Pagbasa

ARALIN 4 : Tekstong Persweysib

Tekstong Persweysib o Nanghihikayat
Layunin ng tekstong persweysib na maglahad ng isang opinyong kailangang mapanindigan
at maipagtanggol sa tulong ng mga patnubay at totoong datos upang makumbinsi ang mga
mambabasa na pumanig sa manunulat. Layunin na manghikayat o mangumbinsi sa babasa
ng teksto. Isinusulat upang mabago ang takbo ng pag- iisip ng mambabasa at makumbinsi
ito sa punto ng manunulat at hindi sa iba, siya ang tama.

IBA’T IBANG URI NG MGA PROPAGANDA DEVICE

● NAME CALLING - Pagbibigay ng hindi magandang taguri sa isang produkto o katunggali
upang hindi tangkilikin.
● GLITTERING GENERALITIES - Ang magaganda at nakasisilaw na pahayag ukol sa isang
produktong tumutugon sa mga paniniwala at pagpapahalaga ng mambabasa.
● TRANSFER - Paggamit ng isang sikat na personalidad upang mailipat sa isang produkto o
tao ang kasikatan.
● TESTIMONIAL- Kapag ang isang sikat na tao ay tuwirang nagendorso ng isang tao o
produkto.
● PLAIN FOLKS - Mga kilala o tanyag na tao ay pinapalabas na ordinaryong tao na
nanghihikayat sa produkto o serbisyo.
● CARD STACKING - Ipinakikita ang lahat ng magagandang katangian ng produkto ngunit
hindi binabanggit ang hindi magandang katangian.
● BANDWAGON - Hinihimok ang lahat na gamitin ang isang produkto o sumali sa isang
pangkat dahil lahat ay sumali na.

TATLONG PARAAN NG PANGHIHIKAYAT AYON KAY ARISTOTLE

● Ethos - naiimpluwensyahan ng karakter at kredibilidad ng tagapagsalita ang paniniwala ng
mga tagapakinig. Sa ganitong paraan, kailangang nagtataglay ng sapat na kasanayan sa
pamamahayag ang isang manunulat o tagapagsalita.
● Logos - paraan ng paghikayat na umaapila sa isip. Ang paglalahad ng sapat na katibayan
kaugnay ng paksa ay labis na nakakaapekto sa panghihikayat.
● Pathos - pag-apila sa damdamin ng mga tagapakinig. Ito marahil ang pinakamahalagang
paraan upang makahikayat. Madaling naaakit ang isang tao kapag naantig ang kanyang
damdamin kaugnay ng paksang tinatalakay.
ARALIN 5 : Tekstong Naratibo
Ano ang Kahulugan ng Tekstong Naratibo?
Ang tekstong naratibo ay isang uri ng tekstong naglalayong magsalaysay ng kwento o
pangyayari. Ang pagsulat nito ay maaring batay sa obserbasyon o nakita ng may akda,
maari din namang ito ay nanggaling mula sa sarili niyang karanasan. Ito ay maaring hinango
sa totoong pangyayari sa daigdig (di-piksyon), o nanggaling lamang sa kathang-isip ng
manunulat (piksyon).
Ang ilan sa mga halimbawa ng tekstong nagkukuwento na nabibilang sa akdang piksyon ay
nobela, maikling kwento, at tulang nagsasalaysay. Ang halimbawa naman ng hindi piksyon
ay talambuhay, balita at maikling sanaysay. Lahat ng halimbawang nabanggit ay nagtataglay
ng masining na pagsasalaysay, nagpapahayag ng emosyon sa mga mambabasa, at
nagpapakita ng iba’t-ibang imahen, metapora at mga simbolo.

Elemento ng Tekstong Naratibo

Paksa

• Ang paksa ang siyang iniikutan ng kwento sa tekstong naratibo. Sa pagpili ng paksa,
mahalagang isaalang-alang ang magiging papel nito sa lipunan.
Estruktura

• Ang estruktura ay ang pagkakaayos ng daloy ng mga pangyayari sa kwento. Ang

kabuuang estruktura ng kwento ay kinakailangang maging malinaw at lohikal.

Tauhan - Gumaganap sa isang kwento. Nakikilala ang tauhan depende sa kung paano siya
gumaganap sa isinasalaysay na kwento.
Mga karaniwang tauhan sa naratibo
1. Pangunahing tauhan - Umiikot ang pangyayari sa kwento mula simula hanggang
katapusan.
2. Katunggaling tauhan - Kumakalaban o sumasalungat sa pangunahing tauhan.
3. Kasamang tauhan - Kasama o kasangga ng pangunahing tauhan.
Uri ng Tauhan
1. Tauhang Bilog (round character) - Katangian na katulad din ng tao isang totoong tao na
nagbabago ang katauhan sa loob ng akda. Halimbawa sa simula siya ay masama ngunit
naging mabait sa huling bahagi ng kwento.
2. Tauhang Lapad (flat character) - Tauhang hindi nagbabago ang pagkatao mula sa simula
hanggang sa katapusan. Halimbawa sa simula siya ay masama hanggang sa katapusan ng
kwento.
Oryentasyon

• Ang oryentasyon ay ang malinaw na pagbibigay ng deskripsyon ng may akda sa

mga tauhan, tagpuan at mga pangyayari sa kwento. Ang manunulat ay dapat
makapagbigay ng tiyak na detalye upang maipadama sa mga mambabasa ang
realidad ng kaniyang akda.

Pamamaraan ng Narasyon - Ito ay estilo kung paano isinalaysay ng manunulat ang

kabuuan ng kwento. Ang ilan sa mga paraan ng pagsasalaysay ay makikita mo sa ibaba.
● Diyalogo – Ito ay estilo ng narasyon kung saan ang pagsasalaysay ng kwento ay
naipapahayag sa pamamagitan ng pag-uusap ng mga tauhan.
● Foreshadowing – Ito ay ang pagbibigay ng pahiwatig ng may akda sa kung ano ang
maaring maganap sa istorya
● Plot twist– Sa mga tekstong naratibo, ang plot twist ay ang hindi inaasahang kaganapan
sa daloy ng kwento.
● Ellipsis – Ang ellipsis ay ang pagtatanggal ng manunulat ng ilang yugto ng kwento upang
mabigyan ng pagkakataon ang mambabasa na magbigay ng sarili nilang salaysay.
● Comic Book Death – Ito ay isang estilo ng pagsasalaysay kung saan pinapatay ng
manunulat ang mga mahahalagang tauhan ngunit sa pahuling bahagi ng kwento, ito ay bigla
na lamang magpapakita para bigyan ng linaw ang mga nangyari.
● Reverse Chronology – Isang paraan ng pagsasalaysay kung saan ang kwento ay
nagsisimula sa dulong bahagi hanggang sa makapunta sa simula.
● In medias res – Ang narasyon ay nagsisimula sa gitnang bahagi ng kwento.
● Deus ex machina – Sa estilong ito, nabibigyan ng solusyon ang matinding suliranin sa
pamamagitan ng hindi inaasahang mga tauhan, bagay o pangyayari. Ang mga susi sa
suliranin ay hindi ipinakita o ipinakilala sa bandang unahan ng kwento, sa halip, sila ay bigla
na lamang sumulpot sa istorya.

Komplikasyon o Tunggalian

• Ang tunggalian ay ang nagbibigay ng “thrill” o pagkasabik sa kwento. Ito ay

karaniwang nagpapakita ng pagsubok na kinakaharap ng pangunahing tauhan.
Resolusyon

• Ito ang kahahantungan ng komplikasyon o tunggalian. Ang resolusyon ay maaring

maging masaya o malungkot. Maari din namang magtapos ito sa hindi tiyak na
kalalabasan kung saan ang mambabasa ang siyang mag-iisip sa kung ano ang
kinahantungan ng kwento.
May iba’t ibang pananaw o (point of view)
• Unang Panauhan - Isa sa mga tauhan ang nagsasalaysay ng mga bagay na kanyang
nararanasan, naalala, o naririnig kaya gumagamit ng “Ako”.
• Ikalawang Panauhan - Mistulang kinakausap ng manunulat ang tauhang pinagagalaw niya
sa kwento kaya’t gumagamit siya ng panghalip na “ka at ikaw”.
• Ikatlong Panauhan - Isinasalaysay ng isang taong walang relasyon sa tauhan kaya ang
panghalip na ginagamit niya ay “Siya”.

ETS
LESSON 3 - CONTEXTUALIZED ONLINE SEARCH AND
RESEARCH SKILLS
Why Use the Internet?

• The Internet is pervasive

• only accessible
• frequently updated.
The web permits you to access resources not to have the physical means to urge
antecedently. Due to the web, you will be able to currently browse the many works at Louvre
right from the convenience of your laptop computer.
The Internet is also an excellent way to familiarize or orient yourself with an unfamiliar
speech topic.
Tips on Improving Search and Research Skills
1. When searching online, narrow your topic
a. Put the word “AND” between each keyword to create a search string.
b. Identify synonyms of the keywords.
2. Review the first pages returned.
3. Use the plus (+) sign for a more specific search.
4. Use the minus (-) sign for a more specific search.
5. Use wildcards for a broader search.
6. Use quotation marks to find phrases or names.
7. Use several search engines.
Evaluating Websites To help you evaluate the website’s credibility, here are the questions
that you need to answer:
1. What is the domain type of the website? If it is a personal website, then you should
further evaluate the website.
2. Who wrote the article? Check if the author’s credentials or affiliations are listed so you
can tell whether the author is qualified to write the topic. Also, check the publisher of the
article if it is a reliable publisher. Make sure that the author provides an e-mail or a contact
address/phone number.
3. What is the purpose of the document, and why was it produced? It is also
essential to check the document’s purpose and why it was created. The document should
provide accurate information and must be objective in presenting it. Some websites produce
documents to motivate users to buy products. If this is the case, information might be biased.
However, bias is not necessarily bad, but you need to investigate the author or connections.
4. When was the document published and updated? The author should regularly
update the document. As to the freshness of the date, it depends on the information needed.
For some topics, you want current information. For others, you want information near the
time it became known. The links should also be up to date. There should be no dead links.

LESSON 4 - PRODUCTIVITY TOOLS: ADVANCED WORD,

SPREADSHEET AND PRESENTATION
Productivity Tools

• software that people use to create and produce documents, presentations,

databases, charts, and graphs.

Why should you learn productivity tools?

• While there is a wide range of benefits of using productivity tools, the best reason is
that we must use computers to do different tasks more efficiently every day.
Common productivity tools
1. Microsoft word
2. Microsoft excel
3. Microsoft PowerPoint
4. Mail Merge
Mail Merge

• It is Word’s way of generating mass mailings. It involves combining a list of names

and addresses to address to each person / receiver on the list individually. You can
use Mail Merge to create envelopes or manage labels, as well as form letters.
Mail Merged involved the following documents.

• The main document contains text and graphics—for example, the body of the letter.
• Mailing list – this is your data source that will use used to populate information in the
letter. It contains the names and addresses of the recipients.
• Merged document - this document the combination of the main document.

Getting Started

1. Opening Microsoft Word Program. (Click the Start button, type Word, and click OK.
2. On the Mailings tab, click Start Mail Merge, and then select Letters. This will allow
you to send letters to a group of people and personalize the letter's result that each
person receives.
3. In Word, type the letter's body (example follows) that you want to send to everyone.
4. Set Mailing List - The mailing list is your data source. It can be an Excel
spreadsheet, a directory of Outlook contacts, an Access database, or an Office
address list. It contains the record that Word uses to pull information from to build
your letter. In this activity, we will focus on the MS-Access database.
5. Link your mailing list to your main document.
• On the Mailings tab, in the Start Mail Merge group, choose Select Recipients,
and then click Type New List and create a new list (input at least ten
recipients and click OK and Save
• In the Mail Merge Recipients dialog box, you can make any changes if
needed, and then click OK.
6. We are adding personalized content to the letter.
• Click the Mailings tab. In the Write & Fields group, click Address Block.
• In the Insert Address Block dialog box, select a format for the recipient’s
name to appear in the letter and choose OK.
7. Finally, save your document in My Documents or Flash Drive. [click save icon in the
Quick Access Toolbar or click Office Button, click save in its full down menu.
Custom Animation - The animation is a simulation of movement created by displaying a
series of pictures or frames.
Steps in applying animation effect to an object:
1. On a slide in Normal view, select the object you want to animate.
2. Select Slide Show – click the Animations tab. In the Animation group, select your desired
effect or click the dropdown button to choose more products.
Add a motion path to an object
1. Select the object that you want to animate.
2. On the Animation tab, click Add Animation.
3. Scroll down Motion Paths and select one. - If you're going to create a customized path,
Select the Custom Path option, and draw the direction you want the object to move.

Editing motion paths

1. to do things like to change the direction of the motion path, edit the individual points of the
motion path, or to lock ( make it so others can’t change your animation ) or unlock the
animation, Effect Options.
2. To preview the motion path, click the object on the slides, click Animation, and select
Preview.

Remove an animation effect from an object

1. On the slide in a normal view, select the item from which to remove the effect.
2. On the Animation tab, in the Animation group, click None to remove the effect.

Hyperlink
A hyperlink, or merely a link, is a reference data that the reader can directly follow by clicking
or tapping. Hyperlinks are found in nearly all Web pages, allowing users to click their way
from one page to another. In-text hyperlinks are often color blue and underlined.
When you move the cursor over a hyperlink, whether it is text, button, or an image, the arrow
cursor should be changed to a small hand pointing to the link. Hyperlinks have to essential
parts:
1. The Address – can be a webpage, email address, or other location they are linking.
2. The Display – can be picture or shape.
Link to a website
1. Opening PowerPoint Program. (Click the Start button, type PowerPoint, and press
Enter).
2. Select the text, shape, or picture that you want to use a hyperlink.
3. Select the Insert tab and in the Links group, click Link.
4. Select the Existing File or Web page, and choose the:

• Text to Display: type the text that you want to appear as a hyperlink.
• ScreenTip: Type the text you want to occur when the user hovers over the hyperlink
(optional).
• Current Folder, Browsed Pages, or Recent Files: Select where you want to link.
• Address: if you have not already selected a location above, insert the URL for the
website you want to link.
1. Select OK.

Link a slide in the same presentation

1. Opening PowerPoint program. (click Start button, type PowerPoint, and press Enter)
2. Select the text, shape, or picture that you want to use as a hyperlink.
3. Select Insert tab > Links group, click the Link button, and select an option:
• Place in This Document: Link to a specific slide in your presentation.
• Create New Document: Link from your presentation to another presentation.
• E-mail Address: Link a displayed email address to open up a user's email program.
4. Fill in the Text to display, ScreenTip, and where you want to link.
5. Select OK.
Change the color of a hyperlink. You can also change the color of a hyperlink if you want to
change the display text of a link to blue or any other color.

Integrating Images
Integrating image
1. Opening Microsoft Word Program. (Click the Start button, type Microsoft Word and press
Enter).
2. Formatting text to no spacing. (Click the No Spacing button in Styles group in the Home
ribbon).

3. Saving a document to Documents/Flash Drive [click <Save as in the Quick Access Toolbar
(or Click Office button and click Save As.) then type the Filename “Activity 5 Family Name” in
the File Name text box, Click Documents/Flash Drive and click save button or just press
Enter].
4. Write at least two paragraphs that describe yourself and your family with no indention on
the first line of every section.
5. Inserting picture/s of yours and/or your family. (Click Insert ribbon, in the Illustration group
click picture then find your picture/s in your flash drive, came, Pictures folder or any other
devices/folders).
6. Use your previous/advance knowledge in editing/enhancing picture, text and background
in your document Note: you can do anything you want to make your activity looks elegant
and beautiful.
7. Setting drop cap to text. [(Highlight or blacken the first letter of a paragraph, in the Insert
ribbon in Text group, click the arrow down beside Drop Cap and select Dropped in the
dropdown option.) Do the same procedure in the second paragraph.]
8. Check the margin of the paper for printing. [Click File Button, point to Print button, check
the preview page, go back to the standard view, click the back button, found on the upper left
side of your document].

Electronic Spreadsheet

• According to emerald.com, an electronic spreadsheet is probably the most useful

general-purpose software for the microcomputer user.
• An electronic spreadsheet refers to a collection of text and numbers laid out in a
rectangular grid
• It replaces the traditional financial modeling tools, the accountant’s columnar pad,
pencil, and calculator
Arithmetic operations

Common Error Values That You Can Encounter from Faulty Formulas
1. #DIV/0! - Appears when entering a formula that performs explicit division by zero (0),
using a reference to a blank cell or to a cell that contains zero as the divisor in a formula or
function that performs division or running a macro that uses a function or a formula that
returns the #DIV/0! Error.
2. ##### - appears when the column is not wide enough to display the content and dates
and times are negative numbers. The solution is to increase the column width.
3. #NAME? It appears when the formula refers to a range name that doesn't exist in the
worksheet.
4. #N/A – appears when
a. an inappropriate value was given for the lookup value argument in the HLOOKUP,
LOOKUP, MATCH, or VLOOKUP worksheet function,
b. the VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, or MATCH worksheet function was used to locate a value
in an unsorted table,
c. an array formula (array formula: A formula that performs multiple calculations on one
or more sets of values and then returns either a single result or multiple results. Array
formulas are enclosed between braces { } and are entered by pressing
CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.)
d. one or more required arguments were omitted from a built-in or custom worksheet
function,
e. a custom worksheet function that you use is not available and
f. a macro that you run enters a function that returns #N/A.
5. #NULL! It appears most often when you insert a space (where you should have used a
comma) to separate cell references used as arguments for functions.
6. #NUM! It appears when Excel encounters a problem with a number in the formula, such
as the wrong type of argument in an Excel function or a calculation that produces a number
too large or too small to be represented in the worksheet.
7. #REF! It appears when Excel encounters an invalid cell reference, such as when you
delete a cell referred to in a formula or paste cells over the cells referred to in a formula.
8. #VALUE! It appears when you use the wrong type of argument or operator in a function or
when you call for a mathematical operation that refers to cells that contain text entries.
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Normal Distribution
Normal Random Variable

• also known as a Gaussian random variable or a normally distributed random

variable.
• a type of continuous probability distribution commonly used in statistics and
probability theory.
• characterized by a bell-
• shaped curve known as the normal distribution or Gaussian distribution.
Normal Distribution

• named for the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855), who
derived its equation.
• No variable fits a normal distribution perfectly since a normal distribution is a
theoretical distribution.
• can be used to describe many variables, because the deviations from a normal
distribution are very small.
Normal Distribution
1. Theoretical Nature of Normal Distribution: A normal distribution is an idealized
mathematical model characterized by a specific shape (bell curve) and defined by
parameters such as mean and standard deviation. It serves as a theoretical construct
and is not expected to perfectly match any real-world dataset.
2. Imperfect Fits: In practice, real-world data rarely conforms exactly to a normal
distribution. Various factors, such as outliers, skewness, or the influence of other
underlying processes, can contribute to deviations from the idealized normal
distribution.
3. Descriptive Power: Despite its theoretical nature and the imperfections in fitting real-
world data precisely, normal distribution is a powerful and widely used tool in
statistics. Many natural phenomena exhibit behavior that is reasonably well
approximated by a normal distribution.
4. Small Deviations: The statement suggests that while no variable perfectly follows a
normal distribution, the deviations from the idealized normal curve are typically small.
This implies that, for many practical purposes, using a normal distribution to model
and analyze data can be effective and yields meaningful results.
Characteristics
1. A normal distribution is symmetric.
2. Bell-shaped Curve
3. Mean, Median, and Mode Equality
4. Unimodal (i.e., it has only one mode)
5. Symmetry
6. Asymptotic Tails
7. Parameters - Mean and Standard Deviation
8. 68-95-99.7 Rule (Empirical Rule): This rule states that approximately 68% of the data
falls within one standard deviation of the mean, about 95% within two standard
deviations, and nearly 99.7% within three standard deviations. This property is
derived from the normal distribution and is useful for understanding the spread of
data.
9. Z-Scores: Z-scores, or standard scores, are used to measure the number of standard
deviations a particular data point is from the mean in a normal distribution.
10. Total Area: The total area under a normal curve is 1.

Skewed Distribution

• asymmetric distribution
• NOT evenly distributed around the mean.
• Cluster more towards one end of the distribution.
• In general, when most of the data values fall to the left or right of the mean, the
distribution is said to be skewed.
• The right side of the distribution is longer than the left side.
• left side is longer than the right side.