TM 2pdf

Jyothy Institute of Technology
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Subject: Turbo machines Session: Sept – Dec 2020

Subject Code: 18ME54 Semester: V
Module – 2
Energy Transfer in Turbo-machine (Question No:03)
Euler’s turbine equation

Or
Representing all the components of velocity in a generalized turbo machine diagram,
derive Euler’s turbine equation
Consider the inlet and outlet velocity triangle of a turbo-machine as shown in the figure, Let
be the radius of the wheel at inlet, be the radius of the wheel at outlet and be the
angular velocity of the wheel.
Mass of the fluid striking the blade per second is given by
Tangential momentum of the fluid striking the blade at inlet

Similarly, tangential momentum of the fluid leaving the blade at outlet
Moment of momentum or Angular momentum at inlet
Moment of momentum or Angular momentum at outlet
Dr. Narendra Kumar .M, Professor, CIIRC – JIT Page No. 1
Torque on the wheel Change in angular momentum
Energy transfer or Power is given by
Substituting Eq (1) in Eq (2), we get
Energy transferred per unit mass or work done is given by
Eq (3) & (4) are known as Euler’s turbine equation
Alternate form of Euler’s turbine equation.

or
Derive an alternate form of Euler's turbine equation and explain the significance of each
energy components.
or
Draw the inlet and exit velocity triangle for a turbine. Derive an alternate form of Euler's
turbine equation.
In order to derive the alternate (modified) form of Euler’s turbine equation, consider the inlet
and outlet velocity triangle of an turbo-machine as shown in the figure.
Energy transferred per unit mass or work done by Euler’s turbine equation is given by
From inlet velocity triangle

Similarly from outlet velocity triangle, we have
Substituting Eq (5) & (6) in Eq (1), we get
Equation (7) & (8) are known as alternate form of Euler’s turbine equations
The 1st term is known as simple impulse effect
The 2nd term is known as centrifugal or centripetal effect
The 3rd term is known as relative effect

Components of energy transfer
From alternate from of Euler’s turbine equation, the energy transfer per unit mass is given by
The 1st term in Eq (1) represents the change in the absolute kinetic energy of the
fluid during its passage through the turbo-machine. Usually the kinetic energy at the exit is
negligible but there are certain turbo-machines where the discharge kinetic energy is
considerable. In a power generating device, the change in absolute fluid kinetic energy
represents the power transmitted from the fluid to the rotor. In power absorbing devices, this
kinetic energy change is the energy transmitted through the fluid due to energy transfer from
the rotor. This effect is referred to as simple impulse effect
The 2nd term in Eq (1) represents the energy transfer due to centripetal or
centrifugal effect. This is because of pressure of a rotating fluid element at any radius is
proportional to the square of angular velocity; this effect is used in the power absorbing
turbo-machine like centrifugal pump & compressor to increase the pressure
The 3rd term in Eq (1) represents the kinetic energy change of relative velocity.
This change occurs when the fluid flow over the rotor blades. This effect is known as relative
effect.

Degree of reaction : Is defined as the ratio of energy transfer resulting in a change of
static pressure in the rotor to the total energy transfer in the rotor.
Degree of reaction can also be defined as the ratio of change in static enthalpy to the change
in total enthalpy or stagnation enthalpy
Utilization factor ( : Is defined as the ratio of the ideal work output to the energy available
for conversion into work. Under ideal conditions, it should be possible to utilize all of the
kinetic energy of the fluid at the rotor inlet and also the increase in kinetic energy obtained in
the rotor due to static pressure drop (i.e. the reaction effect).
Mathematically
The ideal work output
The energy available for conversion into work in the turbine
Derive an expression relating utilization factor with the degree of reaction.

Or
Show that utilization factor is given by

where R is the degree of reaction.
By definition of degree of reaction, we have
By definition of utilization factor, we have
Eq (3) is the expression for utilization factor in terms of degree of reaction

In a turbo-machine, prove that the maximum utilization factor is given by
where φ is speed ratio, R is degree of reaction and α 1 is nozzle angle.

For utilization to be maximum, the value of should be minimum and from the velocity
triangle, it is apparent that will be minimum when the flow is axial or radial at outlet i.e.
. . Then for maximum utilization consider the velocity triangles
as shown in the figure.
The energy transferred per unit mass in terms of degree of reaction is given by
For maximum utilization,
Also, for maximum utilization, the energy transfer per unit mass is given by
Equating Eq(1) and Eq (2), we have

Dividing throughout by
By definition of utilization, we have
Eq (5) is the expression for maximum utilization in terms of speed ratio & inlet guide vane
angle
Show that maximum utilization factor of an axial flow turbine with degree of reaction
, the relationship of blade speed U to absolute velocity at rotor inlet V1 (speed
ratio) is given by , where α1 is the nozzle angle with respect to tangential
direction at inlet.

Consider the inlet and outlet velocity triangle of axial flow turbine for maximum utilization
condition as shown in the figure, for axial flow turbine. Assume that the axial velocity of flow
remains constant
For axial flow turbine,
Given,
From, inlet velocity triangle
From outlet velocity triangle,
Substituting for in Eq (2), we get

Dividing throughout by
Explain why turbines with reaction and are not in practical use?
Solution: Degree of reaction is given by
, this is not practically possible.

Therefore turbine with reaction is not in practical use.
, this is not practically

possible. Therefore turbine with reaction is not in practical use.
Sketch velocity diagrams for and label

By definition of degree of reaction for axial flow turbine, we have
For
, for impulse axial flow turbine, thus should be equal to and also if the blades
are equiangular then, as shown in figure. Here energy transfer occurs purely due to
change in dynamic pressure.
For
For 50% reaction axial flow turbine, , thus and if the stator
and rotor blades are symmetric (two blades are identical but orientations are different) then,
and and also and as shown in figure. Here energy transfer
due to change in dynamic pressure is equal to energy transfer due to change in static pressure.
The inlet and outlet velocity triangles are symmetrical

For
For fully (100%) reaction axial flow turbine, thus should be equal to and also
as shown in figure. Here stator acts purely as a directional device and doesn’t take
part in the energy conversion process. The rotor acts both as the nozzle and as the energy
transfer device, so energy transfer is purely due to change in static pressure.
Show that for maximum utilization the work output per stage of an axial flow impulse
machine (with equiangular rotor blades) is double that of a 50% reaction stage which has
the same blade speed. Assume that axial velocity remains constant for both machines.
Let be the blade speed of an axial flow impulse turbine and 50% axial flow reaction
turbine, assuming the inlet blade to be 45o for impulse turbine.
Inlet and outlet Velocity triangle of axial flow impulse turbine
Energy transfer per unit mass or work done for axial flow impulse turbine is given by
For maximum utilization condition, .
From inlet velocity triangle, for ,

Inlet and out velocity triangle of 50% axial flow reaction turbine
Energy transfer per unit mass or work done for 50% axial flow reaction turbine is given by
For maximum utilization condition, .
From inlet velocity triangle, for,
From Eq (1) and Eq (2), for same blade speed
From Eq (1) and Eq (2), for same energy transfer,
Important relations
1) Work done
2) Power developed
3) Degree of reaction
4) Utilization factor

Inlet and out velocity triangle of 50% axial flow reaction turbine
The maximum utilization in terms of speed ratio, degree of reaction R & inlet guide vane
angle is given by
For
Eq (5) is the expression for maximum utilization in terms of speed ratio & inlet guide vane
angle
Important relations
1) Work done
2) Power developed
3) Degree of reaction
4) Utilization factor

5) Axial thrust
6) Torque
Numerical Problems (Energy transfer in turbo machines)

1. At a stage of an axial flow impulse turbine, the mean blade diameter is 80cm and speed is
3000rpm. The absolute velocity of fluid at inlet is 300m/s and is inclined at 20 o to the
plane of the wheel. If the utilization factor is 0.85 and the relative velocity at rotor exit is
equal to that at inlet. Determine i) Inlet & outlet blade angles ii) Power output in kW for
a mass flow rate of 1kg/s iii) sketch the inlet and outlet velocity triangles
Given Data: Axial flow impulse turbine
To find
Solution

From outlet velocity triangle
2. In a turbine stage with 50% reaction, the tangential blade speed is 98.5m/s. The steam
velocity at the nozzle exit is 155m/s and the nozzle angle is 18 o. Assuming symmetric inlet
and outlet velocity triangle, compute the inlet blade angle for the rotor and the power
developed by the stage for a flow rate of 10kg/s. Also the utilization factor.
Given Data: Axial flow 50% reaction turbine Symmetric velocity triangle
To find
Solution

3. An inward flow reaction turbine has outer and inner diameter wheels as 1m and 0.5m
respectively. The vanes are radial at inlet and discharge is radial at outlet and fluid
enters the vanes at an angle of 10o. Assuming the velocity of flow to be constant and
equal to 3m/s find i) Speed of wheel ii) Vane angle at outlet iii) Degree of reaction.
Given Data
Vanes are radial at inlet
Discharge is radial at outlet
To find
Solution
4. At a stage in a 50% reaction axial flow turbine running at 3000rpm, the blade mean
diameter is 685mm. If the maximum utilization for the stage is 0.915. Calculate the inlet

and outlet absolute velocities for the rotor. Draw the velocity triangles and find power
output for a flow rate of 15kg/s.
Maximum Utilization
To find
Solution
5. In an inward radial flow hydraulic turbine water enters with an absolute velocity of 15
m/s with a nozzle angle of 15 o. The speed of the rotor is 400rpm. Diameter of the rotor at
inlet and outlet are 75 cm and 50 cm respectively. The fluid leaves the rotor radially with
an absolute velocity of 5 m/s. Determine: (i) The blade angles (ii) work done (iii)
utilization factor
Given Data
To find
Solution
Since , the inlet velocity triangle is modified as shown below
6. In an inward flow water turbine, the water enters the runner through a guide vane at an
angle of 30o and at a velocity of 30m/s. The inner diameter is 1.8m and the outer diameter
is half the inner diameter. The water leaves the runner at an absolute velocity of 3m/s at
an angle of 130o to the wheel tangent with a slight positive whirl. Find the power
developed by the turbine if the discharge is 0.4m3/s and also the blade angles at inlet and
outlet, if the speed of the turbine is 300rpm.

Given Data
To find
Solution
Since , the inlet velocity triangle is modified as shown below
7. A hydraulic reaction turbine of the radial inward flow type works under a head of 160m
of water. At the point of fluid entry, the rotor blade angle is 119 o and diameter of the
runner is 3.65m. At the exit, the runner diameter is 2.45m. If the absolute velocity of the
wheel outlet is radially directed with a magnitude of 15.5m/s and the radial component of
velocity at the inlet is 10.3m/s. Find the power developed by the machine. Assuming that
88% of the available head of the machine is converted into work and the flow rate is
110m3/s. Find also the degree of reaction and the utilization factor.
Given Data
To find
Solution
On solving the quadratic Eq and considering the +ve root, we have
8. At a stage of an impulse turbine, the mean blade diameter is 0.75m, its rotational speed
being 3500rpm. The absolute velocity of the fluid discharging from a nozzle inclined at
20o to the plane of wheel is 275m/s. If the utilization factor is 0.9 and the relative
velocity of the fluid at the rotor exit is 0.9 times that at the inlet, find the inlet and exit
rotor angles. Also find the power output from the stage for a mass flow rate of 2kg/s and
axial thrust on the shaft.
Given Data: axial flow Impulse turbine,
To find
Solution
By cosine rule
9. In an inward flow turbine, the water falls with a velocity of 30m/s on a runner with a
series of curved vanes. The runner rotates at 280rpm. The vanes have inlet and outlet
diameters of 1.7m and 0.85m respectively. The guide vanes make with the periphery of
the wheel is 30o. The water after doing work on the runner discharges with an absolute

velocity of 3m/s at an angle of 130o to the wheel tangent. Find the power developed by the
runner if the rate of flow is 380lits/s. Also find the vane angles at inlet and outlet.
Given Data
To find
Solution
10. The following data refers to a turbo-machine. Inlet velocity of whirl = 16m/s, velocity of
flow = 10m/s, blade speed = 33m/s, outlet blade speed = 8m/s, Discharge is radial with
an absolute velocity of 16m/s. If water is the working fluid flowing at the rate of 1m3/s.
Calculate the following i) Power in kW ii) change in total pressure in kN/m2 iii) Degree
of reaction iv) Utilization factor.

Given Data
To find
Solution
11. At the nozzle exit of a certain stage in a steam turbine the absolute steam velocity is
300m/s. The rotor speed is 150m/s at a point where the nozzle angle is 18°. If the outlet
rotor blade angle is 3.5° less than the inlet blade angle, find the power output from the
stage, for a mass flow rate of 8.5 kg/s. Assume .
Given Data: axial flow turbine
To find
Solution

Since is –ve, modify the outlet velocity triangle as shown below
12. The velocity of fluid flow from the nozzle in an axial flow impulse turbine is 1200m/s.
The nozzle angle is 22 o. If the rotor blades are equiangular and the rotor tangential
speed is 400m/s, find i) The rotor blade angles ii) The tangential force on the blade ring
iii) Power output iv) Utilization, Assume
Given Data: axial flow impulse turbine, & equiangular blades
To find
Solution

data insufficient
Or By cosine rule
13. In an axial flow turbine discharge blade angles are 20o each for both stator and rotor.
The steam speed at the exit of fixed blade is 140m/s. The relation at the entry
and 0.76 at the exit of rotor blades. Find i) inlet blade rotor angle, ii) power developed by
the blade ring for a flow rate of 2.6kg/s iii) degree of reaction
Given Data
To find
Solution

14. The mean rotor blade speed of an axial flow turbine stage with 50% reaction is 210 m/s.
Steam emerges from .the nozzle inclined at 28o to the plane of the wheel with axial
component equal to blade speed. Assuming symmetric inlet and outlet velocity triangles,
determine the rotor blade angle and utilization factor. Also determine the degree of
reaction make the utilization maximum if the axial velocity, blade speed, as well as
nozzle angle remain the same.
To find
Solution

15. The following data refer to a 50% degree of reaction axial flow turbo machine:
Inlet fluid velocity =230m/s, inlet rotor angle= 60°
Inlet guide blade angle = 30°, outlet rotor angle = 25°
Find the utilization factor, axial thrust and the power output per unit mass flow.
Or
For a 50% degree of reaction axial flow turbine, Inlet fluid velocity is 230m/s, outlet
angle of inlet rotor angle is 30°,Inlet rotor angle is 30° and outlet rotor angle is 25° Find
the utilization factor, axial thrust and the power output per unit mass flow. Axial velocity
at inlet is different from axial velocity at exit
Given Data: Axial flow 50% reaction turbine Symmetric velocity triangle not satisfied
To find
Solution
By cosine rule
Substituting Eq (1) in eq (2), we get


Module – 2
General analysis of turbo-machines (Question No:04)
General analysis of turbo-machine (or) Effect of discharge blade angle on energy transfer
& degree of reaction (or)
Obtain an expression as shown below for energy transfer and degree of reaction as a
function of discharge blade angle for a turbo-machine. Make the following
assumptions i) ii) Constant radial velocity iii) No whirl velocity at inlet and inlet
o
blade angle is 45
Outlet
Inlet
In order to study the effect of discharge blade angle on energy transfer and degree of reaction
consider the velocity triangle of a turbo-machine as shown in figure. The following
assumptions are made
1) The tangential velocity at exit is twice the tangential velocity at inlet i.e.
2) Radial component velocity of flow is constant i.e.
3) The fluid enters without any whirl component at inlet (flow radial at inlet) i.e.
4) Blade angle at inlet is 45o i.e.

From Euler’s turbine equation, the energy transfer per unit mass is given by

From the assumptions made,
From assumptions,
Substituting Eq (5) & (6) in Eq (4), we get
Substituting for W from Eq (3), we get
The following conclusions are drawn for different values of discharge blade angle
 Work done is negative; the turbo-machine acts as a pump and
compressor (Power absorbing turbo-machine)
 Work done is zero; which means
 Work done is positive; which means turbo-machine acts as a power
generating turbo-machine
 degree of reaction reduces from unity to a small positive

value & energy transfer occurs due to kinetic energy change
 degree of reaction change in static pressure is zero
 degree of reaction machine acts as turbine
General analysis of axial flow compressor (Expression for energy transfer per unit mass or
enthalpy change and degree of reaction).
Or
With the help of inlet and outlet velocity triangles, show that the degree of reaction for
axial flow compressor as , where Va is axial velocity, U is blade speed and
γ1 and γ2 are the inlet and outlet blade angles with respect to axial
direction.
Or
With the help of inlet and outlet velocity triangles, show that the degree of reaction for
axial flow compressor as , where Va is axial velocity, U is blade speed and
β1 and β2 are the inlet and outlet blade angles with respect to
tangential direction.
Or
Draw the velocity triangles for an axial flow compressor and show that for an axial flow
compressor having no axial thrust, the degree of reaction is given by: ,
where Va is axial velocity, U is blade speed and β1 and β2 are the inlet and outlet blade
angles with respect to tangential direction.
Consider the inlet and outlet velocity triangle of an axial flow compressor as shown in the
figure. Let & be the absolute velocity air angles with respect to axial direction and
& be the relative velocity air angles with respect to axial direction as shown in velocity
triangles. The axial velocity of flow remains constant through from inlet to outlet therefore
we have .
From Euler’s turbine equation, the energy transfer per unit mass is given by
For axial flow compressor, we have and as it’s a power absorbing turbo-
machine, thus we have
Substituting for & in Eq (1), we get
Eq (2) is the expression for energy transfer per unit mass or enthalpy change in terms of
absolute velocity air angles with axial direction
Equating Eq (3) and Eq (4), we get
relative velocity air angles with axial direction
Taking tan on both sides
Similarly from outlet velocity triangle
rotor blade angles.

For axial flow compressor, we have and as it’s a power absorbing turbo-
machine, thus we have
Substituting for , & Eq (6) in Eq (8), we get
As we know that &
General analysis of radial flow power absorbing turbomachine.

Or
Effect of discharge blade angle on energy transfer per unit mass and degree of
reaction.
Or
Draw the velocity diagram for a power absorbing radial flow turbomachine and show
that .

Consider the inlet and outlet velocity triangle of a radial flow type power absorbing turbo-
machine as shown in figure with the following assumptions.
 Velocity of whirl at inlet is zero (the flow is radial at inlet.)
i.e.
 Radial velocity of f low is constant throughout i.e.
From Euler’s turbine equation, the energy transfer per unit mass for a radial flow type power
absorbing turbo-machine is given by
For the case considered,

Therefore, we have
Substituting for Eq (1), we get
By definition of degree of reaction, for a radial flow power absorbing turbo-machine, we

have.
From inlet velocity triangle, we have
Therefore
Substituting Eq (4) and (1) in Eq (3), we get
Substituting for in Eq (5), we get

 For , Degree of reaction i.e. The static pressure rise
inside the rotor = change in absolute kinetic energy.
 For , is positive and hence the degree of reaction,
 For , is negative and hence the degree of reaction,
 When , There is no change of static pressure inside the machine i.e. the turbo-
machine is having impulse blades.
Theoretical head capacity relationship

Or
Derive a theoretical head capacity (H-Q) relationship for centrifugal pumps and
compressors and explain the influence of outlet blade angle.
Consider the inlet and outlet velocity triangle of a radial flow type power absorbing turbo-
machine as shown in figure with the following assumptions.
 Velocity of whirl at inlet is zero (the flow is radial at inlet.)
i.e.
 Radial velocity of low is constant throughout i.e.
From Euler’s turbine equation, the energy transfer per unit mass for a radial flow type power
absorbing turbo-machine is given by
For the case considered,

Therefore, we have
Substituting for Eq (1), we get

For establishing theoretical head capacity relationship, put and volumetric flow
rate
Treating as constants, we have
Where,
 For between , ranges between
 For , is constant for all flow rates & H-Q line has a
zero slope and hence the blades in this conditions are said to be radial.
 For , is negative & line has a negative slope and hence the blades
in this conditions are said to be backward curved.
 For , is positive & line has a positive slope and hence the blades
in this conditions are said to be forward curved.
 For , is constant for all values of , This head is called shutoff head
If the velocity of whirl at inlet is considered then, we have

Numerical problems on General analysis of Turbo-machine
1. Liquid water flows at the rate of 31.5kg/s through a rotor of a radial flow turbo machine,
where the inlet and outlet diameters are 125mm and 200mm respectively. The other
data’s relating to the turbo machine are as follows speed = 6000rpm, absolute velocity at
inlet is 35m/s and is axial (radial) in direction, absolute velocity at exit is 160m/s and its
angle is 30o. Determine the relative velocities and the power required to drive the rotor in
kW also determine the change in static and stagnation enthalpy across the rotor and
change in static and stagnation pressure across the rotor and degree of reaction
Given Data: Flow is radial at inlet,
To find
Solution
Since the out velocity need to be modified as shown below

2. Draw the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of an axial flow compressor from the
following data. Degree of reaction 0.5, inlet blade angle 45o, axial velocity of flow which
is constant throughout 120m/s, speed of rotation 6500rpm, radius of rotation 20cm, and
blade speed at inlet is equal to blade speed at outlet. Calculate angles at inlet and outlet.
Also calculate power needed to handle 1.5kg/s of air.
Given Data: 50% reaction axial flow compressor

Symmetric velocity triangle
To find
Solution

3. An axial flow compressor has the following data. Entry conditions: 1 bar and 20oC,
degree of reaction = 50%, mean blade ring diameter = 60 cm, rotational speed = 18000
rpm, blade angle at rotor and stator exit = 65o. Axial velocity = 180 m/s, mechanical
efficiency = 96.7%. Find: i) Blade angle at rotor and stator inlet. ii) Power required to
derive the compressor.
Given Data:
50% reaction axial flow compressor Symmetric velocity triangle
To find
Solution

4. In a mixed flow compressor, handling air at 16000rpm, the stagnation temperatures of air
at the compressor inlet and outlet are respectively 27oC and 215oC. The absolute velocity
of air at the rotor inlet is axial while at the exit the tangential component of the absolute
velocity is 0.93 times the tangential impellor speed. If the mass flow rate of air through
the impeller is 15kg/s and specific heat assumed to be constant, find the impeller diameter
and total power input
Given Data: Flow is axial at inlet,
To find
Solution
5. A single stage axial blower with no inlet guide vanes is running at 3600rpm. The mean
diameter of the rotor is 16cm and mass flow rate of air through the blower is 0.45kg/s. In
the rotor, the air is turned such that the absolute velocity of air at exit makes an angle of
20o with respect to the axis. Assume that the axial velocity component of fluid velocity
remains constant, determine power input and degree of reaction. Assume that the density
of air remains constant at 1.185kg/m3 and area of flow is 0.02m2.

Given Data: No inlet guide vanes means flow axial at inlet
To find
Solution
6. The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an outer diameter of 1.5m. It lifts water at a rate of
2000kg/s. The blade is making an angle of 145o with the direction of motion at outlet and
speed being 3000rpm. Radial velocity of flow is 3m/s. Find the power required to drive
the impeller
Given Data:
To find
Solution
7. A centrifugal pump has an impeller of 25cm and width of 7.5cm at exit. It delivers
120lit/s of water against a head of 24m at 1440rpm. Assuming the vane blocks the area of
flow by 5% and a hydraulic efficiency of 0.85, estimate the vane angle at exit. Also
calculate the torque exerted on the driving shaft if the mechanical efficiency is 95%.
Given Data
To find
Solution

8. A centrifugal pump working under a head of 20 m operates at 600 rpm. If the blades are
curved backwards at 45° and velocity of flow is constant at 2m/s, calculate the impellor
diameter when 50% of the kinetic energy at impeller outlet is converted into pressure
energy.
Given Data
To find
Solution
Substituting Eq (1) and Eq (3) in Eq (4)
Simplifying, we get
Solving Eq (5) and considering the +ve root, we get

9. An axial flow compressor of 50% reaction design has blades with inlet and outlet angles
of 44° and 13° respectively. The compressor is to produce a pressure ratio 5 : 1 with an
overall isentropic efficiency of 87% when the inlet temp is 290K. The mean blade speed
and axial velocity are constant throughout the compressor. Assume that blade velocity is
180m/s and work input factor is 0.85. Find the number of stages required and the change
of entropy.
Given Data:
50% reaction axial flow compressor
To find
Solution
Equating Eq (1) and (2), we get

10. .In a mixed flow type turbo machine, the absolute velocity of fluid at the inlet is axial,
while at out let the relative velocity is radial. The diameter at inlet is 80mm and the
diameter at exit is 250mm. Speed of the machine is 3000rpm and blade angle at inlet is
45o. The axial velocity at inlet is equal to radial velocity at exit. Draw the velocity triangle
and determine i) The energy input to the fluid and ii) The degree of reaction. Assume the
relative velocity at the exit equals the inlet tangential blade speed.
Given Data: Flow axial at inlet Blade radial at outlet
To find
Solution
.
11. Water approaches the impellor of a mixed flow pump with a absolute velocity having
tangential and axial component each 17m/s. At rotor exit, the radial and tangential
components of absolute velocity are 13m/s and 25m/s respectively. The tangential blade
speed at inlet and exit are 12m/s and 47m/s. Find i) change in enthalpy across the rotor ii)
total change in pressure across the rotor iii) change in static pressure iv) degree of
reaction
Given Data:
To find
Solution

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Jyothy Institute of Technology

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Subject: Turbo machines Session: Sept – Dec 2020

Euler’s turbine equation

Tangential momentum of the fluid striking the blade at inlet

Energy transfer or Power is given by

Substituting Eq (1) in Eq (2), we get

Energy transferred per unit mass or work done is given by

Eq (3) & (4) are known as Euler’s turbine equation

Alternate form of Euler’s turbine equation.

From inlet velocity triangle

Substituting Eq (2) in Eq (4), we get

Dr. Narendra Kumar .M, Professor, CIIRC – JIT Page No. 2

Substituting Eq (5) & (6) in Eq (1), we get

The 2nd term is known as centrifugal or centripetal effect

The 3rd term is known as relative effect

Dr. Narendra Kumar .M, Professor, CIIRC – JIT Page No. 3

The ideal work output

The energy available for conversion into work in the turbine

Derive an expression relating utilization factor with the degree of reaction.

Dr. Narendra Kumar .M, Professor, CIIRC – JIT Page No. 4

By definition of utilization factor, we have

Substituting Eq (1) in Eq (2), we get

Eq (3) is the expression for utilization factor in terms of degree of reaction

From inlet velocity triangle

Dr. Narendra Kumar .M, Professor, CIIRC – JIT Page No. 5

where φ is speed ratio, R is degree of reaction and α 1 is nozzle angle.

By definition of degree of reaction, we have

For maximum utilization,

From inlet velocity triangle

Equating Eq(1) and Eq (2), we have

Dr. Narendra Kumar .M, Professor, CIIRC – JIT Page No. 6

By definition of utilization, we have

For maximum utilization,

Substituting Eq (3) in Eq (4), we get

Dr. Narendra Kumar .M, Professor, CIIRC – JIT Page No. 7

For axial flow turbine,

From, inlet velocity triangle

From outlet velocity triangle,

Substituting for in Eq (2), we get

Dr. Narendra Kumar .M, Professor, CIIRC – JIT Page No. 8

, this is not practically possible.

, this is not practically

Sketch velocity diagrams for and label

Dr. Narendra Kumar .M, Professor, CIIRC – JIT Page No. 9

By definition of degree of reaction for axial flow turbine, we have

Dr. Narendra Kumar .M, Professor, CIIRC – JIT Page No. 10

Inlet and outlet Velocity triangle of axial flow impulse turbine

For maximum utilization condition, .

From inlet velocity triangle, for ,

Dr. Narendra Kumar .M, Professor, CIIRC – JIT Page No. 11

For maximum utilization condition, .

From inlet velocity triangle, for,

From Eq (1) and Eq (2), for same blade speed

From Eq (1) and Eq (2), for same energy transfer,

Dr. Narendra Kumar .M, Professor, CIIRC – JIT Page No. 12

Dr. Narendra Kumar .M, Professor, CIIRC – JIT Page No. 13

Numerical Problems (Energy transfer in turbo machines)