Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering

Introduction to Mechatronics Lab–MECH 350

spring 2023

Lab Report #: 3
Exp. Name: Bipolar Junction Transistor Circuits

Section:
9
Group No.: L62

Students’ Names IDs Grade

Mouza hamad alameri 201804597

Shahad saif albedwawi 201904439

Submitted to:
Engr. Adewale Oseni

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Contents
Objectives................................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................3
Task 1: Transistor as a switch circuit......................................................................................................................4
Procedure.................................................................................................................................................................4
Results.....................................................................................................................................................................5
Discussion...............................................................................................................................................................5
Task 2: Transistor as a continuous switch...............................................................................................................6
Procedure.................................................................................................................................................................6
Result.......................................................................................................................................................................6
Discussion...............................................................................................................................................................6
Result.......................................................................................................................................................................7
Discussion...............................................................................................................................................................8
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................................8
Reference.................................................................................................................................................................8

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Objectives

1- familiarize students with the operation of common emitter Bipolar Junction Transistor
(BJT) and its applications and analysis.
2- introduce the use of bipolar transistor as a solid-state switch.
3- help students understand the importance of cutoff and saturation to the operation of a
transistor as a switch,
4- help students identify the function of the transistor as an inverter.

Introduction
A transistor is a semiconductor device and an independent active circuit made of various
semiconductor materials that can function as a conductor or an insulator in response to a very low
signal voltage. Electricity and electronic signals are amplified and modified using it. Knowing the
characteristics of the devices you'll use is crucial when designing a circuit. When a transistor's
terminals are subjected to voltage or current, the current flowing through one pair of those terminals
changes. The transistor can amplify the signal because the controlled power (output) may be higher
than the control power (input).

Figure 1. BJT Diagram

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Task 1: Transistor as a switch circuit

Instruments used in this task:

1- 2 DC Power Supply: to supply the breadboard with voltage.
2- Multimeter : to measure the resistance and voltage across any
components.

Components used in this task:

1. 1 NPN Transistor 2N3904
2. 1 collector resistor 100 Ohm
3. 1 base resistor 1 KΩ
4. 1 LED
Figure 2. Transistor as a switch

Procedure

Utilizing the parts listed, assemble the circuit shown in Figure 2; the transistor pinout is
shown above in the introduction. .
To set Vcc to 5 V, use a power supply. Power supply output voltage, measured using a
multimeter, will be the input signal Vi. Set the input voltage Vi to 0.0V, record the output V0
and LED illumination, and then gradually raise the input voltage Vi using the power supply
knob until it reaches 3.0V.

Vi (V) Vo (V) LED illumination

0.2 5.0118 Very low
0.4 5.0117 Very low
0.5 5.0115 Very low
0.6 5.0005 Very low
0.7 4.6710 low
0.8 3.3299 medium
0.9 2.5560 medium
1.0 2.2753 high
1.2 2.1957 high
1.4 2.1692 high
1.6 2.1540 high
1.8 2.1437 high
2.0 2.1355 high
2.5 2.1230 high
3.0 2.1148 high

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Results

Figure 3. Transistor circuit with VCC=5

Discussion
The current was allowed to flow and the LED was turned on .The output voltage increased as the
input voltage decreased, but the lighting decreased as shown in the table above. Eventually,
when the input voltage reached zero, the output voltage reached the same value as the supply
voltage, or VCC. When Vi = 0, no current will flow through the LED.

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Task 2: Transistor as a continuous switch
Instruments used in this task:
1. Function Generator: to generate signal.
2. Oscilloscope: to see the signal graph (Voltage vs time).
3. DC Power Supply: to supply the breadboard with voltage.

Components used in this task:

5. One NPN Transistor 2N3904
6. One collector resistor 100 Ohm
7. One base resistor 1 KΩ
8. One LED

Procedure
Utilize the same circuit as task 1, but with Vi coming from a function generator rather than a power source. Create a
square wave on the function generator with 5 VPP and a frequency of 2 Hz.
2.5 Volt offset. We will adjust the frequency to 5Hz, 10Hz, and 20Hz for the second portion of this task.

Result

Figure 4. 2Hz

Discussion
In contrast to the input signal's positive square wave, the signal is negative square wave. The output
signal displays an offset of 2.5 V, which is equal to 50% of the input signal 5 VPP. Since the
transistor serves as a switch, the LED will turn on when the circuit supplies voltage (the input
signal, when Vi= 5 Volt), and off when the circuit supplies voltage (the input signal, when Vi= 0
Volt). The LED will blink as the signal gradually equals 5V and 0V. When the input voltage varies
from 1 to 5 voltage, which makes Vo equal to 2.1 V to 2.78 V, respectively, the oscilloscope's
output signal is close to Vo in task one at 2.8 VPP (Vo=2.8 V).

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Result

Figure 5. 5 Hz

Figure 6. 10 Hz

Figure 7. 20 Hz

Discussion

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 When the frequency was raised, the oscilloscope's cycle rate increased along with the number of LED
blinks per second, which meant that the LEDs turned on and off more quickly. The values of the input and
output voltages remained constant.

Conclusion
All the objective has been achieved which is analyze and know the application of Bipolar Junction
Transistor (BJT), use the bipolar transistor as a solid-state switch, understand the meaning and
importance of cutoff and saturation regions and identified the function of the transistor as an
inverter. Transistor is really important element in circuits which could work as a cyclical gate to let
the current flow, which is one of it applications is a switch.

Reference
- Lab manual