PHY110-Unit1-Lecture 4 - 22648 - RT

ENGINEERING PHYSICS-PHY 110
UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

1
LECTURE 4
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

what we learned so far: Lecture 1
1. Scalar and Vector physical quantities

• It is enough to have a magnitude for scalar physical quantities
where as it is essential to have both magnitude and direction for the
vector physical quantities.
2. Scalar and vector field
• Region of space/domain in which a function, f(x,y,z), signifies a
physical quantity ( Temperature, Velocity) is the field.
• Scalar field: Each point in space is associated with a scalar point
function (Temperature, potential) having magnitude and changes
from point to point.
• Vector field: Each point space is associated with a vector point
function (Electric field, Gravitational field) having magnitude and
direction, both of which changes from point to point.

In lecture 1 we learned!
3
• Curvilinear coordinate system Refer
• Coordinate transformation Advanced Engineering Mathematics
• Partial differential calculus By ERWIN KREYSZIG
r, ,
S,  and Z  r
x=s cos=  (s,)

r-projection = r Sin=  (r,)
y=s sin=  (s,)
x=r-projection. Cos = r Sin Cos=  (r,,)
z= z
y=r-projection.Sin = r Sin Sin=  (r,,)
z= r Cos=  (r,)
In Lecture 2 we learned!
4
1. Del operator ()

• It is a differential operator
• It is not a vector by itself
• It operate on scalar and vector functions and the resulting function may be
a vector or scalar function depending on the type of operation.
• Where are unit vectors (magnitude 1) along X, Y and Z
directions. Similarly are the unit vectors for the cylindrical co-
ordinate system along S,  and Z directions;
And are the unit vectors in the spherical coordinate system
along r, , directions.
Rectangular (x,y,z), cylindrical (s,,z) and spherical polar(r, ,) coordinate systems
x=s cos x = r Sin Cos

y=s sin y= r Sin Sin
z= z z= r Cos
5
4. Operation with del () operator

4.1 Gradient of scalar function F
Directional derivative..maximum change of the scalar function is along the direction of vector
F, which nothing but the direction of outward surface normal vector; Advantage: A vector can
be obtained from a scalar function which can be handled more easily than a scalar.
4.2 Divergence of a Vector function A 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑖𝐴

Ƹ 𝑥 + 𝑗𝐴 ෠ 𝑧
Ƹ 𝑦 + 𝑘𝐴
Gives the measure of the vector function’s spread out at a point- is solenoidal or divergenceless
when divergence of the vector is zero which means that flux of the such vector field entering into
a region is equal to that leaving the region, a condition known as incompressibility; also gives an
idea about source (.A0) means vector diverge and sink(.A0) means vector converge.
4.3 Curl of a Vector function A
Regarding the rotation of the vector and the vector function is irrotational when curl of
the vector is zero, such fields are known as conservative fields.

6
5. Theorems in vector calculus
5.1 Gauss Theorem: Conversion of volume integral to surface integral

 For the divergence of the vector
𝐴Ԧ = 𝑖𝐴
Ƹ 𝑥 + 𝑗𝐴 ෠ 𝑧
Ƹ 𝑦 + 𝑘𝐴
V S
5.2 Stokes’ Theorem: Conversion of surface integral to line integral
• For the curl of the vector

Lecture 2 we learned!
7
6. Gauss’s law in Electrostatic
•Where E is the electric field vector, q is the charge, 0 is the permittivity of vacuum and E
is the electric flux
•Important tool since it permits the assessment of the amount of enclosed charge by mapping
the electric field normal to the surface outside the charge distribution or vice versa
7. Poisson & Laplace Equations
Where  is the electric charge density in the closed volume. And V is the electric potential
Poisson Equations Laplace Equations

( a region with charge) ( a region free of charge)

Lecture 2 we learned!
8
8. Continuity Equation
and
Where I is the current and J is the current density
Current density flowing out of the closed volume is equal to the rate of
decrease of charge within that volume.

9
9. Gauss’s law of magnetostatic (Gauss’s 2nd law)
asserts that the net magnetic flux through any

closed Gaussian surface is zero.
Magnetic monopoles do not exist
10. Faraday’s law of induction:
Whenever the magnetic flux (B) linked with a circuit changes
an emf (Eemf) is induced in the circuit. The induced emf, Eemf
is equal to the negative rate of change of magnetic flux (B)
with time linked with the circuit.
or

10
11. Ampere circuital law: The line integral of the magnetic field (B)
around any closed loop is equal to µ0 (permeability of the free
space) times the net current (I) flowing through the area enclosed by
the loop.
12. Proved Ampere circuital law: By using Biot-Savart law

By Biot-Savart law the magnitude of the magnetic field I
B at a point r from the conductor carrying a current I is
given by
r

11
13. Maxwell’s law of induction

Concept of displacement current due to the change/discharge of a
capacitor leads to the correction/modification to the Ampere’s law.
14. Correction to Ampere circuital law

Concept of displacement current due to the charge/discharge of a
capacitor leads to the correction/modification to the Ampere’s law.
Ampere-Maxwell law
Refer R-3 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS HALLIDAY. RESNICK, WALKER Chapter 8 278-281

Quick QUIZ on 3rd Feb. 2023
12 No Question Attempts Right Wrong
1 In electromagnetic theory, continuity equation relates

2 Gauss law of magnetostatic (Gauss’s 2nd law) asserts
that the net magnetic flux through any closed Gaussian
surface is
3 According to Faraday’s law, the negative rate of change
of the magnetic field is equal to the curl of the electric
field. This forms the basis of Maxwell’s third law of
electrodynamics. What's another way to describe this
behavior?
4 In Ampere's Law all currents have to be steady (i.e. do
not change with time). State true or false
5 James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) considered as the
father of classical electrodynamics: He corrected
Ampere's law by adding another term, which he called
the "displacement current”, On what does Maxwell's
"displacement current" depend?
Reji Thomas DRD-DRC February 7, 2023

13
In electromagnetic theory, continuity equation relates

_______
a) Volume conservation
b) Mass conservation
c) Charge conservation
d) Energy conservation
Answer: C
14
Gauss law of magnetostatic (Gauss’s 2nd law) asserts that the net
magnetic flux through any closed Gaussian surface is
a) Infinity
b) Zero
c) Constant
d) None of the above
Answer: B
15
According to Faraday’s law, the negative rate of change of the magnetic field is
equal to the curl of the electric field. This forms the basis of Maxwell’s
third law of electrodynamics. What's another way to describe this behavior?
a) A changing magnetic field induces an electric field

b) A nonzero electrical current creates magnetic charge
c) A changing electric field induces an magnetic field
d) As magnetic field strength increases, electric field strength
decreases
Answer: A
16
In Ampere's Law all currents have to be steady

(i.e. do not change with time). State true or false
a. True
b. False
Answer: A
17
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) considered as the father of classical

electrodynamics: He corrected Ampere's law by adding another term, which
he called the "displacement current”, On what does Maxwell's
"displacement current" depend?
a) The derivative of the electric field with respect to time

b) The divergence of the magnetic field
c) The derivative of the magnetic field with respect to time
d) The electromagnetic force on a charged particle
Answer: A
18
20/01/23 Lecture 0: Introduction to PHY110, Zero Lecture

31/01/23 Lecture 1: Scalar and Vector Fields, Concept of Gradient, Divergence
and Curl
01/02/23 Lecture 2: Gauss theorem and Stokes theorem (qualitative); Gauss law of
electrostatics, Poisson, Laplace Equations, Continuity Equation
03/02/23 Lecture 3 Gauss law of magnetostatics, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction, Ampere Circuital law, Maxwell’s displacement current and
corrections in Ampere Circuital Law
07/02/23 Lecture 4: Electric field, Displacement current, dielectric constant,
Magnetic field and magnetic field strength, Maxwell’s
equations(Differential and integral forms)
8/02/23 Lecture 5 Electromagnetic waves, Physical significance of Maxwell Equations,
electromagnetic spectrum
10/02/23 Lecture 6: Application of ‘EM’ theory in resistive touch screen display,
capacitive touchscreen display, Imaging devices
February 7, 2023
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD
19
13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879

Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics

Basic laws of ELECTROMAGNETISM-MAXWELL’S
EQUATIONS
20
Four Maxwell’s equations in differential form in S.I. units are

Eq.1
Eq.2
Eq.3
Eq.4
We knew the meaning of E and B, which are related to the Electric

flux (E) and magnetic flux (B) , respectively. And now we will
know how D and H are respectively, related to E and B.

THE FIELDS and
21
Dielectric materials, which have no free electrons, can be polarized (internal dipole
moments are induced) by an external electric ﬁeld, E resulting in a polarization field, P
(the sum of all the induced dipoles). At internal locations, the positive and negative
charges cancel leaving a net positive surface charge on the right and net negative surface
charge on the left. The resultant polarization field, which points in the opposite direction to
E, is normalized by the volume of the material so that P has the units of electric dipole-
moment per unit volume

Electric susceptibility
22
For a linear dielectric material, Polarization P is + -

directly proportional to the applied electric field E;
𝐏∝𝐄
OR 𝑷 = 0 𝑬 𝑬 Eq.7
-P +P
The constant 𝑬 is known the electrical susceptibility of the material. It is constant
for a particular material. This can be related to the relative permittivity r by taking
the relation connecting the electric displacement D with applied field and the
resulting polarization
D = 0 E + P Eq.8 substitute Eq.7 in 8 D = 0 E + 0  𝑬 𝑬 Eq.9
But D is also D = εE = 0 r E ; so equation 9 becomes
0 r E = 0 E + 0 𝑬 𝑬 r = 1 +  𝑬
𝑬 = r − 1 but 𝑟 =

0
for the dielectric and is always > 1
23
In other words the electric susceptibility is ability of the material that allow the electric
lines of force to enter the material.
Point to remember

24
Electric polarizability is directly proportional to
a) Permeability
b) Permittivity
c) Magnetic field intensity
d) Electric field intensity

25
If E0 is the applied field and E1 is the average field due to the

polarization over the entire material. Then the macroscopic
field E (also known as Maxwell’s field) of the insulating
substance is
a) > E0
b) < E0
c) =E0
d) 0

THE FIELDS AND
26
As in the electric case, we have two fields in the

B = B1 + B0
magnetic case and . The quantity plays
the role of for the magnetic case and is M-Magnetization
related to through the relation M
𝑀 = μH = μ0 M + μo H
H
μH = μ0 H + μo H
Where µ is the permeability of the medium
and 𝑀 is the Magnetic Susceptibility μH = μ0 𝐻 (1 + 𝑀 )
𝝁𝒓 = (𝟏 + 𝑴 ) μ = μ0 (1 + 𝑀 )
μ
𝜇𝑟 =
𝜇0

27
Unlike electric susceptibility, magnetic susceptibility can be

also be negative. State true or false
a) True
b) False

ELECTROMAGNETISM-MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
28
Now we have the necessary background for deriving the

Maxwell’s equations 
1. Derivation of Maxwell’s First Equation
Let us consider the Gauss’s law for Electrostatics, which relate the
net electric flux through a Gaussian surface to net enclosed
electric charge;
But and and

ELECTRIC FLUX
29
E or D
S
S
S
That was just to have the feeling about the ‘planes’ which I was talking
about!
30
Now apply Gauss’s divergence theorem

on the LHS..
This equation hold true for any arbitrary volume and for
that, the integrands must be same. So we have now
This is the Maxwell’s FIRST EQUATION

Or

31
Charge enclosed by a region
 Positive means? D diverge ( source)

 Negative means? D Converge ( sink)
=0, D called solenoidal
1
Electric field have a source or sink and
can also be solenoidal vector field.
Charge free region
+ 
Electric monopoles exist
32
2. Derivation of Maxwell’s 2nd Equation
Like electric flux E, magnetic flux B is defined as
But Gauss’s law for Magnetostatics say B =0, flux of magnetic

field B across any closed surface is zero
So, we have
Now apply Gauss’s divergence theorem

on the LHS..
33
above equation hold true for any arbitrary volume and for that, the
integrands must be zero. So we have now
or
This is the Maxwell’s SECOND EQUATION
The magnetic line of force are either closed or go off to infinity,

the number of magnetic lines entering any volume is exactly
equal to the number of lines leaving volume.

34
NON-EXISTANCE OF MAGETIC MONOPOLE. Lowest unit

is ‘dipole’. Magnetic fields have no source or sink but it is always a
solenoidal vector field.
Magnetic dipoles exist but monopoles do not exist

N S
35
The divergence of the Electric displacement D, according to 1st

Maxwell's equation is equal to charge enclosed in the volume.
What does this mean?
a) An electric field has no effect on the motion of a charged

particle.
b) Electric charges (i.e. monopoles) do exist.
c) Magnetic charges (i.e. monopoles) do exist.
d) Changing Electric field does induce magnetic field.

36
The divergence of the magnetic field, according to 2nd Maxwell's

equation is equal to zero. What does this mean?
a) An external magnetic field has no effect on the motion of a

charged particle.
b) Electric charges (i.e. monopoles) do not exist.
c) Magnetic charges (i.e. monopoles) do not exist.
d) changing magnetic field does not induce an electric field.

37
3. Derivation of Maxwell’s 3rd Equation

Let us consider the Faraday’s law for induction, which relates
the induced electric field to changing magnetic flux;
But
bur
then RHS can be written as
Upon re-arranging
𝜕𝐵 Apply Stoke’s theorem to the LHS
ර 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = − ඾ ∙ 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐵
඾(𝛻 × 𝐸) ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = − ඾ ∙ 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑡
38

39
4. Derivation of Maxwell’s 4th Equation
Let us consider the Ampere-Maxwell law, which relates the

induced magnetic field to changing electric flux and current
But…
Substituting for I and E

40

41
Now we can apply Stokes’ theorem to LHS, and then line

integral changes to surface integral as
This is the Maxwell’s FOURTH EQUATION

Second term on the RHS is called Maxwell's
or correction and is known as displacement
current density, this along with Ampere’s law
is responsible for the EM fields..

42
A moving coil in the presence of stationary magnetic field or vice

versa generate electricity. Which of the Maxwell’s equations
governs electricity generation?
a) 1st Eqn.
b) 2nd Eqn.
c) 3rd Eqn.
d) 4th Eqn.

43
Which Maxwell’s equation contains Equation of continuity ?
a) 1st Eqn.
b) 2nd Eqn.
c) 3rd Eqn.
d) 4th Eqn.

44
From which Maxwell’s equation we can derive Coulomb’s law of

electrostatics?
a) 1st Eqn.
b) 2nd Eqn.
c) 3rd Eqn.
d) 4th Eqn.

45
In Maxwell’s fourth equation, he corrected Ampere’s circuital law.

What is the new term he added?
a) Electric Displacement
b) Displacement current
c) Conduction current
d) None of the above

MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS : In integral forms from
differential Equations
46
Differential forms Integral forms
Eq.1
Eq.2
Eq.3
Eq.4

Maxwell's equations in their integral form are formulated in
terms of integrals, so you need to have a
curve/surface/volume to integrate over.
Then we have it as
1. Guess law of electrostatic

2. Guess law magnetostatics
3. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
4. Ampere-Maxwell’s law
Mathematically, the differential and integral forms are

equivalent, which you can prove by applying the
divergence theorem or the Stokes theorem.

MAXWELL’S 1st INTEGRAL EQUATION from differential
Equation
48
Let us start with the first Maxwell’s differential Equation
Now integrate this equation over the volume V,
Now use divergence theorem on LHS and use the

relation between charge density  and charge q on RHS
Total electric displacement, D through the surface, S which define

the volume, V is equal to the total charge contained in the volume
MAXWELL’S 2nd INTEGRAL EQUATION from
differential Equation
49
Differential form of Maxwell’s 2nd equation is
Now integrate this equation over the volume V, like before and we get
Now use divergence theorem on LHS and the above

equation becomes
2
Total magnetic field, B through the surface, S which define the
volume, V is equal to zero
MAXWELL’S 3rd INTEGRAL EQUATION from
differential Equation
50
Differential form of Maxwell’s 3rd equation is
Here integrate over the surface, S bounded by the closed path
Now use Stoke’s theorem on LHS and the above equation

becomes
3
This means the electromotive force around a closed path is equal to
the time derivative of the magnetic field through any closed surface
bounded by that path.
MAXWELL’S 4th INTEGRAL EQUATION from differential
Equation
51
Differential form of Maxwell’s 4th equation is
Here integrate over the surface, S bounded by the closed path
Now use Stoke’s theorem on LHS and the above equation becomes
Which says that magnetomotive force around a closed path is

equal to the conventional conduction current plus displacement
current through any surface bounded by that path.
52
Maxwell’s equations give
a) The variation of magnetic field only

b) The variation of electric and magnetic field in quantum
domain
c) The unified approach called electromagnetic theory
explaining the variation of static and time varying
electric and magnetic field
d) Variation of electric field only

53
20/01/23 Lecture 0: Introduction to PHY110, Zero Lecture

31/01/23 Lecture 1: Scalar and Vector Fields, Concept of Gradient,
Divergence and Curl
01/02/23 Lecture 2: Gauss theorem and Stokes theorem (qualitative); Gauss law of
electrostatics, Poisson, Laplace Equations, Continuity Equation
03/02/23 Lecture 3 Gauss law of magnetostatics, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction, Ampere Circuital law, Maxwell’s displacement current and
corrections in Ampere Circuital Law
04/02/23 Lecture 4: Electric field, Displacement current, dielectric constant,
Magnetic field and magnetic field strength, Maxwell’s equation
(Differential and integral forms)
07/02/23 Lecture 5 Electromagnetic waves, Physical significance of Maxwell
Equations, electromagnetic spectrum
08/02/23 Lecture 6: Application of ‘EM’ theory in resistive touch screen display,
capacitive touchscreen display, Imaging devices
February 7, 2023
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD
PHY110 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS
54
Text Books: ENGINEERING PHYSICS by HITENDRA K

MALIK AND A K SINGH, MCGRAW HILL EDUCATION, 1st
Edition, (2009)
References:
 ENGINEERING PHYSICS by B K PANDEY AND S
CHATURVEDI, CENGAGE LEARNING, 1st Edition, (2009).
 ENGINEERING PHYSICS by D K BHATTACHARYA,

POONAM TONDON OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS by HALLIDAY D., RESNICK

R AND WALKER J, WILEY, 9th Edition, (2011)

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ENGINEERING PHYSICS-PHY 110

UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

1. Scalar and Vector physical quantities

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

x=s cos=  (s,)

1. Del operator ()

x=s cos x = r Sin Cos

4. Operation with del () operator

4.2 Divergence of a Vector function A 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑖𝐴

4.3 Curl of a Vector function A

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

5. Theorems in vector calculus

5.1 Gauss Theorem: Conversion of volume integral to surface integral

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

6. Gauss’s law in Electrostatic

Poisson Equations Laplace Equations

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

Where I is the current and J is the current density

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

9. Gauss’s law of magnetostatic (Gauss’s 2nd law)

asserts that the net magnetic flux through any

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

12. Proved Ampere circuital law: By using Biot-Savart law

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

13. Maxwell’s law of induction

14. Correction to Ampere circuital law

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

1 In electromagnetic theory, continuity equation relates

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC February 7, 2023

In electromagnetic theory, continuity equation relates

a) A changing magnetic field induces an electric field

In Ampere's Law all currents have to be steady

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) considered as the father of classical

a) The derivative of the electric field with respect to time

20/01/23 Lecture 0: Introduction to PHY110, Zero Lecture

13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

Four Maxwell’s equations in differential form in S.I. units are

We knew the meaning of E and B, which are related to the Electric

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

For a linear dielectric material, Polarization P is + -

D = 0 E + P Eq.8 substitute Eq.7 in 8 D = 0 E + 0  𝑬 𝑬 Eq.9

But D is also D = εE = 0 r E ; so equation 9 becomes

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC February 7, 2023

Electric polarizability is directly proportional to

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC February 7, 2023

If E0 is the applied field and E1 is the average field due to the

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC February 7, 2023

As in the electric case, we have two fields in the

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

Unlike electric susceptibility, magnetic susceptibility can be

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

Now we have the necessary background for deriving the

But and and

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

Now apply Gauss’s divergence theorem

This is the Maxwell’s FIRST EQUATION

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 7, 2023

Charge enclosed by a region

 Positive means? D diverge ( source)