MODULE 7: Communicative Strategies
(Lahey, 1988: morphology, syntax, and
COMMUNICATIV - plans, ways or means of sharing
E STRATEGIES information which to achieve a
particular social, political,
psychological, or linguistic
purpose.
NOMINATION - collaboratively and productively
establish a topic
- you try to open a topic with the
people you are talking to
RESTRICTION - any limitation you may have as a
speaker
TURN-TAKING - decide who takes the
conversational floor
- give people chance to speak
- uses formal/ informal approach
TOPIC CONTROL - covers how procedural formality
or informality affects the
development of topic in
conversations
TOPIC SHIFTING - involves moving from one topic
to another
- we also use effective
conversational transitions to
indicate a shift or change of
ideas/topic
- uses transitional words
REPAIR - how speakers address the
problems in speaking, listening,
and comprehending that they
may encounter in a conversation
- self-right mechanism
- addresses the problem
STRATEGIES
- Requesting clarification
- Acknowledging
- Topic shifting
- Not responding
- Repeating
- Recasting (Loudness and
slowness)
- Adding
TERMINATION - conversation participants’ close-
initiating expressions that end a
topic in a conversation
MODULE 8: Communicative Competence
Strategies in Various Speech Situations
Form - shape and structure of something
- organization, placement, and relationship
between things
Language - so-called surface features of the language
Form and how these are arranged
- divided into at least three categories
phonology).
Morphology – internal structure of words
(prefix and suffix)
Syntax – how words are combine – grammar
Phonology – patterns of sounds
LANGUAGE (content, form, & use)
- content - actual meaning or information we want to
express.
- Form - involves the structure of language—how we
arrange words, phrases, and sentences to convey that
meaning
- use - practical application of language in specific
situations.
DURATION OF INTERACTION
- is the length of time in a given conversation. This can be
affected when sudden change or shifts on speech style,
speech act, speech context and communicative strategies
will occur. The conversation may become shorter or
longer.
- Duration refers to the length of time that something
lasts.
- Interaction is a mutual or reciprocal action.
As we shift or change our speech style
manner of communication
the way that people use in speech context
communication
the purpose and intention speech acts
and our communicative
strategies, the language
form is most likely affected.
A shift on - (e.g. from formal to informal)
speech style - can affect the form of the language
Formal Style
- does not allow contraction and
ellipsis
Informal or Casual Style
- allow contractions and ellipsis
- allows the use of slang, jargon and
vernacular language
Martin Joos (1976), a linguist and
German professor, also added that the
form of language that the speaker
utilized is characterized by the level of
formality.
A shift on - also affects the language form.
speech context
Intrapersonal Communication
 - used most of first-person pronoun the audience
when people are talking to Speech Commissive Acts
themselves about their feelings by Acts - requires considerable time for about an
means of thoughts. hour during formal meetings and
- words and phrases tend to be declaration
personal since communication will
just revolve among themselves Expressive Acts
- sometimes takes the longest duration of
Interpersonal Communication interaction
- expressive in nature, can use - ex: overnight sharing & socializations
variety of language to express what
is on the mind in a loose and free PRINCIPLES OF SPEECHES
discussion. Process
- language is affected depends on - conducting an audience analysis
the context of the conversation - determining the purpose of the speech
A shift on - can also affect the language form - selecting a topic
speech act - forms of language depend on the - narrowing down a topic
intention of the speaker and the - gathering data
listener
- For an instance an illocutionary- Demography Situation Psychology
directives can be express in - age range - time - values
imperative way. - male-female - venue - beliefs
- Therefore, the subject of the ratio - occasion - attitude
statement is implied. - educational - size - preferences
A shift on - likewise affects the language form. background - cultural and
communicative - nationality racial
strategy Nomination and Turn-taking Strategies - economic background
- presented through interrogative status - needs
while in the process of terminating - academic or
the conversation ends in a plane corporate
statement. designation

DURATION OF TIME IN … PURPOSE (provides audience with ..)

Speech Casual Conversation Informative clear understanding of the concept or
Style - takes the shortest duration of interaction Speech idea presented by the speaker
Entertainment
Consultative, Intimate, & Formal amusement
Speech
- may take an average time of one to two Persuasive well-argued ideas that can influence
hours Speech their own beliefs and decisions

Frozen Style WRITING PATTERNS

- reciting a pledge or oath Biographical descriptions of the life of a person
- (mostly short in duration)
Categorical/
related categories supporting the topic
Topical
- reciting of series of scripts
Casual cause-effect relationship
- (quite lengthy)
Chronological the idea in time order
Speech the duration of interaction as to shifts in
Comparison/ comparison/contrast of two or three
Contexts speech context depends on the intent of
Contrast points
communication
Problem- an identified problem, its causes, and
solution recommended solutions
Intrapersonal Communication
- someone can speak to himself/herself
overnight to reflect and reminisce PREPARING AN OUTLINE
personal decisions and experiences OUTLINE – hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your
- (lengthy speech) ideas

Interpersonal Communication
- do not require lengthy speech considering
Introduction - Foundation of the speech
 - goal is to get the attention of the
audience and present the subject or
main idea of your speech.
Body of - Provides explanations, examples, or
Speech any details that can help you deliver
your purpose and explain the main
idea of your speech
Conclusion - Restates the main idea of the speech.
- Provides a summary, emphasizes the
message, and calls for action. Aims to
leave the audience with a memorable
statement.
Editing/ - correcting errors in mechanics
Revising - such as grammar, punctuation,
capitalization, unity, coherence
SIX POWER PRINCIPLES FOR SPEECH EDITING
Edit for - Ensure that everything you have
Focus written, from introduction to
conclusion, is related to your central
message.
Edit for - Make all ideas in your speech clear by
Clarity arranging them in logical order
Edit for - Keep your speech short, simple, and
Conclusion clear by eliminating unrelated stories
and sentences and by using simple
words.
Edit for - Keep the flow of your presentation
Continuity smooth by adding transition words and
phrases
Edit for - Add spice to your speech by shifting
Variety tone and style from formal to
conversational and vice-versa, moving
around the stage, or adding humor.
Edit for - Make your speech memorable by using
Impact these strategies:
and  Surprise of the audience
Beauty  Use vivid descriptive images
 Write well-crafted and memorable
lines
 Use Figures of Speech
Rehearsing – It gives you an opportunity to identify what
works and what does not work for you and for your target
audience.
SOME STRATEGIES
- recording of your own analysis or for your peers or
coaches to give feedback on your delivery
- reading your speech aloud
Narrowing the topic making the main idea more specific
Audience analysis Process of collecting info about the
audience
Editing or revising Correcting errors
Casual pattern Writing pattern
Topic Event or phenomena
Logical fallacies Errors in reasoning
Conclusion Focal point of the speech
Outline hierarchical list that shows the relationship of ideas
Speech that questions policy Type of claim that questions the
current state of things which can impact the future
Body of speech part of speech that provides explanation
Order writing pattern which can be used in presenting to the
history, evolution or the development of the topic from past
to present, beggining to end
Turn taking continues exchange of info
Aristotle Model Communication model that is speaker
centered
Nomination speaker establishes a topic collaboratively and
productively
Repair self-righting mechanism
TRUE OR FALSE
T Audience can be persuaded if the perceive
F (audience dapat) audience analysis entails looking into the
profile of the target speaker
T Persuasive should have a well defined goal
T Audience can be persuaded if the emotions are touched by
the speakers ideas
F? (dapat get) To distract the attention of the audience you
give striking statistics and shocking incidents to your speech
F (inductive) Deductive reasoning involves stating from
specific evidence to general
Introduction part of speech where the main idea should be
stated clearly
Introduction part of speech where the mail claim should be
state clearly to give the audience
How can credibility be enhanced?
- Explain to your audience why you are qualified to speak
on the topic. Provide your own personal experience with
your topic, if relevant. Demonstrate that you have done
sufficient research on the topic to speak about it with
authority. Establish common ground with your
audience.
- State his/her name and credentials.
- Give reasons why the speech matters.
- Show/illustrate/demonstrate instead of just tell.
- Relate to the audience.
How would you improve your speech delivery?
- Speak with appropriate loudness and speed. Consider
the audience, place and topic. Use variations in speed,
inflections, and force to enhance your meaning and hold
audience attention. Avoid monotony.
- Stand tall—do not hold or lean on the podium.
- Come out from behind the podium during the speech.
Makes an impact especially at the conclusion of the
speech. ...
- Use gestures. Be sure gestures can be seen.
- Make eye contact. It is easy with a podium to look down
especially if you have notes or outlines.
- Practice using your notes or speaking outline
- Practice your speech
- Be direct in speaking
Effects of a Shift in Speech Context, Speech Style,
Speech Act and Communicative Strategies on the
Language Form
Bloom and Lahey (1978) divide language into
three separate but overlapping components: content,
form, and use. The diagram below represents
knowledge of the language and successful integration of
content, form, and use to understand and transmit
messages.
Effects of a Shift in Speech Context, Speech Style,
Speech Act and Communicative Strategies on the
Duration of Interaction
Merriam Webster dictionary defined duration
as the time during which something exists or lasts while
interaction means mutual or reciprocal action or
influence. Hence, duration of interaction means the
extent, length, or time from which the communication
acted upon by two or more parties.
The interaction may happen physically, virtually,
or in long-distance communication.
The duration of interaction for each
engagement depends primarily on where the context
happens, what type of speech style and speech act is
used, and how communicators conveyed and
exchanged the message
Effects of a Shift in Speech Context, Speech Style,
Speech Act and Communicative Strategies on the
Relationship of Speaker
The speaker is one of the key elements of the
basic speech communication model. Speech
communication, in its simplest form, consists of a
sender, a message, and a recipient. The speaker and
sender are synonymous. The speaker is the initiator of
communication. Effective speakers are those who can
most clearly deliver their message to their recipients.
Effects of a Shift in Speech Context, Speech Style,
Speech Act and Communicative Strategies on the Role
and Responsibilities of the Speaker
The setting in which communication takes place
affects how a speaker constructs and interprets
messages (Littlejohn & Foss, 2011). When there is a shift
speech situations, it adds more weight to the role and
responsibility of the speaker because as the number of
participants and the level of formality in the interactions
increase, the speaker is expected to adjust his/her
communicative strategies to appropriately respond to
the listener's needs and interests (Littlejohn & Foss,
2011). That is why the speaker must be aware of the
various types of speech context, speech style, and
speech act, so he/she can select what to use in a given
speech situation.
In most cases, a shift in speech situations
requires the speaker to take a listenercentered
approach and adapt his/her message to the interest,
level of understanding, attitudes, beliefs, expectations,
and norms of the audience.
In the case of a shift from intrapersonal to
interpersonal context, for example, the speaker must
recognize that as the size of the participants in an
interaction increases, he/she assumes more
responsibility to recognize the verbal and non-verbal
cues that the audience exhibits and respond
appropriately to the given feedback. Further, he/she
must also adopt various communicative strategies to
reduce the impact of communication barriers in order
to get his/her message across clearly.
Whether it be dyad, small group or public
communication, the speaker also bears the
responsibility to recognize that he/she is also expected
to take the role of an active listener in order to
accommodate the views of other participants in the
communication process.
Consequently, when there is a shift in the form
of language characterized by the level of formality used
in interactions, it is also the responsibility of the speaker
to be flexible and consider the language of the person
he/she is interacting to match their pattern of speaking.
When it comes to speech acts, the speaker is
also expected to be sensitive to the context, condition,
and situation to ensure that his/ her listener
understands the intended meaning he/she wants to
convey. Given that the success of a speech act depends
greatly on the ability of the audience to identify the
attitude being expressed in accordance with the
speaker’s intention the speaker must, therefore,
develop a sense of communicative competence to be
able to understand language and its speech acts
(Sipacio, P. J., & Balgos, A. R. (2016) to avoid
communication breakdown.
Similarly, when there is a sudden shift in the
communicative strategies used in an interaction, it also
affects the speaker's role and responsibilities. In the
case of a shift from nomination to turn-taking, for
example, the speaker is required to assume both roles
as a speaker and a listener simultaneously to adjust to
this change. It is, therefore, his or her responsibility to
acknowledge others and not merely hog the understand the key message being put across. As the
conversation. source of information, the speaker must be conscious
When there is a shift in speech context, style, enough to determine what communicative strategies
and act, effective speakers know that it is their he/she needs to adopt in a given situation
responsibility to adopt appropriate communicative
strategies in order to adjust to the situation and be able Effects of a Shift in Speech Context, Speech Style,
to communicate effectively. When the speaker is Speech Act and Communicative Strategies on Delivery
conscious of a variety of communicative strategies and It is often said that the delivery of the message
skillful in his /her selection, he/she can exercise more is just as important as the message itself, which means,
control over the shift in speech situations how you say something is as crucial as what you say.
Since in oral communication speakers can use more
Effects of a Shift in Speech Context, Speech Style, than words to convey meaning, it is important to master
Speech Act, and Communicative Strategies on the skill of adjusting your language and paralanguage
Message. according to the situational contexts in which you are
The message that the speaker delivers is not giving a speech.
only limited to the words he/she says but also by how A shift in speech situations requires a speaker to
he/she says them. It is important to note, however, that be conscious of the appropriate communicative
the meaning of any verbal or nonverbal message is strategies to use to enhance his/her delivery of the
largely dependent on the situation in which the content. When the speech context, style, and act
interaction takes place. Thus, “the same words or change, for example, the speaker is expected to adjust
behaviors may have totally different meanings when his/her choice of words, tone of voice, volume,
they occur in different contexts” (Devito, 2014, p. 7). inflection, pitch gestures, movements and visual cues
A skilled and effective speaker knows that a such as appearance to get his/her message across.
shift in speech situations demands that he/she also Developing communicative competence
adjusts the way he/she crafts his/her message. Hence, a requires an understanding of speech context, speech
speaker must understand that while the message might style, and speech act (Llego, Mark Anthony, (n.d.). It
be the same, there is a need to phrase his/her message also requires conscious knowledge to determine what
differently depending on who the person he/she is specific communicative strategies are needed to be
interacting with and the context that they are in used in different speaking situations.
(Sipacio, P. J., & Balgos, A. R., 2016). It is, therefore, the
responsibility of the speaker to tailor his/her message, Speech Language Paralanguage Body Language
Context and Used Used
bearing in mind the listener, occasion, and purpose of Style
why he/she is communicating. Interpersonal Informal Unstructured Unstructured
In the case of a shift in speech context and style (ex: talking
with a friend)
—from dyad and casual to public and formal style, for
example, the speaker’s language and paralanguage such Casual or *Can use *No conscious *No conscious
Intimate contractions, adjustment on adjustment on
as intonation, pitch and speed of speaking, gesture, and colloquialism tone, pitch, gesturesm
facial expression must also adjust to fit the situation. and slang inflection to get mannerism to
Given that the shift in the context and style demands a the message get the message
across across
degree of formality, the speaker must adapt by sticking Public Formal Structured Structured
to a clear structure, varying his tone and gestures, and Speaking
working the audience to keep their attention. Similarly,
Formal or *Appropriate *Appropriate use *Appropriate use
the speaker must also adapt his message to the Frozen use of words of tone, pitch, of gestures to
listener’s context so that the latter can grasp the volume, inflection get the message
to communicate across)
messages of utterances. clearly
When there is a sudden shift in communicative
strategies, the speaker must likewise adjust his verbal
and non-verbal cues to adapt to the change. A shift
from nomination to termination, for example, will
require the speaker to use the appropriate expressions
to guide the listener in understanding the message.
To conclude, communication will only be
successful when both the speaker and receiver