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The nominal voltage supply (1.2 V) is the same for all the cases. The choice of VCO type depends on
the specific application requirements such as frequency range, linearity, stability and power
consumption. This is done by repeatedly charging and discharging a capacitor or other. The design of
Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) with low power consumption and high frequency range is
presented in this paper. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
(IJERPH). See Full PDF Download PDF About Press Blog People Papers Topics Job Board We're
Hiring. Level shifters are required to saturate amplitude-modulated oscillator output signals before
being sampled and operated in discrete time. The control voltage input can be tuned such that
desired operational frequency can be. The opamp does not require high DC gain, hence its design
does not lead to a technology scaling issue. Output spectrum of transient simulation of the circuit
proposed in Figure 6. Linearity is kept mainly because there is always at least one transconductor
which is providing sufficient transconductance. Usually frequency of the VCO can be controlled by
various methods. The ring-oscillator might be affected by mismatch effects and PVT variations.
Abbreviations ADC Analog-to-digital converter CCO Current-controlled oscillator ENOB Effective
number of bits IoT Internet-of-things VCO Voltage-controlled oscillator SAR Successive
approximation register Opamp Operational amplifier TI Time-Interleaved NS-SAR Noise-shaping
SAR TINS-SAR Time interleaving noise-shaping SAR. SNDR variation of Figure 8 due to different
PVT conditions. Low-power opamps connected in a buffer configuration were used to avoid kick-
back noise. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. To compensate for the
nonlinearity of the structure, the inverse nonlinear function of the oscillator is artificially performed
by the front-end circuit, thus canceling both nonlinear effects ( Figure 1 c). Voltage Controlled
Oscillator, Madhusudan Maiti, Suraj Kumar Saw, Vijay Nath. INL performance of the system with
the circuit proposed in Figure 6. The trimming circuit will be affected by these effects as well,
modifying the transconductors’ bias points. Alvero-Gonzalez, L.M.; Medina, V.; Kampus, V.; Paton,
S.; Hernandez, L.; Gutierrez, E. Voltage control can be observed in the following simulation output.
It is used to generate square waves, pulse waves, or other digital waveforms. Figure 1 depicts a
scheme that summarizes the idea described above. The first letter refers to NMOS devices and the
second one refers to PMOS devices. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP).
Ring-Oscillator with Multiple Transconductors for Linear Analog-to-Digital Conversion. It is a
specific configuration of digital logic gates that forms a self sustaining oscillating circuit. You can
download the paper by clicking the button above.
Figure 5 depicts a diagram of the proposed solution with a ring-oscillator whose input current is
provided by M NMOS devices, where x. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
(JMMP). To evaluate the approach, a ring-oscillator-based ADC with the proposed circuit was
designed and simulated in 65-nm. Classification based on tuning include linear tuning VCOs,
exponential tuning VCOs. Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific
editors of MDPI journals from around the world. The proposal exhibited great robustness without
resorting to a complex circuit design and just requiring simple foreground digital calibration. Thus,
the current flowing through the ring-oscillator I. Paper should be a substantial original Article that
involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. The additional transistors may
have a role in slowing the oscillator down or reducing its frequency range. In our case, three offset
references were needed, with the values displayed in Figure 6. INL performance of the system with
the circuit proposed in Figure 6. SNDR variation of Figure 8 due to different PVT conditions. This
will result in variations in the oscillator current-to-frequency relation and in the required voltage-to-
current function. SNDR variation of Figure 8 due to different PVT conditions. Our solution for
nonlinearity mitigation does not involve background continuous intensive digital operations and is
performed in the analog domain, reducing the required power consumption and also the occupied
area. These VCOs use LC tank circuits (inductor and capacitor combination) to generate oscillations.
Oscillators are classified into tuned oscillator and untuned oscillator. The first letter refers to NMOS
devices and the second one refers to PMOS devices. The nominal voltage supply (1.2 V) is the same
for all the cases. The inverting voltage follower bias generator may have. The offset component of
the input signal is one of the offset references needed, and the other voltage references are generated
by means of fixed bias currents and diode-connected transistors M. With that purpose in mind, we
propose to use a digital foreground calibration circuit enabled periodically. The proposal is
particularly intended for high-bandwidth and medium-resolution applications, such as 5G or IoT
(Internet-of-Things) modules. The figure above mentions different methods for tuning various types
of VCOs. The solution is based on making use of several transconductors connected in parallel with
different bias conditions to implement a voltage-to-current function that approximates the inverse
nonlinear current-to-frequency function of the ring-oscillator. The opamp does not require high DC
gain, hence its design does not lead to a technology scaling issue. Visit our dedicated information
section to learn more about MDPI. The transfer functions of both the front-end circuit and the ring-
oscillator affect the whole response of the VCO ( Figure 1 b). See Full PDF Download PDF About
Press Blog People Papers Topics Job Board We're Hiring. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
(TropicalMed).
Voltage control range is limited with nand cells compared to balanced current-starved inverters.
Digital logic consumes less power, occupies less area, and works faster as design processes get
smaller. An alternative to using the mux2i cell with swapped bias inputs is to make one of the cells
using the mux2 cell which adds an inverter. Frequency Divider block further applies down
conversion. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). Ring-
Oscillator with Multiple Transconductors for Linear Analog-to-Digital Conversion. Funding This
research was funded by Project TEC2017-82653-R, Spain. Note that from the first issue of 2016,
this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. Simulation results reveal the better
performance of the proposed design as compared to existing current staved ring VCO in terms of
oscillation frequency and power consumption. When having the NMOS working at such regions, the
harmonic distortion will increase due to the joint action of both the nonlinear voltage-to-current
conversion and the nonlinear time delay dependence of the ring-oscillator. Proposed multiple-
transconductor circuit for a linear ring-oscillator-based analog-to-digital conversion. The offset
component of the input signal is one of the offset references needed, and the other voltage references
are generated by means of fixed bias currents and diode-connected transistors M. Level shifters are
required to saturate amplitude-modulated oscillator output signals before being sampled and
operated in discrete time. To evaluate the approach, a circuit example has been designed in a 65-nm
CMOS process, leading to a more than 3-ENOB enhancement in simulation for a high-swing
differential input voltage signal of 800-mV. The additional transistors may have a role in slowing the
oscillator down or reducing its frequency range. Two-stage Miller-compensated opamp of Figure 6, (
a ) schematic and ( b ) device sizes. This paper presents a new technique to improve the performance
of ring oscillator. Alvero-Gonzalez, Leidy Mabel, Victor Medina, Vahur Kampus, Susana Paton, Luis
Hernandez, and Eric Gutierrez. The proposed solution achieved a THD value of ?66.4 dBc for a
differential input of 800 mV. See Full PDF Download PDF About Press Blog People Papers Topics
Job Board We're Hiring. Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD). In steady state
output frequency of VCO is expressed as. Next Article in Journal TransET: Knowledge Graph
Embedding with Entity Types. Low-power opamps connected in a buffer configuration were used to
avoid kick-back noise. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD). The VCO
tuning variables are capacitance (varactor), current and power supply. The outputs of the NAND
gates are stored with flip-flops, whose outputs are thermometically encoded and represent an
estimation of the semiperiod of. Output spectrum of transient simulation of the circuit proposed in
Figure 6. The solution is based on making use of several transconductors connected in parallel with
different bias conditions to implement a voltage-to-current function that approximates the inverse
nonlinear current-to-frequency function of the ring-oscillator. Linearity is kept mainly because there
is always at least one transconductor which is providing sufficient transconductance.
The proposed solution achieved a THD value of ?66.4 dBc for a differential input of 800 mV. It is
shown, that for range of tens of MHz and less, the power consumption and variation of the
frequency can be considerably reduced by using 3-stage, resistively coupled ring oscillator, with
minimum channel width W and large channel length L MOS transistors. To compensate for the
nonlinearity of the structure, the inverse nonlinear function of the oscillator is artificially performed
by the front-end circuit, thus canceling both nonlinear effects ( Figure 1 c). Using both PMOS and
NMOS devices may suppose issues arising from matching and more complexity in making the
calibration of the circuit. Our solution for nonlinearity mitigation does not involve background
continuous intensive digital operations and is performed in the analog domain, reducing the required
power consumption and also the occupied area. The transfer functions of both the front-end circuit
and the ring-oscillator affect the whole response of the VCO ( Figure 1 b). The idea is measuring the
rest oscillation frequency. Apart from the mitigation of the nonlinearity, the proposed structure could
also be used to enhance the oscillator gain. Two-stage Miller-compensated opamp of Figure 6, ( a )
schematic and ( b ) device sizes. The VCO is composed of a transconductor-based front-end stage
(g. The opamp does not require high DC gain, hence its design does not lead to a technology scaling
issue. Accurate frequency of oscillation in Ring Oscillator is an important design issue. As open-loop
configuration corresponds to a highly technology-scalable architecture; this ring-oscillator is
implemented with conventional CMOS logic gates and the circuitry afterward is composed of
registers and XOR gates. A Voltage Controlled Ring Oscillator with wide tuning range from
917.43MHz to 4189.53MHz can be achieved using bulk driven technique by varying the threshold
voltage of the MOS circuits. Consequently, centering the input offset in the linear region is the
easiest requirement to keep the oscillator working in a linear manner. Digital demodulation and
sampling logic were modeled in VerilogA language. 10-fF capacitors were placed at the outputs of
the ring-oscillator to simulate the input capacitance of the digital logic. The design of Voltage
Controlled Oscillator (VCO) with low power consumption and high frequency range is presented in
this paper. These VCOs use resistors and capacitors in an RC network to control the oscillation
frequency. Thus, the current flowing through the ring-oscillator I. In order to be human-readable,
please install an RSS reader. The offset component of the input signal is one of the offset references
needed, and the other voltage references are generated by means of fixed bias currents and diode-
connected transistors M. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. It is
also expected to achieve area savings, but this needs to be confirmed through experimental
prototypes. The proposal is particularly intended for high-bandwidth and medium-resolution
applications, such as 5G or IoT (Internet-of-Things) modules. The frequency of oscillation of LC
oscillator depends on values of inductor and capacitor used in the circuit. With that purpose in mind,
we propose a circuit-level solution to extend the linear response of the ring-oscillator. For more
information on the journal statistics, click here. The unitary gain configuration is accomplished
totally for x. The architecture has also been checked against PVT and mismatch variations, proving
to be highly robust, requiring only very simple calibration techniques. In this work, we propose a new
way to mitigate the distortion generated by the nonlinearity of the ring-oscillator, exploiting a circuit
design with significantly lower power consumption and area comparing to prior art.
It is shown, that for range of tens of MHz and less, the power consumption and variation of the
frequency can be considerably reduced by using 3-stage, resistively coupled ring oscillator, with
minimum channel width W and large channel length L MOS transistors. The figure-1 depicts one of
the application of VCO in PLL circuit. Scientific Publications of the State University of Novi Pazar,
Ser. A: Appl. Math. Inform. and Mech, Vol. 2, pp. 1-9, 2010. The solution is based on making use of
several transconductors connected in parallel with different bias conditions to implement a voltage-
to-current function that approximates the inverse nonlinear current-to-frequency function of the ring-
oscillator. Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI). You can download the paper by
clicking the button above. The frequency of oscillation of LC oscillator depends on values of
inductor and capacitor used in the circuit. Usually frequency of the VCO can be controlled by
various methods. Bulk- Digital Multiple technique Gauss. calib. loop VCO-ADC f-calib. f-calib. b-
calib. netw. driven f-calib transc. The estimated value of SNDR regarding the oscillator phase noise
was 71 dB, much lower than the quantization noise based SNDR limit observed in Figure 8. 3.3.
Calibration Circuit A calibration circuit is required to correctly select the offset of the input signal x.
This paper presents a new technique to improve the performance of ring oscillator. The area of the set
of structures dedicated to the calibration occupies almost the same of the ADC itself: 0.13 mm.
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Frequency Divider block further
applies down conversion. It is a specific configuration of digital logic gates that forms a self
sustaining oscillating circuit. Distortion due to a nonlinear ring-oscillator in analog-to-digital
conversion. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Thus, the current
trend is towards mostly digital implementations. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
(JCDD). Additionally, they are extremely sensitive to mismatch phenomena when implemented with
minimum-size devices and not scalable. INL performance of the system with the circuit proposed in
Figure 6. SNDR variation of Figure 8 due to different PVT conditions. With that purpose in mind,
we propose to use a digital foreground calibration circuit enabled periodically. It is used for various
applications such as clock generation, Built-in-self-test, frequency generation, PLLs, process
monitoring etc. The proposal exhibited great robustness without resorting to a complex circuit design
and just requiring simple foreground digital calibration. As shown PLL (Phase Locked Loop) consists
of VCO, PD (phase detector), loop filter. Alvero-Gonzalez, Leidy Mabel, Victor Medina, Vahur
Kampus, Susana Paton, Luis Hernandez, and Eric Gutierrez. These cookies will be stored in your
browser only with your consent. Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or
recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is 63 dB
and the signal-to-noise-distortion ratio (SNDR) is 44 dB, which means a degradation of
approximately three ENOBs due to distortion.
The offset component of the input signal is one of the offset references needed, and the other
voltage references are generated by means of fixed bias currents and diode-connected transistors M.
The gain-bandwidth product value was 200 MHz and the margin phase was 55. Linearity is kept
mainly because there is always at least one transconductor which is providing sufficient
transconductance. It is also expected to achieve area savings, but this needs to be confirmed through
experimental prototypes. On the one hand, we assume that we have at least one device working in
saturation at any point of the input voltage range, getting an approximately linear voltage-to-
frequency response. Voltage-Controlled Ring Oscillator are crucial component in many wireless
communication systems.VCRO is used in PLL circuit, to generate the oscillations and increase the
speed of whole system. It is shown, that for range of tens of MHz and less, the power consumption
and variation of the frequency can be considerably reduced by using 3-stage, resistively coupled ring
oscillator, with minimum channel width W and large channel length L MOS transistors. We use
cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. The VCO-based quantizer only
occupies 3.7% of the active area and consumes 13% of the total power, but it is hardly extended to
low voltage supply environments. Ring-Oscillator with Multiple Transconductors for Linear Analog-
to-Digital Conversion. The proposal exhibited great robustness without resorting to a complex circuit
design and just requiring simple foreground digital calibration. Previous Article in Journal The
Enlightening Role of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Chronic Wound Classification. It is simple
and popular design used to generate clock signals, frequency references and test signals. The size
distribution of the transconductors was chosen according to a static behavior, performing a sweep of
several transient simulations with different DC input values to get the voltage-to-frequency relation
and quantify the nonlinear coefficients. The idea is measuring the rest oscillation frequency. The
control voltage input can be tuned such that desired operational frequency can be. Digital logic
consumes less power, occupies less area, and works faster as design processes get smaller. Simulation
results show better accuracy compared to existing current staved ring VCO using different number of
inverter stages. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed). The main contributor to the
power breakdown is the oscillator (1.5 mW per oscillator—in line with other previous publications).
We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The
area of the set of structures dedicated to the calibration occupies almost the same of the ADC itself:
0.13 mm. The nominal voltage supply (1.2 V) is the same for all the cases. In addition, PVT variation
and Monte Carlo simulations show that the solution is robust against those variations, requiring
simple calibration to achieve substantial distortion enhancement and proper resolution improvement
for high-swing input signals. The VCO can be classified based on their tuning methods and circuit
elements. The main disadvantage is that the input signal attenuation directly entails a lower dynamic
range. The solution is based on making use of several transconductors connected in parallel with
different bias conditions to implement a voltage-to-current function that approximates the inverse
nonlinear current-to-frequency function of the ring-oscillator. A Voltage Controlled Ring Oscillator
with wide tuning range from 917.43MHz to 4189.53MHz can be achieved using bulk driven
technique by varying the threshold voltage of the MOS circuits. Bulk- Digital Multiple technique
Gauss. calib. loop VCO-ADC f-calib. f-calib. b-calib. netw. driven f-calib transc. SAR (Successive
Approximation Register) ADCs are low-power, simple, and friendly-digital architectures.