effective mass of the electron near the bottom of the band is

Q20. A DC voltage V is applied across a Josephson junction between two superconductors

Where, n is the electron concentration or density of free Fermi gas.

The pressure of a nonrelativistic free Fermi gas is defined as

peak appears at    b sin      200 (ii)

r13  r23 r13  r23

Thus, correct option is (b)

the lattice constant is a , the corresponding Bragg angle (in radian) is

Let at T  T1 , H C T1  , T  T2 , H C T   H C T2 

Q31. The low-energy electronic excitations in a two-dimensional sheet of grapheme is given

The density of state is

where   30o ,   1.5  1010 m,    0.11010 m,    1o

  180    1.5  1010  0.067   

Solution: From the figure, we can write

2mE  2  9.1 10 kg 1.875 1.6 10 J  

time in copper  Cu  to the mean collision time in silver  Ag  is

(a) 0.44 (b) 1.50 (c) 0.33 (d) 0.66

NET/JRF (DEC - 2017)

Solution: At 80 K there are extra reflection not present at 293 K .

the nanowire depends on E as

Q48. Consider a two-dimensional material of length l and width w subjected to a constant

this plane is absent.

frequency of the conduction band electrons in a magnetic field B , the value of  is

NET/JRF (DEC - 2018)

Shift in spectral line  2 B1  2 B2  40  39.889  0.11 cm 1

lower energy levels shown in the diagram below.

from  n  4, l  2  to  n  3, l  0  and  n  3, l  2  is forbidden. If I is the intensity of

(a) 103 (b) 105 (c) 1010 (d) 107

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