• LEV VYGOTSKY- Theory of cognitive development.

Four elementary mental functions- SENSATION, ATTENTION PERCEPTION MEMORY.

"Proximal Development"- with the help of a "more knowledgeable other"
In the zone of proximal development- LEARNING can precede Development
Vygotsky also rejected Piaget's theory of cognitive development-- "Children's cognitive
development happens in stages"
He believed Children develop as a result of social interactions.

• JEAN PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Sensori Motor [0-2] lack of object permanence, experiencing world through five senses
PreOperational [2-7] establishment of symbolic thought/intuitive thought, gains object
permanence
ConcreteOperational [7-11] establishment of logical thought
FormalOperational [11-15] hypothetical thinking develops, abstract ideas

• ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES

Erikson's theory was based on what is known as the epigenetic principle. This
principle suggests that people grow in a sequence that occurs over time and in
the context of a larger community.

Psychosocial Stages: A Summary Chart

Important
Age Conflict Events Outcome
Infancy (birth to 18 months) Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding Hope
Early Childhood (2 to 3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Toilet Training Will
Doubt
Preschool (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt Exploration Purpose
School Age (6 to 11 years) Industry vs. Inferiority School Confidence
Adolescence (12 to 18 years) Identity vs. Role Confusion Social Relationships Fidelity
Young Adulthood (19 to 40 Intimacy vs. Isolation Relationships Love
years)
Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 Generativity vs. Stagnation Work and Care
years) Parenthood
Maturity (65 to death) Ego Integrity vs. Despair Reflection on Life Wisdom

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG ; MORAL DEVELOPMENT

6 STAGES; 3 LEVELS

Stage1; Obedience and Punishment

The child’s sense of good or bad is directly linked to whether he gets punished or
not “Will I get punished?”
 Stage 2; Self-Interest
“Whats in it for me?” This is how the child decides on the sense of Good or bad

Stage 3; Interpersonal Accord and Conformity

“What do/will others think of me?”

Stage 4; Authority and maintaining Social Order

Avoiding chaos & following rules- basis of moral judgement
“How can I maintain law & order?”

Stage 5; Social Contract & Individual Rights

“Does a rule truly serve ALL members of a community?”

Stage 6; Universal Ethical Principles

The appropriate action is determined by one's self-chosen ethical principles of
conscience.

PRECONVENTIONAL STAGE
Stage 1 and Stage 2; They judge what is right or wrong by the direct
consequences they expect for themselves, and not by social norms. This form
of reasoning is common among children.

CONVENTIONAL STAGE
Stage 3 and Stage 4; Their morality is centered around what society regards as
right. At this level, the fairness of rules is seldom questioned. It is common to
think like this during adolescence and adulthood.

POST CONVENTIONAL STAGE

Stage 5 and Stage 6; One’s own morality and Conscience.
The right behavior, is therefore never a means to an end (not expecting
anything after the right behaviour) , but always an end in itself.

• MASLOW’S HEIRARCHY OF NEEDS

• JAMES- LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION

• CANON- BARD THEORY OF EMOTION

 CARL JUNG: ARCHETYPES
• Carl Jung identified four main archetypes—the persona, the shadow, the anima or animus
and the self.
 FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEV

• MAJOR PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

1. MYERS- BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR MBTI- Dev by Katharine Cook
Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers. Its questions determine
where an applicant falls within four key groupings: extraversion vs.
introversion, judging vs. perceiving, intuition vs. sensing and thinking vs.
feeling.

2. RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST- Developed by Hermann Rorschach. 10 INK BLOTS

, Projective technique, 5 b/w, 2RED, 3 pastel. 2 stages- performance proper,
enquiry

3. Draw a person Test- Projective, Developed originally by Florence

Goodenough. this test was first known as the Goodenough Draw-a-Man test.

4. Thematic Apperception Test- Projective, Dev. By Morgon &

Murray, 30 cards, forming a story/situation.

5. Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration study- Projective, whether

frustration leads to aggression. 24 cartoon pictures, each portraying
 two persons in a frustrating situation. Each picture contains two
"speech balloons," a filled one for the "frustrator" or antagonist, and a
blank one for the frustrated person, or protagonist.(SUBJECT)

6. 16 PF Questionnaire- developed by Raymond Cattell.

7. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire- Developed by HJ Eyesenk, psychoticism

(P) vs sociability, extraversion (E) vs Introversion, and neuroticism (N)
vs emotional stability

8. The Caliper Profile- developed by GREENBERG measures how

the personality traits of an applicant or employee correlate to their
performance in their work role. This personality test is frequently used
during employment screenings.

9. MMPI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- The Minnesota

Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most common psychometric
test devised to assess personality traits and psychopathology. Used for 10
various psychopathic tendencies. Dev by Starke Hathaway and
neuropsychiatrist J.C. McKinley

10. NEO Five Factor Inventory- Developed by Paul T costa & Robert
McCrae
Also called the OCEAN MODEL. neuroticism, openness to experience,
agreeableness, conscientiousness and extraversion
 DSM & ICD
• DSM V TR [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision
- American Psychiatric Association]
• ICD 11 [International Classification of Diseases, Classification of Behavioural and Mental
Disorders] – World Health Organisation
• ICD-11 neurodevelopmental disorders encompass the ICD-10 groupings of mental retardation
and disorders of psychological development, with the addition of attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD).

ICD-11 Added Diagnoses

The following diagnoses are now included in the ICD-11.

Complex PTSD

The definition of complex post-traumatic stress disorder in the ICD-11 involves

the three symptoms of PTSD (re-experiencing, avoiding reminders, and a
heightened sense of threat/arousal)

Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder

Compulsive sexual behavior disorder is defined in the ICD-11 as "characterized

by a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or
urges resulting in repetitive sexual behavior." It is classified as an impulse
control disorder rather than an addictive disorder.

Gaming Disorder

Gaming disorder is newly defined in the ICD-11 as “a pattern of persistent or

recurrent gaming behavior ('digital gaming’ or ‘video-gaming’).”3

Prolonged Grief Disorder

Prolonged grief disorder is defined in the ICD-11 as grief that extends beyond
what most people would consider a reasonable or expected amount of
time.4 Prolonged grief disorder is listed as a proposed disorder in the DSM-5 and
is officially listed as a new diagnosis in the DSM-5-TR.5

ICD-11 Deleted Diagnoses

Acute Stress Disorder
Acute stress disorder is no longer included as a mental disorder and instead is
now classified as a reaction to trauma (factor influencing health). This is in
contrast to the DSM-5.

Gender Incongruence

Gender incongruence (gender dysphoria in the DSM) is no longer listed as a

mental disorder but rather a sexual health condition to avoid stigma about it
being a psychological rather than medical condition.

Personality Disorders

The section on personality disorders has been completely overhauled. There is

now one diagnosis of "personality disorder" as it was found that there was much
overlap in clinical practice.

This diagnosis is labeled as mild, moderate, or severe, and measured in terms of

six trait domain areas to retain some of the earlier specificity of the diagnosis.
This is a fairly significant departure from the original ICD personality disorder
diagnosis.

• When an area has been toppled by a natural disaster, lives and homes are totally disrupted.
Not only do people need to rebuild their lives but they also have to reconcile with what
they've lost. This can really put those of us who experienced something like a hurricane,
flood, or forest fires in a depressive state. There's actually a name for this specific type of
depression— solastalgia

• Gender dysphoria refers to feelings of distress and discomfort that a person experiences
when their assigned gender does not match their gender identity. People who experience
gender dysphoria may feel uncomfortable with and distressed over the conflict between the
sexual characteristics of their physical body and how they feel and think about themselves

• The Change Curve, or Kübler Ross' Change Curve Model, was created by the Swiss-
American psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in 1969. It depicts 5-stages of grief denial,
anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

• The Rorschach Inkblot test developed by Hermann Rorschach was ideated by a popular
game called Blotto. It involved a set of inkblots that could be organized into a poem or story or
used in a round of charades.
• Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is a form of exposure therapy (BEHAVIOURAL) that uses
technology. Exposure therapy seeks to help decrease the intensity of the stress responses you
might have to situations, thoughts, or memories which provoke anxiety or fear.

• uncanny valley is a hypothesized relation between an object's degree of resemblance to a

human being and the emotional response to the object. [ROBOTS] . "Valley" denotes a dip in the
human observer's affinity for the replica—a relation that otherwise increases with the replica's
human likeness. The more it resembles human, the more the affinity

• One is that people yawn when other people yawn due to a phenomenon called echopraxia, in
which a person sees a certain behavior and, if they're sensitive to it, will mimic it. This is made
possible by mirror neurons in the brain.

• Social identity theory proposed by Tajfel and Turner (1986) suggests that individuals experience
collective identity based on their membership in a group, such as racial/ethnic and
gender identities.
• The concept of two great psychopathological types of manic-depressive or 'circular' insanity and
dementia praecox (i. e. schizophrenia) was developed by Emil Kraepelin. Withdrawal, delusion of
persecution, hebephrenia, catatonia

• Mere- exposure effect- ROBERT ZAJONC

• Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of the Species, proposing that all our traits are inherited.
• Greek philosopher Aristotle names four sources of happiness: sensual (hedone), material
(propraietari), ethical (ethikos), and logical (dialogike)

• First disease Sigmund Freud describes in psychoanalysis- Hysteria

• Sigmund Freud viewed dreams as “the royal road” to the unconscious and developed
dream analysis, or dream interpretation, as a way of tapping into this unconscious
material.
• Free Association was developed by Sigmund Freud
 Bruce Tuckman 5 Stages of Team Development

• SIGMUND FREUD; LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

•
• Edward Thorndike was an American psychologist who studied animal behavior in the
early 20th century. He was one of the first to apply psychological theories to the field of
learning. One of his greatest contributions to education was inspired by his operant
conditioning experiments, particularly the lab device that people know as the Thorndike
Puzzle Box. This experimental box proved that trial and error, a problem-solving
method that involves repeated, varied attempts until a solution is found, informs the
connection between stimulus and response.

• That great God-given maze which is our human world -Edward Tolman
• There is a reasoning soul in this machine- Rene Descartes
• Stop imagining the scene and relax- Joseph Wolpe [systematic desensitization]
• The good life is a process not a state of being- Carl Rogers
• What a man can be, he must be- Abraham Maslow
• The neurotic carries a feeling of inferiority with him constantly- Alfred Adler
• The tyranny of the “shoulds”- Karen Horney
• There’s more to the surface than meets the eye- Aaron Beck
• We can listen to only one voice at once- Donald Broadbent [filter theory]
• Time’s arrow is bent into a loop- Endel Tulving

Tulving- the ability to travel back and forward in time mentally is unique to humans and
this is made possible by the autonoetic consciousness and is the essence of episodic
memory.
• The more you see it, the more you like it -Robert Zajonc
• What happens when you put good people in an evil place? -Philip Zimbardo [Stanford prison
experiment]
• People do what they are told to do- Stanley Milgram [Obedience to authority WWII extent to
which soldiers were willing to obey authority at the cost of inner conscience]
• Truth can be tolerated only if you discover it yourself -Fritz Perls [Gestalt therapy]
• 1 The superego becomes clear only when it confronts the ego with hostility -Anna Freud [ego
defence mechanisms]
• Suffering ceases to be suffering at the moment it finds a meaning- Viktor Frankl [logotherapy]
1. The Attachment Theory- John Bowlby
2. The Altruism Theory by Frans B. M. de Wall
3. The Classical Conditioning Theory by Ivan Petrovitj Pavlov
4. The Cognitive Theory of Stress by Richard Lazarus
5. The Flow Theory by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
6. The Five-Factor Model of Personality Theory by McCrae and Paul Costa
7. The Learned Helplessness Theory by Martin E. P. Seligman & Maier
8. The Multiple Intelligence Theory by Howard Gardner
9. The Placebo Effect Theory Beecher
10. The Self-Determination Theory by Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan
11. The Self-Efficacy Theory by Albert Bandura
12. The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Theory by Robert Rosenthal
13. The Theory of Cognitive Biases
14. The Theory of Coping by Richard S. Lazarus & Folkman
15. Cognitive Dissonance Theory by Leon Festinger
16. The Ego Depletion Theory by Baumeister
17. The Attention Restoration Theory by Kaplan
18. Personal Construct Theory- George Kelly
19. Covariation theory of Attribution- Harold Kelly
20. Filter Theory- Donald Broadbent
21. Filter Attenuation Theory- Anne Treisman
22. Socio Cultural Context Cog. Development- Lev Vygotsky
23. Cognitive theory of development- Jean Piaget
24. Psycho-Social development- Erik Erikson
25. Stages of Psycho-Sexual development- Sigmund Freud
26. Electra Complex- Carl Jung
27. Structure of Intellect model [operants(6) content(5) product(6)]- J.P. Guilford
28. Convergent/Divergent Thinking- J.P. Guilford
29. Brainstorming- Alex Osborn
30. Latent Learning- Edward Tolman
31. Insight Learning- Wolfgang Kohler
32. Social Learning- Albert Bandura
33. 5 Stages of Team Development- Bruce Tuckman
34. Conformity Experiment- Solomon Asch
35. Evaluative Apprehension- Nikolas Cottrell
36. Mere- Exposure effect – Robert Zajonc
37. Concept of Balance [POX Triangle]- Fritz Heider
38. Cognitive Dissonance- Leon Festinger
39. Two Step Concept- S.M. Mohsin
40. Logotherapy- Victor Frankl
41. Gestalt Therapy- Fritz Perls and Laura Pearls
42. Client Centred Therapy- Carl Rogers
43. Core Schema Cog. Therapy- Aaron Beck
44. Cognitive theory of Depression- Aaron Beck
45. Rational Emotive Therapy- Albert Ellis
46. CBT- Aaron Beck/ Donald Michenbaum
47. Stress Inoculation Training- Donald Michenbaum
48. Analytical Psychology, ARCHETYPES - Carl Jung
49. INFERIORITY COMPLEX/ Individual Psychology, Belongingness - Alfred Adler
50. Concept of IQ- William Stern
51. First IQ test- Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
52. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence- Robert Sternberg
53. Theory of Love- Robert Sternberg
54. Two- factor theory- Charles Spearman
 55. Theory of 7 primary mental abilities- Louis Thurstone
56. One factor theory of Int- Alfred Binet
57. PASS Model- J.P. Das,Jack Naglieri, Kirby
58. Basic Anxiety- Karen Horney
59. Operant Conditioning- Burrhus Frederick Skinner
60. Law of Effect- Edward Thorndike
61. Ego defence mechanisms, Child Psychoanalysis- Anna Freud
62. Maternal Deprivation- Harry Harlow
63. Fluid and Crystallised Intelligence, SOURCE AND SURFACE TRAITS- Raymond Catell
64. Pioneer of Trait Approach- Gordon Allport
65. Term ‘EMPATHY’ coined by- Edward Titchener
66. Introspection- Wilhelm Wundt

NEUROTRANSMITTERS
• Endorphin- released after exercising, feeling ‘pain’, causes ‘feel good’ feelings
• Serotonin- Serotonin helps regulate mood, sleep patterns, sexuality, anxiety, appetite.
Released after feeling a sense of satiety, laughing, selfless work etc.
• Dopamine- Released after feeling a sense of achievement, pleasurable activities, you
feel good and you seek more of that feeling. This is why junk food and sugar are so
addictive
• Oxytocin- oxytocin's role in various behaviors, including orgasm, social recognition,
bonding, and maternal behavior. For this reason, it is now sometimes referred to as the
“love hormone” and many such names described earlier. Feelings of love and protection
• Histamine. Histamine regulates body functions including wakefulness, feeding behavior
and motivation

• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid that functions as the primary inhibitory
neurotransmitter for the central nervous system (CNS). It functions to reduce neuronal
excitability by inhibiting nerve transmission. (Reducing anxiety)
• Anxiety disorders are caused by low activity of GABA
• Schizophrenia – high activity of dopamine
• Depression- low activity of serotonin

LEARNING DISABILITIES
• Dyscalculia- A specific learning disability that affects a person’s ability to understand numbers
and learn math facts.
• Dyslexia- A specific learning disability that affects reading and related language-based
processing skills
• Dysgraphia- A specific learning disability that affects a person’s handwriting ability
and fine motor skills.
• Dyspraxia- A disorder which causes problems with movement and coordination,
language and speech.
achluophobia fear of darkness

acrophobia fear of heights

aerophobia fear of flying

agoraphobia fear of public spaces or crowds

aichmophobia fear of needles or pointed objects

ailurophobia fear of cats

alektorophobia fear of chickens

algophobia fear of pain

amaxophobia fear of riding in a car

androphobia fear of men

anginophobia fear of angina or choking

anthophobia fear of flowers

anthropophobia fear of people or society

aphenphosmphobia fear of being touched

arachnophobia fear of spiders

arithmophobia fear of numbers

astraphobia fear of thunder and lightning

ataxophobia fear of disorder or untidiness

atelophobia fear of imperfection

atychiphobia fear of failure

autophobia fear of being alone

B

bacteriophobia fear of bacteria

barophobia fear of gravity

bathmophobia fear of stairs or steep slopes

batrachophobia fear of amphibians

belonephobia fear of pins and needles

bibliophobia fear of books

botanophobia fear of plants

cacophobia fear of ugliness

catagelophobia fear of being ridiculed

catoptrophobia fear of mirrors

chionophobia fear of snow

chromophobia fear of colors

chronomentrophobia fear of clocks

cibophobia fear of food

claustrophobia fear of confined spaces

coulrophobia fear of clowns

cyberphobia fear of computers

cynophobia fear of dogs

D
dendrophobia fear of trees

dentophobia fear of dentists

domatophobia fear of houses

dystychiphobia fear of accidents

entomophobia fear of insects

ephebiphobia fear of teenagers

equinophobia fear of horses

gamophobia fear of marriage or commitment

genuphobia fear of knees

glossophobia fear of speaking in public

gynophobia fear of women

heliophobia fear of the sun

hemophobia fear of blood

herpetophobia fear of reptiles

hydrophobia fear of water

hypochondria fear of illness

I–K

iatrophobia fear of doctors

insectophobia fear of insects

koinoniphobia fear of rooms full of people

leukophobia fear of the color white

lilapsophobia fear of tornadoes and hurricanes

lockiophobia fear of childbirth

mageirocophobia fear of cooking

megalophobia fear of large things

melanophobia fear of the color black

microphobia fear of small things

mysophobia fear of dirt and germs

necrophobia fear of death or dead things

noctiphobia fear of the night

nosocomephobia fear of hospitals

nyctophobia fear of the dark

obesophobia fear of gaining weight

octophobia fear of the number 8

ombrophobia fear of rain

ophidiophobia fear of snakes

ornithophobia fear of birds

papyrophobia fear of paper

paruresis fear of urinating in public places or in the presence of others

pathophobia fear of disease

pedophobia fear of children

philophobia fear of love

phobophobia fear of phobias

podophobia fear of feet

pogonophobia fear of beards

porphyrophobia fear of the color purple

pteridophobia fear of ferns

pteromerhanophobia fear of flying

pyrophobia fear of fire

Q–S

samhainophobia fear of Halloween

scolionophobia fear of school

selenophobia fear of the moon

sociophobia fear of social evaluation

somniphobia fear of sleep

 T

tachophobia fear of speed

technophobia fear of technology

thalassophobia fear of deep water

tonitrophobia fear of thunder

trypanophobia fear of needles or injections

trypophobia fear of clustered patterns of holes

U–Z

venustraphobia fear of beautiful women

verminophobia fear of germs

wiccaphobia fear of witches and witchcraft

xenophobia fear of strangers or foreigners

zoophobia fear of animals

• Lepidopterophobia is the fear of butterflies or moths.

Musophobia, an extreme fear of mice and rats,
Coulrophobia, or the fear of clowns
• Achluophobia is an excessive and irrational fear of darkness or the
night. It is classified as a specific phobia, which is a type of anxiety
disorder that involves an intense fear or avoidance of a specific
object or situation.
• It's a type of anxiety disorder that's also called achluophobia or
lygophobia.
• GLOBOPHOBIA is the fear of balloons
• Atychiphobia Fear of failure
• enochlophobia: fear of crowds
• phasmophobia, or fear of the supernatural or ghosts
• nosocomephobia: fear of hospitals
•