Winter Semester 2021-22: Tutorial 1

MA 2002D: Mathematics IV

Department of Mathematics
National Institute of Technology
Calicut

1 / 141
Question 1

Prove that f (z) = |z|2 is continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere

except at origin.

2 / 141
Solution 1

To prove continuity, take an arbitrary point z0 , check lim f (z) = f (z0 ) ?

z→z0
Here,

f (z) = |z|2
f (z0 ) = |z0 |2

lim f (z) = lim |z|2

z→z0 z→z0
 
= lim x2 + y2
(x ,y )→(x0 ,y0 )

= x02 + y02
= |z0 |2

⇒ f (z) is continous everywhere.

3 / 141
Cont..

To check differentiability, we take z = x + iy and f (z) = u + iv . We have

f (z) = |z|2 = x 2 + y 2 .
⇒ u = x 2 + y 2 and v = 0.

ux = 2x uy = 0
vx = 2y vy = 0

f (z) differentiable ⇒ ux = vy and uy = −vx ⇒ x = 0, y = 0.

∴ f (z) is differentiable only at the orgin.

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Question 2

If a function f (z) is analytic, show that it is independent of z̄.

Solution

z̄ is not analytic. For z̄ = x − iy where u(x , y ) = x ; v (x , y ) = −y .

CR equation isn’t satisfied. Hence any function of the form
f (z) = g(z) + cz̄ where c is a constant is not analytic.

5 / 141
Question 3

If the analytic function f (z) = u + iv is expressed in terms of polar

−1 ∂u
co-ordinates, show that ∂u 1 ∂v ∂v
∂r = r ∂θ and ∂r = r ∂θ . Also show that its real
and imaginary parts are solutions of Laplace equation in polar co-ordinates
2
1 ∂2ϕ
given by ∂∂rϕ2 + 1r ∂ϕ
∂r + r 2 ∂θ2 = 0.

6 / 141
Solution 3
Take
z =x + iy = r cos θ + ir sin θ = re iθ
 
f (z) = u + iv ⇒ f re iθ = u + iv
Differentiating f partially w.r.t r and θ we have,
∂u ∂v  
+i = f ′ re iθ e iθ
∂r ∂r
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
   
+i = f ′ re iθ ire iθ = ir +i
∂θ ∂θ ∂r ∂r
Equating real and imaginary parts,
∂u 1 ∂v
= (1)
∂r r ∂θ
∂v 1 ∂u
=− (2)
∂r r ∂θ
7 / 141
Cont..
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t r
∂2u 1 ∂v 1 ∂2v
= − +
∂r 2 r 2 ∂θ r ∂r ∂θ
Differentiating (2) partially w.r.t θ
∂2u ∂2v
= −r
∂θ2 ∂θ∂r
!
∂ 2 u 1 ∂u 1 ∂2u 1 ∂v 1 ∂2v 1 1 ∂v 1 ∂2v
 
2
+ + 2 2
= − 2
+ + + 2 −r
∂r r ∂r r ∂θ r ∂θ r ∂r ∂θ r r ∂θ r ∂θ∂r
!
∂2v ∂2v
=0 ∵ = .
∂θ∂r ∂r ∂θ
Differentiating (1) w.r.t θ
∂2u 1 ∂2v
=
∂θ∂r r ∂θ2
8 / 141
Cont..

Differentiating (2) wrt r

∂2v 1 ∂u −1 ∂ 2 u
= +
∂r 2 r 2 ∂θ r ∂r ∂θ !
2
∂ v 1 ∂v 2
1 ∂ v −1 ∂ u 2 1 ∂u 1

1 ∂u

1 ∂2u
2
+ + 2 2 = + 2 + − + 2 r
∂r r ∂r r ∂θ r ∂r ∂θ r ∂θ r r ∂θ r ∂θ∂r
!
∂2u ∂2u
=0 ∵ =
∂r ∂θ ∂θ∂r

9 / 141
Question 4

If f (z) is analytic prove the following.

 
∂2 ∂2
1. ∂x 2
+ ∂y 2
In |f ′ (z)| = 0
 
∂2 ∂2
2. ∂x 2
+ ∂y 2
|f (z)|2 = 4 |f ′ (z)|2

10 / 141
Solution 4(i)
   
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
The Laplace operator ∂x 2 + 2 is equivalent to 4 ∂z∂z̄ .
 2 ∂y
∴ it is enough to prove ∂ ′
∂z∂z̄ In (|f (z)|) = 0
∵ f (z) is analytic ⇒ f ′ (z) is analytic. Take g(z) = f ′ (z)
Then by CR equation,
∂ ∂
g(z) = 0 = ḡ(z) (CR equation)
∂z̄ ∂z
∂ 1 ∂g ∂ ḡ 1 ∂ ḡ

In (g ḡ) = ḡ +g =
∂z̄ g ḡ ∂z̄ ∂z̄ ḡ ∂z̄
∂2 1 ∂2
In (g ḡ) = ḡ = 0
∂z∂z̄ ḡ ∂z∂z̄
1 1
∵ In |g| = In |g|2 = In (g ḡ)
2 2

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Solution 4(ii)

Let f (z) = u + iv
If f is an analytic function u and v will be harmonic functions.
! !
∂2 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2
+ |f (z)|2 = + (u 2 + v 2 )
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2

= 2[ux2 + uuxx + vx2 + vvxx + uy2 + uuyy + vy2 + vvyy ]

Since u and v are harmonic,

= 2[ux2 + vx2 + uy2 + vy2 ]

Applying CRE:
= 4[ux2 + vx2 ] = 4|f ′ (z)|2

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Question 5

Determine whether the following functions are analytic or not. If analytic

find its derivative.
1. f (z) = (z 2 − 2)e −x (cos y − i sin y )
2. f (z) = log z
3. f (z) = cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y
4. f (z) = sinhz
5. f (z) = e 3z
6. f (z) = cosz
7. f (z) = zz̄

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Solution i

f (z) = (z 2 − 2)e −x (cos y − i sin y )

= ((x + iy )2 − 2)e −x (cos y − i sin y )
= ((x 2 − y 2 − 2)e −x cos y + 2e −x xy sin y ) + i(2xye −x cos y +
e −x sin y (y 2 − x 2 + 2))

ux = e −x cos y (2x − x 2 + y 2 + 2) + 2y sin ye −x (1 − x )

vy = e −x cos y (2x − x 2 + y 2 + 2) + 2ye −x sin y (1 − x )
uy = 2ye −x (x − 1) cos y + [2x − (x 2 − y 2 − 2)]e −x sin y
vx = −2ye −x (x − 1) cos y − [2x − (x 2 − y 2 − 2)]e −x sin y

We got CRE satisfied and hence f (z) is analytic. f ′ = ux + ivx

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Solution ii

f (z) = log z
y
 
= log(x + iy ) = 1
2 log(x 2 + y 2) +i tan−1
x
∂u x ∂v ∂u y ∂v
= 2 2
= , = 2 2
=−
∂x x +y ∂y ∂y x +y ∂x
CRE are satisfied and first order partial derivatives are continuous except
at z = 0. Hence f (z) = log z is analytic everywhere except at z = 0.

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Solution iii

f (z) = cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y

ux = − sin x cos hy
uy = cos x sin hy
vx = − cos x sin hy
vy = − sin x cos hy
CRE are satisfied and first order partial derivatives are continuous.
∴ f (z) is analytic in the whole complex plane.

∂f
= ux + ivx = − sin x cos hy − i cos x sin hy
∂z

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Solution iv

z −z
f (z) = sinhz = e −e 2
(x +iy ) −e −(x +iy )
f (x + iy ) = e 2 = 21 e x e iy − 12 e −x e −iy =
1 −x
1 x
2 e (cosy +isiny )− 2 e (cosy −isiny ) = 12 (e x −e −x )cosy +i 21 (e x +e −x )siny
Hence u(x , y ) = 21 (e x − e −x )cosy and v (x , y ) = 12 (e x + e −x )siny
∂u
∂x = 12 (e x + e −x )cosy ∂u 1 x
∂y = − 2 (e − e
−x )siny
∂v
∂x = 12 (e x − e −x )siny ∂v 1 x
∂y = 2 (e + e
−x )cosy
∂u
∂x = ∂v ∂u
∂y and ∂y = − ∂x
∂v

∂u ∂u ∂v
C-R Equations satisfied and ∂x , ∂y , ∂x and ∂v
∂y are continous functions of
x and y . Hence f (z) is analytic.
f ′ (z) = ∂x
∂u
+ i ∂v 1 x
∂x = 2 (e + e
−x )cosy + i 1 (e x − e −x )siny = coshz
2

17 / 141
Solution (v)

f (z) = e 3z = e 3(x +iy ) = e 3x e iy = e 3x cos3y + ie 3x sin3y

∂u 3x
∂x = 3e cos3y
∂u 3x
∂y = −3e sin3y
∂v 3x
∂x = 3e sin3y
∂v 3x
∂y = 3e cos3y
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
∂x = ∂y and ∂y = − ∂x
∂u ∂u ∂v
C-R Equations satisfied and ∂x , ∂y , ∂x and ∂v
∂y are continous functions of
x and y . Hence f (z) is analytic.
f ′ (z) = ∂x
∂u
+ i ∂v 3x 3x
∂x = 3e cos3y + i3e sin3y = 3e
3z

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Solution (vi)

f (z) = cosz = cos(x + iy ) = cosx coshx − isinx sinhx

∂u ∂u
∂x = −sinx coshy ∂y = cosx siny
∂v ∂v
∂x = −cosx sinhy ∂y = −sinx coshy
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
∂x = ∂y and ∂y = − ∂x
∂u ∂u ∂v
C-R Equations satisfied and ∂x , ∂y , ∂x and ∂v
∂y are continous functions of
x and y . Hence f (z) is analytic.
f ′ (z) = ∂x
∂u
+ i ∂v
∂x = −sinx coshy + i(−cosx sinhy ) = −sinz

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Solution (vii)

f (z) = zz̄ =| z |2 = x 2 + y 2
u(x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 and v (x , y ) = 0
∂u ∂u
∂x = 2x ∂y = 2y
∂v ∂v
∂x = 0 ∂y = 0
C-R equations satisfied only when x = y = 0, f (z) is differentiable only
when x = y = 0 i.e z = 0. Thus f (z) is not analytic.

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Question 6

Given the following functions, show that C-R equations are not sufficient
for differentiability at the point specified.
p
(a) f (z) = |xy | at z = 0
xy
(
x 2 +y 2
z≠ 0
(b) f (z) = at z = 0.
0 z =0
z5
(
|z|4
for z ̸= 0
,
(c) f (z) = at z = 0.
0, for z = 0

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Solution 6(a)
p
Given f (z)p= |xy |
=⇒ u = |xy | and v = 0
(√
xy , xy ⩾ 0
u= √
−xy , xy < 0
(√
xy , xy ⩾ 0
= √ .
i xy , xy < 0

u(0 + h, 0) − u(0, 0)
ux (0, 0) = lim =0
h→0 h
u(0, 0 + h) − u(0, 0)
uy (0, 0) = lim =0
h→0 h
vx = 0
vy = 0
∴ ux = vy and uy = −vx at (0, 0).
∴ CR equation satisfies at (0,0). 22 / 141
Cont..

Now consider,
p
f (z) − f (0) |xy | − 0
lim = lim
z→0 z −0 z→0 x + iy
q
|mx 2 |
= lim (Consider the path y=mx)
x →0
y =mx
x + imx
p
|m|x
= lim
x (1 + im)
x →0
p
|m|
=
1 + im
which depends on m.
∴ f is not differentiable at (0,0).

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Solution 6(b)

 xy z ̸= 0
Given f (z) = x 2 +y 2
0 z =0

=⇒ f (z) = u + iv

 xy + i0 z ̸= 0
= x 2 +y 2
0 + i0 z =0

u(0 + h, 0) − u(0, 0) 0
ux (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0
h→0 h h→0 h
u(0, 0 + h) − u(0, 0)
uy (0, 0) = lim =0
h→0 h
vx = 0
vy = 0
∴ ux = vy and uy = −vx at (0, 0).
∴ CR equation satisfies at (0, 0).
24 / 141
Cont..

Now consider,
xy
f (z) − f (0) x 2 +y 2
−0
lim = lim
z→0 z −0 z→0 x + iy
mx 2
x 2 +m2 x 2
= lim (Consider the path y=mx)
x →0
y =mx
x + imx
m
1+m2
= lim
x →0 x (1 + im)

which does not exists.

∴ f is not differentiable at (0,0).

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Solution 6(c)


 z5 z ̸= 0
|z|4
Given f (z) =
0 z =0

u(0 + h, 0) − u(0, 0)
ux (0, 0) = lim =1
h→0 h
v (0, 0 + h) − v (0, 0)
vy (0, 0) = lim =1
h→0 h
vx = 0
uy = 0

∴ ux = vy and uy = −vx at (0, 0).

∴ CR equation satisfies at (0, 0).

26 / 141
Cont..

Now, to see that f ′ (0) does not exist, take z = te iθ0 with θ0 ∈ R fixed and
t > 0 such that t → 0+ , in that case
 
f (z) − f (0) f te iθ0
lim = lim
z→0 z t→0 te iθ0
 5 4
te iθ0 / te iθ0
= lim
t→0 te iθ0
t 5 e i4θ0
= lim
t→0 t5
i4θ0
=e

Thus, f ′ (0) depends on θ0 . ∴ f is not differentiable at (0,0).

27 / 141
Question 7

Given the following functions, check for analyticity

i
(a) z5
(b) Re(z 3 ).
ReZ
(c) ImZ .
(d) cos x . cosh y + i sin x . sinh y .

28 / 141
solutin 7(a)

put z = x + iy multiply z̄ 5 numerator and denominator to find real and

imaginary part.
check C-R equations are satisfied or not.

29 / 141
solutin 7(b)

put z = x + iy Find z 3 and find the real part.

check C-R equations are satisfied or not.

30 / 141
solutin 7(c)

put z = x + iy observe Rez = x and Imz = y and do same as 7(b) check

C-R equations are satisfied or not.

31 / 141
solutin 7(d)

Find real and imaginary part and check C-R equations are satisfied or not .

32 / 141
Question 7(e)

f (z) = z − z̄
Solution: f (z) = z − z̄
f (z) = (x + iy ) − (x − iy ) = 2iy
u + iv = 2iy
u = 0, v = 2y
ux = uy = 0
vx = 0, vy = 2
C-R equations are not satisfied.
∴ f (z) is not analytic.

33 / 141
7(f)

f (z) = 2x + ixy 2
Solution: f (z) = 2x + ixy 2
u + iv = 2x + ixy 2
u = 2x , v = xy 2
ux = 2, uy = 0
vx = y 2 , vy = 2xy
C-R equations are not satisfied.
∴ f (z) is not analytic.

34 / 141
7(g)

f (z) = |z|2
Solution: f (z) = |z|2
u + iv = x 2 + y 2
u = x 2 + y 2, v = 0
ux = 2x , uy = 2y
vx = vy = 0
C-R equations are satisfied only at z = 0.
Hence there is no open set where the function is C- differentiable.
Therefore f (z) is nowhere analytic.

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Question 8

If f (z) and f¯(z) are analytic in a region , show that f (z) is constant in
that region.
Solution:
Suppose that f and f¯ are analytic.
Let f (z) = u + iv .Then f¯(z) = u − iv
Since f is analytic, ux = vy ...(1) and uy = −vx ...(2)
Since f¯ is analytic, ux = −vy ...(3) and uy = vx ...(4)
From (1) and (3), vy = −vy =⇒ vy = 0
Similarly, from (2) and (4) vx = 0
Hence, ux = uy = 0. Therefore u and v are constant. =⇒ f is a
constant.

36 / 141
Question 9

Prove that an analytic function whose real part is constant is a constant

function.

Solution
Let f(z)=u+iv be the analytic function.
∂u ∂u
Given u is constant, then ∂x = ∂y = 0.
Since f is analytic, satisfies the C-R equation, ux = vy and uy = −vx .
∴ ∂v ∂v
∂x = ∂y = 0.
Hence f(z) is constant.

37 / 141
Question 10
Determine the constants a and b such that the function,
f (z) = (x 2 + ay 2 − 2xy ) + i(bx 2 − y 2 + 2xy ) is analytic.Also find its
derivative.

Solution
Let f (z) = u(x , y ) + iv (x , y ) where u(x , y ) = (x 2 + ay 2 − 2xy ) and
v (x , y ) = (bx 2 − y 2 + 2xy )
Necessary condition for differentiability is that, it should satisfies the C-R
equation.
ux = vy ⇒ 2x − 2y = −2y + 2x
uy = −vx ⇒ 2ay − 2x = −(2bx + 2y )
⇒ 2y (a + 1) = 2x (−b + 1)
⇒ (a + 1)y = (−b + 1)x
⇒ a = −1, b = 1
′
f (z) = ux + ivx = (2x − 2y ) + i(2x + 2y )

38 / 141
Question 11

If f (z) = u + iv is analytic in a region D and v = u 2 in D, then f is a

constant.

Solution
Given that f (z) = u + iv is analytic ⇒ux = vy and uy = −vx .
v = u 2 ⇒ux = 2uuy and uy = −2uux .
i.e, ux = −4u 2 ux ⇒ux (1 + 4u 2 ) = 0 ⇒ux = 0 or (1 + 4u 2 ) = 0
(1 + 4u 2 ) ̸= 0, since u is a real valued function. Therefore, ux = 0 i.e, u is
a constant and since, v = u 2 , v is also constant. That is f is constant in D.

39 / 141
Question 12

If f(z) is analytic in D, then f(z) is a constant if

(i) | f (z) | is constant
(ii) f ′ (z) = 0

Solution
1
Let f (z) = u(x , y ) + iv (x , y ). Then | f |= (u 2 + v 2 ) 2 .
Given f is analytic and | f |is a constant.
| f | is constant ⇒ | f |2 is constant ⇒ u 2 + v 2 = k, for some constant k
Differentiating u 2 + v 2 = k w.r.t. x and y we get,

2uux + 2vvx = 0 and 2uuy + 2vvy = 0 (3)

Now since f is analytic u and v satisfies the C-R equations

i.e., ux = vy and uy = −vx
Applying C-R equations to (1) we get

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 uux + vvx = 0 (4)
−uvx + vux = 0 (5)
(4).u + (5).v gives u 2 ux + uvvx − vuvx + v 2 ux = 0
i.e., u 2 ux + v 2 ux = 0
i.e., (u 2 + v 2 )ux = 0
i.e., kux = 0
∴ ux = 0
⇒ u is independent of x.
Now (4).v -(5).u ⇒ uvux + v 2 vx + u 2 vx − uvux = 0
⇒ (v 2 + u 2 )vx = 0
⇒ kvx = 0 ⇒ −kuy = 0
⇒ uy = 0
⇒ u is independent of y

41 / 141
u is independent of x and y ⇒ u is a constant.
Also from kux = 0 and kuy = 0
we get kvy = 0 and −kvx = 0
⇒ vy = 0 and vx = 0
⇒ v is independent of x and y.
⇒ v is a constant.
⇒ f (z) = u + iv is a constant

42 / 141
Question 13

Show that if a function f (z) = u + iv analytic in a domain R and if u and

v have continuous second order partial derivatives, then u and v satisfy
the Laplace Equation. i.e. ∇2 u = 0 and ∇2 v = 0.

43 / 141
Solution

Since f (z) is analytic in a domain R, it satisfies C-R equations ux = vy

and uy = −vx .
Then, uxx + uyy = vyx − vxy . Since v have continuous second order partial
derivatives, vyx = vxy .
∴ uxx + uyy = 0 =⇒ ∇2 u = 0.
Similarly, ∇2 v = 0.

44 / 141
Question 14

Find an analytic function whose imaginary part is 3x 2 y − y 3 and which

vanishes at z = 0.

45 / 141
Solution
Let v = 3x 2 y − y 3 .
vx = 6xy and vxx = 6y .
vy = 3x 2 − 3y 2 and vyy = −6y .
=⇒ ∇2 v = vxx + vyy = 0.
That is v is harmonic. Now we have to find the harmonic conjugate of v,
so that u + iv is analytic.
Since it satisfiy the C-R equations, we have
−uy = vx = 6xy and ux = vy = 3x 2 − 3y 2 .
Integrating the first equation with respect to y and the differentiating with
respect to x , we obtain , −u = 3xy 2 + h(x ) or u = −3xy 2 − h(x ).
′
ux = −3y 2 − h (x ).
′
Comparing with ux = vy = 3x 2 − 3y 2 , we have h (x ) = −3x 2 .
Integrating with respect to x , we get h(x ) = −x 3 + c. So that
u = −3xy 2 + x 3 − c. Thus, the required analytic function is

f (z) = −3xy 2 + x 3 + i(3x 2 y − y 3 ).

(c = 0, since f (z) vanishes at z = 0.)

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Question 15

Check whether the function sinz and cosz satisfies the following properties:

(i) f (z + 2π) = f (z).

(ii) |f (z)| ≤ 1.

47 / 141
Solution

i(z+2π)
−e −i(z+2π)
(i) sin(z + 2π) = e 2i
iz 2πi −iz −2πi
= e e −e2i e
iz −iz
= e −e 2i
= sinz.
i(z+2π) +e −i(z+2π)
cos(z + 2π) = e 2
iz 2πi −iz −2πi
= e e +e2 e
iz −iz
= e +e 2
= cosz.

48 / 141
(ii) |sinz| =p|sin(x + iy )| = |sinxcoshy + icosxsinhy |
= sin2 x + sinh2 y .
As y → ∞, sinz is unbounded.
|cosz| =p|coshycosx − isinhysinx |
= cos 2 x + sinh2 y .
As y → ∞, cosz is unbounded. Therefore, |f (z)| ≤ 1 is not true in
general.

49 / 141
Question 16

Check whether f (x + iy ) = 1
2 log(x 2 + y 2 ) + itan−1 ( yx ); (x 2 + y 2 ̸= 0) is
′
analytic. If so find f (z).

50 / 141
Solution

Here, f (x + iy ) = 12 log(x 2 + y 2 ) + itan−1 ( yx ).

u = 12 log(x 2 + y 2 ) and v = tan−1 ( yx ).
x y
Then, ux = x 2 +y 2 = vy and uy = x 2 +y 2 = −vx .
That is, the function satisfies the C-R equations. Therefore, f is analytic.
′ x y
f (x ) = ux + ivx = −i 2 .
x2 + y2 x + y2

51 / 141
Question 17

Determine whether the following functions are harmonic. If so, find the
corresponding analytic function
f(z) = u + iv
xy
(a) u = x 2 +y 2

(b) u = e 2x (x cos 2y )

2
(c) v = x2 − y2
(d) v = −e−x sin y
(e) u = sin x cosh y + 2 cos x sinh y + x 2 − y 2 + 4xy
(f) v = e−x 2xy cos y + y2 − x2 siny ]


(g) u = sin x . cosh y

52 / 141
Solution 17(a)

xy
u= x 2 +y 2
is not harmonic since
(3y 2 −x 2 ) (3x 2 −y 2 )
uxx = −2xy(x 2 +y 2 )3
and uyy = −2xy
(x 2 +y 2 )3
Also, uxx + uyy ̸= 0

53 / 141
Solution 17(b)

uxx = 4e 2x (cos2y ) + 4e 2x (xcos2y )

uxx = −4xe 2x (cos2y )
So, uxx + uyy ̸= 0
Hence, u not harmonic.

54 / 141
Solution 17(c)

vxx = 12x 2 − 4y 2
uyy = −4x 2 + 12y 2
So, vxx + vyy ̸= 0
Hence, v not harmonic.

55 / 141
Solution 17(d)

vxx = −e −x siny
vyy = e −x siny
So, vxx + vyy 0
Hence, v is harmonic.
Let u be the harmonic conjugate of v .
By Cauchy Riemann equation, ux = vy and uy = −vx .
So, uy = −e −x siny ⇒u = uy dy + f (x ) = e −x (cosy ) + f (x ).
R

Then, ux = −e −x cosy + f ′ (x ) ⇒ f ′ (x ) = 0
So, f (x ) = c, a constant.
Hence, u = e −x cosy + c
The corresponding analytic function is f = e −x (cosy − isiny ) + c

56 / 141
Solution 17(e)

uxx = −sin(x )cos(hy ) − 2cos(x )sin(hy ) + 2

uyy = sin(x )cos(hy ) + 2cos(x )sin(hy ) − 2
So, uxx + uyy = 0
Hence, u is harmonic.
By Milne Thompson’s method, f (z) = z 2 + sin(z) − i2sin(z) + 2z 2

57 / 141
Solution 17(f)

vxx =
2ycos(y )(−2e −x + xe −x ) + y 2 sin(y )e −x − sin(y )(x 2 e −x − 4xe −x + 2e −x )
vyy =
2xe −x (−ycos(y ) − 2sin(y )) + e −x (−y 2 sin(y ) + 4ycos(y ) + 2sin(y )) +
e −x x 2 sin(y )
So, vxx + vyy = 0
i.e., v is harmonic.
By Milne Thompson’s method,f (z) = e −z (−z − 1)

58 / 141
Solution 17(g)

Uxx = −sin(x )cosh(y )

Uyy = sin(x )cosh(y )
Uxx + Uyy = 0 ∴ U is harmonic.
Let V be the harmonic conjugate of U.
By CRE,
Vy = cos(X )cosh(y ) =⇒ V = cos(x )sinh(y ) + ϕ(x )
Vx = −sin(x )sinh(y ) + ϕ′ (x )
=−Uy = −sin(x )sinh(y )
=⇒ ϕ′ (x ) = 0
∴ V = cos(x )sinh(y ) + C , where C is a constant.
=⇒ f = U + iV is the required analytic function.

59 / 141
Question 18

Find the analytic function f(z) = u + iv

if (a) u − v = (x − y ) x 2 + 2xy + y 2

x
(b) u + v = x 2 +y 2
, f (1) =1
e y −cos x +sin x π 3−i


(c) u − v = cosh y −cos 2x and f 2 = 2
sin 2x
(d) u + v = cosh 2y −cos 2x

60 / 141
Solution 18 a

We have u − v = (x − y ) x 2 + 2xy + y 2 and f (z) = u + iv .

Define F (z) = (i + 1)f (z) = U + iV = (u − v ) + i(u + v )

So U = u − v , then by Milne Thomson method
R
(1 + i)f (z) = [ϕ1 (z, 0) − ϕ2 (z, 0)]dz + C
∂U ∂U
where ϕ1 = ∂x ϕ2 = ∂y

ϕ1 = (x − y )(2x + 2y ) + (x 2 + 2xy + y 2 )
ϕ2 = (x − y )(2x + 2y ) − (x 2 + 2xy + y 2 ) then
(1 + i)f (z) = [(3z 2 − iz 2 )]dz + C = z 3 (1 − 3i )
R

z 3 (1− 3i
f (z) = 1+i )

61 / 141
18.b
x
We have u + v = x 2 +y 2
, f (1) = 1 and f (z) = u + iv .
Define F (z) = (i + 1)f (z) = U + iV = (u − v ) + i(u + v )
So V = u + v , then by Milne Thomson method
R
(1 + i)f (z) = [ϕ1 (z, 0) − iϕ2 (z, 0)]dz + C
∂V −x (2y )
where ϕ1 (x , y ) = ∂y = (x 2 +y 2 )2

∂V y 2 −x 2
ϕ2 (x , y ) = ∂x = (x 2 +y 2 )2

F (z) = [0 + i( −1 i
R
z2
)]dz + C = z +C
i
+C 1+i
then f (z) = z
i+1 = 2z +C
1−i
we have f (1) = 1 =⇒ c = 2 so
1+i 1−i
f (z) = 2z + 2

62 / 141
18.c and 18.d

18.c
Similar to 18(a), we use Milne Thompson method, we can solve this
problem
18.d
Similar to 18(b), we find the solution

63 / 141
Questin 19
−y
Prove that u(x, y) = x 2 − y 2 and v(x, y) = x 2 +y 2
are both harmonic but
u+ iv is not analytic.

Answer: ux (x , y ) = 2x , uy (x , y ) = −2y ,
uxx (x , y ) = 2,uyy (x , y ) = −2
2xy y 2 −x 2
vx (x , y ) = (x 2 +y 2 )2
, vy (x , y ) = (x 2 +y 2 )2
2y 3 −6x 2 y
vxx (x , y ) = (x 2 +Y 2 )3
−2y 3 +6x 2 y
vyy (x , y ) = (x 2 +Y 2 )3

u + iv is not satisfying CR equations, uxx + uyy = 0 and vxx + vyy = 0.

So from the findings it is clear that u(x, y) = x 2 − y 2 and v(x, y) = x 2−y
+y 2
are both harmonic but u+ iv is not analytic.

64 / 141
Question 20

If f (z) is analytic, show that

∂ ∂ ′
{ ∂x | f (z) |}2 + { ∂y | f (z) |}2 =| f (z) |2

65 / 141
Solution 20

∂ ∂
Here, LHS = { ∂x | f (z) |}2 + { ∂y | f (z) |}2
∂ ∂
= { ∂x | u + iv |}2 + { ∂y | u + iv |}2
∂
√ ∂
√
= { ∂x u 2 + v 2 }2 + { ∂y u 2 + v 2 }2
Applying the derivatives and using CR equations,
2uux + 2vvx 2 2uuy + 2vvy 2
={ √ } +{ √ }
2
2 u +v 2 2 u2 + v 2
(uux + vvx )2 + (uuy + vvy )2
=
u2 + v 2
(uux + vvx )2 + (−uvx + vux )2
= (by CR equations)
u′2 + v 2
= ux2 + vx2 =| f (z) |2 = RHS.

66 / 141
Question 21

Find all solutions of the following equations:

(i)e z = 2i (ii)sinz = i

67 / 141
Solution 21

(i)e z = 2i
=⇒ log(e z ) = log(2i)
=⇒ z = ln | 2i | +iArg(2i)
= ln2 + i( π2 + 2nπ).

(ii)sinz = i
iz −iz
=⇒ e −e 2i =i
=⇒ e iz − e −iz = −2
Multiplying both sides by e iz , we get
(e iz )2 + 2iz − 1 = 0, which is a quadratic equation in e iz .
Solving this √ equation, we have √
e iz = −1 + 2 and e iz = √ −1 − 2. √
Therefore z = −iln(−1 + 2) and z = π + 2kπ + −iln(1 + 2).

68 / 141
Question 22

Prove that there cannot exist an analytic function on a region with real
part x − 2y 2 .

69 / 141
Solution 22

We know that real and imaginary parts of an analytic

functionf (z) = u + iv are harmonic.
Here u(x , y ) = x − 2y 2 .
So uxx = 0 and uyy = −4.
=⇒ uxx + uyy = −4 ̸= 0.
Hence u is not harmonic.
=⇒ f is not analytic.
Thus there cannot exist an analytic function on a region with real part
x − 2y 2 .

70 / 141
Question 23

′
If f (z) is analytic in a region, then show that f (z) is also analytic in that
region.

71 / 141
Solution 23

Let f = u + iv .
f is analytic =⇒ ux = vy and vx = −uy (by CR equations).
′
We know f = ux + ivx .
To prove that (ux )x = (vx )y and (vx )x = −(ux )y .
i.e, to prove that uxx = vxy and vxx = −uxy .
But ux = vy =⇒ uxx = vyx = vxy and
vx = −uy =⇒ vxx = −uyx = −uxy .
′
So f is also analytic (by CR equations) .

72 / 141
Question 24

Find the image of the square region with vectors (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1) and
(0, 1) under the transformation w = 2z − i.

73 / 141
Solution
Let A,B,C and D be points (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1) and (0, 1) respectively.
In the line segment AB, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and y = 0.
So, w = 2z − i = 2(x + iy ) − i = 2x − i.
Therefore, u = 2x and v = −1.
0 ≤ x ≤ 1 implies 0 ≤ u ≤ 2 and v = −1.
Therefore, image of line segment AB is a line segment PQ with end points
(0, −1) and (2, −1).
Now,in the line segment BC, x = 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
So, w = 2z − i = 2(x + iy ) − i = 2 + (2y − 1)i.
Therefore, u = 2 and v = 2y − 1.
0 ≤ y ≤ 1 implies −1 ≤ v ≤ 1 and u = 2.
Therefore, image of line segment BC is a line segment QR with end points
(2, −1) and (2, 1).
Similarly, image of line segment CD is a line segment RS with end points
(2, 1) and (0, 1) and image of line segment DA is a line segment SP with
end points (0, 1) and (0, −1)

74 / 141
Figure

75 / 141
Question 25

Find the image of the rectangular region bounded by

x = 0, y = 0, x = 2, y = 1 under the
(i) translation w = z + (1 − 2i)
(ii) rotation w = iz
(iii) transformation w = (1 + i)z + (2 − i).

76 / 141
Solution (i)
Let A,B,C and D be points (0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 1) and (0, 1) respectively.
In the line segment AB, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and y = 0.
So, w = z + (1 − 2i) = x + iy + (1 − 2i) = (x + 1) + i(−2).
Therefore, u = x + 1 and v = −2.
0 ≤ x ≤ 2 implies 1 ≤ u ≤ 3 and v = −2.
Therefore, image of line segment AB is a line segment PQ with end points
(1, −2) and (3, −2).
Now,in the line segment BC, x = 2 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
So, w = z + (1 − 2i) = x + iy + (1 − 2i) = 3 + i(y − 2).
Therefore, u = 3 and v = y − 2.
0 ≤ y ≤ 1 implies −2 ≤ v ≤ −1 and u = 3.
Therefore, image of line segment BC is a line segment QR with end points
(3, −2) and (3, −1).
Similarly, image of line segment CD is a line segment RS with end points
(3, −1) and (1, −1) and image of line segment DA is a line segment SP
with end points (1, −1) and (1, −2)

77 / 141
Figure(i)

78 / 141
Solution (ii)

π
w = iz = e i 2 z is a rotation transformation which rotates the domain 90
degree anticlockwise. So, the rectangle ABCD is rotated 90 degree
anticlockwise under the transformation.

79 / 141
Figure(ii)

80 / 141
Solution (iii)
In the line segment AB, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and y = 0.
So, w = (1 + i)z + (2 − i) = x + ix + (2 − i) = (x + 2) + i(x − 1).
Therefore, u = x + 2 and v = x − 1.
0 ≤ x ≤ 2 implies 2 ≤ u ≤ 4 and −1 ≤ v ≤ 1.
Therefore, image of line segment AB is a line segment PQ with end points
(2, −1) and (4, 1).
Now,in the line segment BC, x = 2 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
So,
w = (1 + i)z + (2 − i) = (x − y + 2) + i(x + y − 1) = (4 − y ) + i(y + 1).
Therefore, u = 4 − y and v = y + 1.
0 ≤ y ≤ 1 implies 4 ≤ u ≤ 3 and 1 ≤ v ≤ 2.
Therefore, image of line segment BC is a line segment QR with end points
(4, 1) and (3, 2).
Similarly, image of line segment CD is a line segment RS with end points
(3, 2) and (1, 0) and image of line segment DA is a line segment SP with
end points (1, 0) and (2, −1)

81 / 141
Figure(iii)

82 / 141
Question 26

Find the image of the region y > 1 under the transformation w = iz + 1.

83 / 141
Solution

Consider the line y = 1,

w = iz + 1 = i(x + iy ) + 1 = (1 − y ) + ix = ix .
So, the line y = 1 is mapped to the imaginary axis.
Since, y > 1, (1 − y ) < 0, the image is the left half plane.

84 / 141
Question 27

Find the image of the semi infinite strip x > 0; 0 < y < 2 under the
transformation w = iz + 1.

85 / 141
Solution

Consider the line x = 0,

w = iz + 1 = i(x + iy ) + 1 = i(0 + iy ) + 1 = 1 − y implies u = 1 − y and
v =0
Since 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, −1 ≤ u ≤ 1.
Also, x > 0 implies v > 0.
Therefore, the image is the part of the strip −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 in the upper half
plane.

86 / 141
Figure

87 / 141
Question 28

Show that by means of the inversion w = z1 ,the circle given by | z − 2 | =

2 7
7 is mapped into the circle | w + 45 |= 45 .

88 / 141
Solution

We have S : | z − 2 |= 7.
we need to find f (S) = {w = z1 : z ∈ S}.
Consider, (z − 2)(z − 2) = 72
=⇒ zz − 2z − 2z = 45
In terms of w,
1 1 1
w w − 2 w − 2 w = 45.
=⇒ 1 − 2w − 2w = 45w w
1
=⇒ 45 − 2w 2w
45 − 45 = w w
−2
let β = 45 , then the above equation becomes,
1
w w − βw − βw = 45
1
w w − βw − βw + | β |2 = 45 + | β |2
2 1 −2 2
=⇒ | w − β | = 45 + ( 45 )
7 2
=⇒ | w − β |2 = ( 45 )
2 7
which is the circle =⇒ | w + 45 |= ( 45 )

89 / 141
Question 29

Find the image of the triangle with vertices i, 1 + i, 1 − i in the z – plane

under the transformation w = 3z + 4–2i.

90 / 141
Solution

The transformation is a magnification by the scalar 3 followed by

translation by a complex number 4 − 2i
The triangle here is a right angled triangle with vertices i, 1 + i, 1 − i in
the z – plane
Since magnification and translation preserves shape, the image will be also
a right angled triangle with vertices
w (i) = 4 + i, w (1 + i) = 7 + i, w (1 − i) = 1 + i in the w – plane.

91 / 141
Question 30

Find the image of the following regions under w = z1 (i) the strip
0 < y < 12 , (ii) the circle, | z − 3i |= 3.

92 / 141
Solution

A mobius transformation maps straight lines and circles to straight lines or

circles.
1
z ia a mobius transformation.
(i) consider the boundary lines y = 0 and y = 12 .
The real line y = 0 is mapped to the real line itself under the
transformation z1 .
The line y = 12 is mapped to the circle | z + i |= 1{consider the image of
the points − 21 + 2i , 2i , 21 + 2i }
Consider the point 4i inside the strip 0 < y < 21 which is mapped to the
point −4i.
∴ we can conclude that the strip is mapped onto the region (Im(z) < 0) ∩
(| z + i |≤ 1)c

93 / 141
Cont...

(ii) Consider the circle,| z − 3i |= 3.

Since the circle passes through the origin, image will be a straight line
which does not passes through the origin under the transformation z1 .
Consider the points 6i and 3 + 3i on the circle | z − 3i |= 3. which are
mapped to the points −i 1 i
6 and 6 − 6 respectively.
∴ image of the circle,| z − 3i |= 3. under the transformation z1 will be the
straight line joining the points −i 1 i
6 and 6 − 6 .

94 / 141
Question 31

Show that w = z−1z+1 maps the half plane x ≥ 0 on to the unit circle
| w |≤ 1. Show also that this transformation maps the half plane y ≤ 0 on
to the half plane v ≤ 0.

95 / 141
Solution

Since the modulus of w image of the boundary line x = 0 is 1 , the line x

= 0 is mapped onto the unit circle | w |= 1
Consider the image of the point z = 2 in the half plane x ≥0.
w (2) = 13 ., which is a point inside the circle | w |= 1
∴ We can conclude that the half plane is mapped onto | w |≤ 1.
Similarly we can see that the image of the real line y = 0 is the real line
itself
Since i is an interior point of the half plane y ≤ 0 and W (−i) =−i
=⇒ the half plane y ≤ 0 is mapped onto the half plane v ≤ 0.

96 / 141
Question 32

Find the region in the w-plane to which the region 1/2 ≤ y ≤ 1 is mapped
by the transformation w = z 2 .

97 / 141
Solution

Let z = x + iy and w = u + iv .
Then w = z 2 =⇒ u + iv = (x + iy )2 .
i.e, u = x 2 − y 2 and v = 2xy
When y = 1/2, v = x and u = v 2 − 1/4.
when y = 1, v = 2x and u = v 2 /4 − 1.
The required region is the region between the two parabolas u = v 2 − 1/4
and u = v 2 /4 − 1.

98 / 141
Question 33

Under w = 1/z, find the image of (i) |z − 2i| = 2 (ii) 1/4 ≤ y ≤ 1/2.
Also show the region graphically.

99 / 141
Solution

(i) w = 1/z =⇒ z = 1/w

u
By putting z = x + iy and w = u + iv in z = 1/w , we get x = u2 +v 2 and
−v
y = u2 +v 2
Now, |z − 2i| = 2 =⇒ |x + iy − 2i| = 2 =⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 4y = 0
u 2 −v 2 4v
i.e, ( u2 +v 2 ) + ( u 2 +v 2 ) + u 2 +v 2 = 0.
This yields v = −1/4 which is a straight line.
(ii) Given that 1/4 ≤ y ≤ 1/2
u −v
From the first part x = u2 +v 2 and y = u 2 +v 2
−yu
Then vu = −x y =⇒ x = v
−y −v 2 −v
i.e v = y 2 u2
= y (u 2 +v 2 )
=⇒ y = u 2 +v 2
+y 2
v2

100 / 141
Now, y = 1/4 =⇒ u2−v +v 2
= 1/4 =⇒ u 2 + (v + 2)2 = 4
which represents the circle with center at (0, −2) and radius 2.
Again y = 1/2 =⇒ u2−v +v 2
= 1/2 =⇒ u 2 + (v + 1)2 = 1
which represents the circle with center at (0, −1) and radius 1.

101 / 141
102 / 141
Question 34

2z+3
Show that w = z−4 maps x 2 + y 2 − 4x = 0 on to 4u + 3 = 0. Hence the
proof.

103 / 141
Solution

w = 2z+3
z−4 =⇒ z = w −2
4w +3

Now, x 2 + y 2 − 4x = 0 =⇒ |z|2 − 4Re(z) = 0 =⇒ zz̄ − 2(z + z̄) = 0.

By subtituting the value of z, we have
( 4w +3 4w̄ +3 4w +3 4w̄ +3
w −2 )( w̄ −2 ) − 2( w −2 + w̄ −2 ) =⇒ 2(w + w̄ ) + 3 = 0 =⇒ 4u + 3 = 0.

104 / 141
Question 35

Find the regions where the following maps are conformal and find their
critical points.
(i) w = z 3
(ii)w = cos z
(iii) w = sinhz

105 / 141
Solution

(i) The function w is conformal in the region Z \{0} and the critical point
is z = 0.
(ii) w is conformal in the region C \{nπ : n ∈ Z } and the critical points
are z = nπ.
(iii)Let f (z) = sinhz
z −z
f ′ (z) = 0 =⇒ coshz = 0 =⇒ e +e 2 = 0 =⇒ e 2z = −1 =⇒
z =iπ(2n + 1) 2 .
w is conformal in the region C \{ iπ(2n+1)
2 : n ∈ Z } and critical points are
iπ(2n+1)
z= 2

106 / 141
Question 36

Show that w = z 2 maps the circle |z − 1| = 1 in to the cardioids

ρ = 2(1 + cosθ) where w = ρe iθ in the w – plane.

107 / 141
Solution

z = x + iy
Given circle |z − 1| = 1
therefore (x − 1)2 + y 2 = 1
x = 1 + cos(θ), y = sin(θ).
z 2 = x 2 − y 2 + 2ixy
Therefore u = x 2 − y 2 and v = 2xy .
Now represent u and v by function of θ by substituting values of x and y
On simplification u = 1 + 2cos(θ) + cos(2θ) and v = 2sin(θ) + sin(2θ).

u 2 + v 2 = (1 + 2cos(θ) + cos(2θ))2 + (2sin(θ) + sin(2θ))2

= 4(1 + cos(θ))2
=ρ

108 / 141
Question 37

Determine the region of w – plane in to which the first quadrant of

z–plane is mapped under the transformation w = z 2 .

109 / 141
Solution

w = z 2 that is z =re iθ . Then w = r 2 e 2iθ .

Thus points at (r , θ) are rotated by a further angle θ and their modulus
stretched by a factor r.

All points in 1st quadrant occupy r > 0,0 ≤ θ ≤ π2 .

Thus all points in w(= ρe iϕ )-plane occupy ρ > 0, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π
i.e., the upper half of the w-plane.

110 / 141
Question 38

Discuss w = e z and show that it transforms the region between y = 0 and

y = π in to the upper half of w – plane..

111 / 141
Solution

For z = x + iy the complex exponential function is defined as

e z = e x +iy = e x e iy = e x (cos(y ) + isin(y )).
In this definition e x is the usual exponential function for a real variable x.
on the vertical line x = c in the z-plane is mapped by f (z) = e z to the
points
w = re iθ = e c e iy
in the w-plane which lies on the circle ρ = e c in the w-plane and as y
varies the image w moves around the circle r = e c geometrically the line is
mapped around the circle in counter clock wise direction as y varies.

112 / 141
Question 39

Show that w = z−iz+i maps real axis in z - plane in to |w | = 1. What portion

of the z - plane corresponds to the interior of the circle in the w - plane.

113 / 141
Solution
First take x real, then
√
|x − i| x2 + 1
|w | = =√ =1
|x + i| x2 + 1
So, w maps the x-axis to the unit circle.
Next take z = x + iy with y > 0, ie. z in the upper half-plane. Clearly

|z − i|
|w | = < 1.
|z + i|
so
|z + i| = |x + i(y + 1)| > |x + i(y − 1)| = |z − i|,
that is
|y + 1| > |y − 1|,
So, w maps the upper half plane to the unit disk.

114 / 141
Question 40

Find the images of x=0, x=1, y=0 and y=1 under w=z2

115 / 141
Solution

Let w=u+iv, z=x+iy. Then

w=z2
=⇒ u + iy = x 2 + y 2 + i2xy
Equating real and imaginary parts we get u=x2 + y 2 andv = 2xy .
For the image of the line x=0 by the above expression of u and v ; u = y 2
and v = 0
which is the positive real axis of the w plane.
For the image of the line x=1;
u=1+y2 andv = 2y
=⇒ w = (1 + y 2 + 2iy )
Thus w map the line x=1 into the curve 1+y2 + 2iy .
For the image of the line y=0;
u = x 2 and v = 0, which is the positive real axis of the w plane.
Similarly w maps the line y=1 to th curve 1+x2 + 2ix

116 / 141
Question 41

Discuss the transformation w=coshz and find the image of the

semi-infinite strip x ≥ 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ π of z plane.

117 / 141
Solution

Take Z=ez , W = Z + Z1 , w = 12 W .
Then w= 21 W
= 21 (Z+ Z1 )
= 12 (ez + e1z )
=cosh(z).
Thus the transformation coshz can be expressed as a composition of the
mappings Z=ez , W = Z + Z1 , w = 12 W (w◦W ◦ Z )
Z = e z maps the strip into the region |z| ≥ 1 in the upper half plane.
( For ; e z = e x .e i y , where y is the argument of e z which varies from 0 to
π and |e z | = e x ≥ 1 for x ≥ 0.)

1
and Z maps into the region |z| ≤ 1.

118 / 141
cont

So W maps the strip into upper half plane.

Since w= 12 W , w also maps the given strip into the upper half palne.

119 / 141
Question 42

Find the image of the region 0 < x < 2π , 1 < y < 2 under w=sinz.

120 / 141
Solution
sinz= u+iv, where u=sinxcoshy and v=cosxsinhy. The points on the line
segment y=a, 1 < a < 2 (0 < x < 2π) are mapped into the points on the
curve u=sinxcosha and v=cosxsinha.
That curve is readily seen to be in the ellipse
u2 v2
cosh2 a
+ sinh 2 a =1
If L is the line segment y=a, as a decreases, L moves downwards x axis
and the image of this line segment also moves downward. As 0 < x < 2π
and 1 < y < 2 , u and v are always greater than 0. ( So image is in first
quadrant).
In the limiting case x=0 weve v=sinhy and the interval 1 < y < 2 mapped
onto sinh1 < v < sinh2 of v axis.
Thus sinz map given region into the interior of an elliptical ring in first
quadrant which has a cut along the segment sinh1 < v < sinh2 of v axis.

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Question 43

3z+2
Find the fixed points of the transformation w= z−1 .

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Solution

Fixed points are solution of the equation w=f(z)=z;

3z+2z-1=z
=⇒ z 2 − 4z − 2 = 0
roots of this equation are the fixed points of given transformation.

123 / 141
Question 44

Prove that w = iz+1

z+i maps the part of the real axis between z = 1 and
z = −1 as a semi-circle in the w –plane.

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Solution

iz+1
Put z = x in w = z+i . Then,

ix + 1 ix + 1 x − i 2x + i(x 2 − 1)
w= = =
x +i x +i x −i x2 + 1
Also, |w | = | ixx +i
+1
| = 1. Thus w maps real axis to unit circle.
Now, −1 ≤ z = x ≤ 1 implies x 2 − 1 ≤ 0.
i.e. imaginary part of w is negative.
Thus w maps the part of the real axis between z = 1 and z = −1 into
semi-circle in the w –plane.

125 / 141
Question 45(i)

Find the bilinear transformation which maps z = 1, −i, −1 into

w = 2, 0, −2

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Solution
Let the required transformation be

(w − w1 ) (w2 − w3 ) (z − z1 ) (z2 − z3 )
=
(w − w3 ) (w2 − w1 ) (z − z3 ) (z2 − z1 )

(w − 2) (0 + 2) (z − 1) (−i + 1)
=
(w + 2) (0 − 2) (z + 1) (−i − 1)
w −2 (z − 1) + i(1 − z)
=
w +2 (1 + z) + i(1 + z)
i.e
w ((1 + z) + i(1 + z)) − 2((1 + z) + i(1 + z))
= w ((z − 1) + i(1 − z)) + 2((z − 1) + i(1 − z))
z +i
w =2
1 + iz

127 / 141
Question 45(ii)

Find the bilinear transformation which maps z = 1, i, −1 into w = 0, 1, α

128 / 141
Solution

Let the required transformation be

(w − w1 ) (w2 − w3 ) (z − z1 ) (z2 − z3 )
=
(w − w3 ) (w2 − w1 ) (z − z3 ) (z2 − z1 )

(w − 0) (1 − α) (z − 1) (i + 1)
=
(w − α) (1 − 0) (z + 1) (i − 1)
(w ) (1 − α) (z − 1) (i + 1)
=
(w − α) (z + 1) (i − 1)
α(1 − z)(i + 1)
w=
α + αz − 2z − iα − iαz + 2i

129 / 141
Question 45(iii)

Find the bilinear transformation which maps z = −1, 1, α into

w = −i, −1, i

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Solution

Let the required transformation be

(w − w1 ) (w2 − w3 ) (z − z1 ) (z2 − z3 )
=
(w − w3 ) (w2 − w1 ) (z − z3 ) (z2 − z1 )

(w + i) (−1 − i) (z + 1) (1 − α)
=
(w − i) (−1 + i) (z − α) (1 + 1)
w +i (z + 1) (1 − α) (−1 + i)
=
w −i (z − α) (1 + 1) (−1 − i)
i[(z + 1)(1 − α)(−1 + i) − 2(z − α)(1 + i)]
w=
(z + 1)(1 − α)(−1 + i) + 2(z − α)(1 + i)

131 / 141
Question 45(iv)

Find the bilinear transformation which maps

−1
z = 0, 1, i into w = , 0, −1 + i
2

132 / 141
Solution 45(iv)

We have z1 = 0, z2 = 1 and z3 = i
−1
w1 = , w2 = 0 and w3 = −1 + i
2
Let the required transformation be

(w − w1 ) (w2 − w3 ) (z − z1 ) (z2 − z3 )
=
(w − w3 ) (w2 − w1 ) (z − z3 ) (z2 − z1 )
 
−1
w− 2 [0 − (−1 + i)] (z − 0) (1 − i)
⇒   =
[w − (−1 + i)] 0 − −1 (z − i) (1 − 0)
2

Solve for w.

133 / 141
Question 45(v)

Find the bilinear transformation which maps z = 0, −1, α into

w = −1, −2 − i.i

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Solution

Let the required transformation be

(w − w1 ) (w2 − w3 ) (z − z1 ) (z2 − z3 )
=
(w − w3 ) (w2 − w1 ) (z − z3 ) (z2 − z1 )

(w + 1) (2 + 2i) z (1 + α)
=
(w − i) (1 + i) (z − α)
4α − z(1 + 3i)
⇒w =
2z − 4α + iz − 4iα

135 / 141
Solution 45(vi)

Find the bilinear transformation which maps

z = 1 + i, −i, 2 − i into w = 0, 1, i

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Question 45(vii)

Find the bilinear transformation which maps

3 + 2i
z = ∞, 1, −1 into w = 1, , 3 − 2i
5

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Solution 45(vii)

We have z1 = ∞, z2 = 1 and z3 = −1
3 + 2i
w1 = 1, w2 = and w3 = 3 − 2i
5
Let the required transformation be
(w − w1 ) (w2 − w3 ) (z − z1 ) (z2 − z3 )
=
(w − w3 ) (w2 − w1 ) (z − z3 ) (z2 − z1 )
[omit the factors involving z1 , since z1 = ∞ ]
(w − w1 ) (w2 − w3 ) (z2 − z3 )
⇒ =
(w − w3 ) (w2 − w1 ) (z − z3 )
(w − 1) 3+2i
 
5 − (3 − 2i) 2
⇒  =
[w − (3 − 2i)] 3+2i

5 − 1 z + 1
6 (w − 1) 2
⇒ =
(w − 3 + 2i) z +1
3z + 2i
⇒w =
3z + 2
138 / 141
Question 45(viii)

Find the bilinear transformation which maps

z = 2, i, −2 into w = 1, i, −1

139 / 141
Solution 45(viii)

Let the required transformation be

(w − w1 ) (w2 − w3 ) (z − z1 ) (z2 − z3 )
=
(w − w3 ) (w2 − w1 ) (z − z3 ) (z2 − z1 )

substitute and simplify.

140 / 141
Solution 45(ix)

Let the required transformation be

(w − w1 ) (w2 − w3 ) (z − z1 ) (z2 − z3 )
=
(w − w3 ) (w2 − w1 ) (z − z3 ) (z2 − z1 )

substitute and simplify.

141 / 141