Lecture 1 C

WATER DESALINATION 2016/2017
For
3rd Grade,
Grade Mechanical Power Engineering
2017
”٣٠ ‫“سورة األنبياء‬
١ Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 25 February 2017

2` Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 25 February 2017
Mansoura University WATER DESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering Mansoura University WATER DESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering
Course Objectives
The target of the present course is:
 To make a thorough presentation of the
f d
fundamental
l concepts for
f ““Water Desalination”.
l ”
 To Present of an overview of currently-used
COURSE OBJECTIVES desalination processes, from thermal to
membrane processes, highlighting the relevant
technical features, and development potential.
 A specific aim to a bridge the gap between
conventional technologies and novel sustainable
renewable energy processes.
 It also gives a rapid insight into the economic
aspects of fresh water production from seawater.
3` Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 25 February 2017 4` Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 25 February 2017
1 Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas

COURSE SYLLABUS
The syllabus will cover the following:
1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER & DESALINATION

1.
2. PRE‐DESIGN STUDIES
COURSE SYLLABUS 3. THOROUGH OVERVIEW OF DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES
4. NEW TRENDS IN WATER DESALINATION FOR LOW POWER
CONSUMPTION
5. PRE‐TREATMENT & POST‐TREATMENT
6. SELECTION OF THE APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY AND
ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS.
INTRODUCTION TO WATER & DESALINATION
 Water and Life

 Water Distribution
 Water resources & Water Cycle
1‐ INTRODUCTION TO WATER & DESALINATION  Water uses & Water Problems
 Desalination as a Solution of Water Scarcity
 Sea Water, Brackish Water and fresh Water
 Salinity and Saline Water
 Salinity Measurements
 The salinity map in world

Water Supply and Life Water Supply and Life

The water supply industry is vitally
important not only to maintain the Water is of major importance to all living
things.
things
h l h off the
health h community, i b
but also
l f
for
Up to 60 percent of the human body is Water.
the sustainability of industry, business
Therefore the quality of Water we drink is very
and agriculture, …etc. important.
Without adequate water supplies our The Drinking Water should be totally clean,
present society would never have pure and free of any disease causing
MICROBES, and that’s why it should be
evolved, and our lives today would be properly Treated and DISINFECTED before
unrecognizable. using it for drinking purpose
“Water is life”
Water Distribution Water Distribution

While 67% of Earth’s surface is
covered by water, only less
than 2.7% of global water is
f
freshwater.
h t M t
Most off th
the
freshwater (2.05%) are locked
Over two thirds of the in ice caps and glaciers. Only
earth's surface is less than 0.7% is available for
human use.
covered with water,
97.2% of which is
contained in the five
oceans.

Sources of Water
Two main sources of water are surface water and ground
water
Iceberg and Polar cap store most of the fresh

water on Earth.
Surface water Groundwater

 Can be found on the surface of the earth in
lakes streams
lakes, streams, rivers,
rivers and oceans
oceans.
 Water from within the earth.
 Can be either freshwater or saltwater.  May be located a few feet or thousands of
 Main source is precipitation. feet within the earth.
 Provides much of the freshwater we use.

 Good
G d ffor h
human consumption
i and
d
agricultural use.  Can usually be used with little treatment.
Surface water should be treated before use.

Water is constantly being cycled between the atmosphere, the ocean and
land.
This cycling is a very important process that helps sustain life on Earth. As the
water evaporates, vapors rise and condense into clouds. The clouds move over
the land, and precipitation falls in the form of rain, ice or snow. The water fills
streams and rivers, and eventually flows back into the oceans where
evaporation starts the process anew.
Water Resources in Egypt Water Resources in Egypt
Nile River (55.5 BCM/yr)

Shallow G W. (6.2
Water is one of the most important inputs for BCM/yr)
economic development. In Egypt, rainfall is rare and Deep G W. (1.3 BCM/yr)
the governmentally enforced quota for withdrawal Rains (1.3 BCM/yr)
from the Nile River has not changed since 1959. Flash Floods
Agriculture Drainage
The water demand has multiplied as a result of Reuse (8 BCM/yr)
population growth,
growth agricultural expansion,
expansion as well Sewage
g Treatment
(2BCM/yr)
as industrial development and a rise in the standard Desalination
of living. (0.06BCM/y)
19` Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 25 February 2017 ٢٠ Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 25 February 2017

Egypt Water Uses

Agriculture
g
Industry
Domestic
Hydro-Power
Thermal Power
Navigation
٢٢ Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 25 February 2017
Scarcity of Fresh Water Scarcity of Fresh Water
Egypt is facing increasing water needs, demanded by

On a global basis, fresh water is a
rapidly growing population, increased urbanization,
increasingly scarce resource. It is partially
caused by increasing population coupled by higher standards of living and by an agricultural policy
change of consumption pattern and climate
which emphasizes expanding production in order to
changes.
h
feed the growing population.

Competing water uses (I)
1600 m3 / capita
Water Stress
1000 m3 / capita
Water Scarcity
Water Problems
Ever-increasing Population Led to
Population growth; Increasing Pressure on Water & Land
Resources
 Water Scarcity; Limited Conventional Resources and Non-

conventional Ones, while increasing Demand
 Sectors competition; Increasing Sectors Demand (Irrigation,

Drinking, Industry, …etc.)
Rural Poor need to withstand the limited
Food security; food availability which is mainly a water
dependent issue
Pollution & emission. Ever-increasing water and environment

pollutants destroy the main elements in the
food-chain
Cost of new resources; Lack of available financial resources

required for new resources investments.

Standard and Regulations Standard and Regulations

Why Standards are Controversial?!
 STANDARD; something set up and established by
authority as a rule for the measure of …quality.
quality
 Standards define an UPPER LIMIT on the
amount of pollution allowed before
 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS:
something must be done to control it.
 A basis for assessing water quality data (economists see this as raising costs)
 A "trigger" for initiating action  Standards define a LOWER LIMIT on the
amount of control required of a pollution
 An "end point" for terminating action source. (environmentalists see this as
preventing further water quality
 A regulatory/ educational tool
improvement)
Standard and Regulations Standard and Regulations

Standards are targeted at a particular end use Water Quality Standards
 Performance Based: Define the

 Drinking water - human/ livestock required outcome and allow any
acceptable method to achieve it.
 Fish and Wildlife
 Method Based: Define the method to be
 Crop production : irrigation used and accept whatever outcome
 Industrial processing results.
All standards must be performance based,
especially health based standards.

Water quality characteristics Suspended

solids
Physical characteristics
• Turbidity
• C l
Color
• Taste and odor
• Temperature Physical
Color characteristics of Turbidity
Chemical characteristics water
• Many dissolved chemicals exist in water and many of them are of

concern such as:-
Chloride, fluorides, Iron, lead, manganese, sodium, sulfate, zinc,
toxic inorganic substances, toxic organic substances
Taste
 Microbiological characteristic and
 Pathogens: viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminthes (warms) odor
33` Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 25 February 2017 ٣٤ Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 25 February 2017
Total
helminthes
dissolved (warms)
solids
Metals Organics protozoa

PH
Chemical
Microbiological
characteristics characteristic
of water
Fluoride Hardness viruses bacteria
٣٥ Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 25 February 2017 ٣٦ Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 25 February 2017

Saline Water Salinity

Water that contains salt The saltiness of water is referred to as its salinity.
“Salinity”
Salinity is generally defined as the amount of salt
 Sodium chloride, potassium, and magnesium can raise
dissolved in a given unit volume of water.
the level of salts in the water.
It is variously measured in units of electrical
 The amount of salt in the water will determine its
conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS),
usefulness. practical salinity units (PSU), or other units
 Water that is too high in salt cannot be used for drinking depending on the scientific discipline of the person
or irrigation. doing the measuring and the purpose of the study
or monitoring program.
 Freshwater, saltwater, brackish
Salinity Measurements Types of Water According to Salinity

The unit of measure most often used for TDS is Saline waters are characterized as fresh or brackish, or
seawater, depending on the amount of TDS:
milligrams per liter, mg/l. Since one liter of pure water
weighs
i h one millionilli milligrams
illi att a referenced
f d T
Type TDS
Fresh Less than 1,000 mg/l
temperature, TDS is expressed as parts per million,
Brackish
ppm, parts per thousand, ppt, as well as percent Mildly brackish 1,000 to 5,000 mg/l
salinity. The generally accepted value for salinity of Moderately brackish 5,000 to 15,000 mg/l
open sea water is a TDS of 35,000 mg/l or ppm, also Heavily brackish 15,000 to 35,000 mg/l
expressed d as 35 partst per thousand

th d (ppt)
( t) TDS or 3.5
35 Seawater Approximately 35,000
and above
35 000 mg/l
percent salinity (3.5 percent salt). TDS is one of the  Based on the Environmental Protection Agency EPA Drinking
bases for federal and State standards for how much Water Standards, potable water should not exceed 500 mg/l of
TDS. However, up to 1,000 mg/l of TDS may be considered
dissolved material is in a water supply. acceptable.

Compositional of sea water:

Brackish Water
 Sea water in the world's oceans has a salinity of
~3.5%, or 35 parts per thousand.
 This means that every 1 kg of seawater has  A mixture of saltwater and freshwater.
approximately 35 grams of dissolved salts.
 The average density of sea water at the surface of  Brackish water is found where freshwater
the ocean is 1.025 g/ml. flows into the ocean or other bodies of
 Sea water is denser than fresh water(which
saltwater.
reaches a maximum density of 1.000 g/ml at a
temperature of 4°C) because the added weight of
the salts and electrostriction.
The salinity map in world Comparison between some ocean and sea salinity
location Salinity (PPM) C
Red Sea 41000‐43000
Mediterranean Sea 38600
Arabian Gulf 42000‐58000
Dead Sea (100m 271000

undersurface)
Great alt lakes 203000

Parameters are effects on the salinity of Definition of Desalination

the sea water
1 Location.
1. Location
2. The Year Seasons.
3. Depth.
Desalination is the process of removing dissolved salts

and other chemicals from seawater, brackish
groundwater, or surface water.

Lecture 1 C

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WATER DESALINATION 2016/2017

١ Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 25 February 2017

1 Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas

1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER & DESALINATION

INTRODUCTION TO WATER & DESALINATION

 Water and Life

2 Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas

Water Supply and Life Water Supply and Life

Water Distribution Water Distribution

3 Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas

Iceberg and Polar cap store most of the fresh

Surface water Groundwater

 Main source is precipitation. feet within the earth.

 Provides much of the freshwater we use.

Surface water should be treated before use.

4 Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas

Water Resources in Egypt Water Resources in Egypt

Nile River (55.5 BCM/yr)

5 Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas

Egypt Water Uses

٢٢ Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 25 February 2017

Scarcity of Fresh Water Scarcity of Fresh Water

Egypt is facing increasing water needs, demanded by

6 Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas

Competing water uses (I)

 Water Scarcity; Limited Conventional Resources and Non-

 Sectors competition; Increasing Sectors Demand (Irrigation,

Pollution & emission. Ever-increasing water and environment

Cost of new resources; Lack of available financial resources

7 Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas

Standard and Regulations Standard and Regulations

Standard and Regulations Standard and Regulations

 Performance Based: Define the

8 Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas

Water quality characteristics Suspended

• Many dissolved chemicals exist in water and many of them are of

Metals Organics protozoa

Fluoride Hardness viruses bacteria

9 Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas

Saline Water Salinity

Salinity Measurements Types of Water According to Salinity

expressed d as 35 partst per thousand

10 Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas

Compositional of sea water:

Red Sea 41000‐43000

Mediterranean Sea 38600

Arabian Gulf 42000‐58000

Dead Sea (100m 271000

Great alt lakes 203000

11 Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas

Parameters are effects on the salinity of Definition of Desalination

2. The Year Seasons.

Desalination is the process of removing dissolved salts

12 Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas

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