REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA

BOTSWANA GENERAL CERTIFICATE

OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION

TEACHING SYLLABUS

BUSINESS STUDIES

Ministry of Education
Department of Curriculum Development and Evaluation
 FOREWORD
The Ministry of Education is pleased to
authorise the publication of this senior
secondary syllabus which marks a watershed
in the development of the public education
system in Botswana and signals another
milestone of progress in fulfilment of the goals
set by the Revised National Policy on
Education, Government Paper No. 2 of 1994.
In this era of widespread and rapid
technological change and an increasingly inter-
dependent global economy, it is essential that
all countries foster human resources by
preparing children adequately for their future.
Survival in the coming millennium will depend
on the ability to accommodate change and to
adapt to environmental needs and emerging
socio-economic trends. It is the wish of
government to prepare Batswana for future
growth and adaptation to ongoing change in
the socio-economic context; specifically the
transition from an agro-based economy to the
more broadly based industrial economy which
we are aiming at.
The senior secondary programme builds on the
Ten Year Basic Education programme and
seeks to provide quality learning experiences.
It aims to prepare our students for the world of
work, further education and lifelong learning.
However, secondary education must also pay
attention to the all round development of the
individual. It should provide not only for the
acquisition of those skills needed for
economic, scientific and technological
advancement. It should also provide for the
development of cultural and national identity
and the inculcation of attitudes and values
which nurture respect for one’s self and for
others.
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Critical to the success of our secondary
education programme is the recognition of
individual talents, needs and learning styles.
Hence, the role of the teacher in the classroom
has changed. S/he must be a proficient
manager and facilitator; a director of learning
activities. S/he should be conscious of
students’ needs to take on board a measure of
accountability and responsibility for their own
learning. S/he must also take into account the
widening range of ability of the student body
and the different levels of achievement which
they aspire to. This means active participation
for all and the creation of rich and diverse
learning environments.
It is important then that we value the students’
own experiences, build upon what they know
and reward them for positive achievement. At
the same time, we must be prepared to offer
them guidance and counselling at all levels;
assisting them to make the best decisions in
keeping with their own interests, career
prospects and preferences. In that way we shall
prevail in nurturing at the roots of our system,
the national ideals of democracy, development,
self-reliance, unity and social harmony.
This syllabus document is the outcome of a
great deal of professional consultation and
collaboration. On behalf of the Ministry, I
wish to record my appreciation and thank
sincerely those who contributed to and were
involved in the production of this syllabus.
P. T. Ramatsui
Permanent Secretary
Ministry of Education
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Curriculum Development Division wishes to express its thanks to all colleagues who contributed in any way
to the planning, development and production of this Senior Secondary Business Studies syllabus.

Particular thanks must go to all members of the Senior Secondary Business Subjects Task Force whose names
are listed below:

Mr. A. Charlton ( Chairperson) Nanogang Community Junior Secondary School

Mrs.U. Manohar Head of Business Studies – Tonota College of Education
Ms. K. Gumede Shashe River Secondary School
Mr. E. Mangere Gabane Private Secondary School( Botswana Association of Private Schools)
Mrs. R. Makgosa University of Botswana( School of Accountancy and Management Studies)
Mr. E. V. Ndalama University of Botswana( School of Accountancy and Management Studies)
Mrs. T. Tlhong Junior Achievement Botswana
Mr. J. A. Appiah Examinations, Research and Testing Division
Mr. N. Appadoo Radikolo Community Junior Secondary School
Mr. N. Ntuli Shashe River Secondary School
Mr. S. H. Kayumba Botswana College of Distance and Open Learning
Mr. J. Joseph Matshekge Hill Secondary School
Ms. B. O. Lederitse Gaborone Secondary School
Mrs. J. L. Ntshinogang St. Joseph’s College
Mrs. C. Muwezwa Botswana Institute of Administration and Commerce
Mr. C. Mbekomize Botswana Institute of Administration and Commerce
Mrs. G. Ngakaeaja Moshupa Secondary School
Mrs. P. A. Amu Maruapula Secondary School
Mr. M. Hulela Department of Secondary Education
Mrs. O. Nkoane Mochudi Education Centre( Teacher Training and Development)
Mrs. J. Mwila Kanye Private Secondary School( Botswana Association of Private Schools)
Mr. C. Tabengwa Department of Vocational Education and Training
Mr. J. K. Dadzeasah Curriculum Development Division

The Curriculum Development Division served as a secretariat to the Task Force.

The division also wishes to thank the senior secondary school business subjects teachers who participated in the
consultation workshop held in Gaborone and who represented their own views and those of school colleagues so
articulately.

Special thanks also go to various individuals and organisations who in different ways contributed to the
development of this syllabus.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE

Introduction ...................................................................................................................... i
Rationale ........................................................................................................................... i
Aims of Senior Secondary Programme ............................................................................ i
Aims of the Senior Secondary Business Studies Syllabus.............................................. ii
Recommended Teaching Methods ............................................................................... iii
Assessment Objectives ................................................................................................. iii
Assessment Procedures ................................................................................................ iv
Organisation of the Syllabus ........................................................................................ iv

MODULE 1: THE BUSINESS ORGANISATION ....................................................... 1

Unit 1.1: The purpose of Business Activity .......................................................... 1
Unit 1.2: Economics Activities ............................................................................ 2
Unit 1.3: Business Units ...................................................................................... 3
Unit 1.4: The Government in Business................................................................. 4

MODULE 2: PEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR .............................. 5

Unit 2.1: Organisational Structure ........................................................................ 5
Unit 2.2: Managing a Business ............................................................................ 6
Unit 2.3: Communication in Business .................................................................. 7
Unit 2.4: Technology and Business ...................................................................... 8

MODULE 3: PEOPLE IN THE WORKPLACE ........................................................... 9

Unit 3.1: Motivation ............................................................................................ 9
Unit 3.2: Human Resource Management Functions.............................................. 10
Unit 3.3: Industrial Relations ............................................................................... 11

MODULE 4: PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT .......................................................... 12

Unit 4.1: Business Location ................................................................................. 12
Unit 4.2: Production Strategies ............................................................................ 13
Unit 4.3: Production Activities............................................................................. 14

MODULE 5: BUSINESS FINANCE ............................................................................ 15

Unit 5.1: Business Accounting ............................................................................. 15
Unit 5.2: Financial Forecasting ............................................................................ 16
Unit 5.3: Financing Business Activity .................................................................. 17

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MODULE 6: MARKETING ......................................................................................... 18
Unit 6.1: Marketing and Market Research ............................................................ 18
Unit 6.2: The marketing mix - Product ................................................................. 19
Unit 6.3: The marketing mix - Price ..................................................................... 20
Unit 6.4: The marketing mix - Promotion ............................................................ 21
Unit 6.5: The marketing mix – Place .................................................................... 22

MODULE 7: STARTING AND RUNNING A BUSINESS .......................................... 23

Unit 7.1: Finding Business Ideas .......................................................................... 23
Unit 7.2: Business Planning and Start-up ............................................................. 24

COURSEWORK DESCRIPTION ................................................................................ 25

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A INTRODUCTION

The Business Studies syllabus focuses on the study of various aspects of business theory and practices. The
Botswana General Certificate of Secondary Education (BGCSE) Business Studies syllabus has been designed as a
two-year course building on the foundations laid by the Junior Secondary Business Studies syllabus.

The syllabus has been developed on the basis that Business Studies will be allocated a minimum of 4 periods per
week of 40 minutes each in the five-day time-table. The subject is one of the optional subjects under Creative,
Technical and Vocational Subjects within the framework of the entire senior secondary programme.

B RATIONALE

Business Studies in the two years senior secondary education programme is expected to help learners to understand
the process of setting up and managing a successful business. The programme intends to impart the basic concepts of
entrepreneurial skills in the learners that will enable them to create jobs for themselves, and for others as well in
future. It will help learners to apply the business knowledge, skills and attitudes acquired to solve environmental,
economic, technological and social problems in their everyday lives.

Business Studies is a practical subject which is intended to prepare the learner for the world of work both as
employee and employer. The subject aims at equipping learners with practical business skills, which will enable
them to participate meaningfully in production in future. It will help learners to initiate, organise and control the
business enterprise. The study of the subject will enable learners to appreciate how the socio-economic framework
impinges on the establishment and management of the business enterprise. Learners will appreciate the importance
of good working habits, develop positive attitudes towards work and interest in self-employment. Learners will
develop critical thinking, which will enable them to weigh alternative ideas and proposals in order to make sound
decision and judgements.

Business Studies can develop the skills gained in other practical subjects such as Art, Design and Technology,
Agriculture and Home Economics into viable business ideas, which may provide learners with a career in future.

C AIMS OF THE SENIOR SECONDARY PROGRAMME

On completion of the two year Senior Secondary Programme learners should have:

1. acquired knowledge, developed confidence and ability to assess their personal strengths and weaknesses and
be realistic in choosing appropriate career/employment opportunities and for further education and training.
2. developed skills to assist them in solving technical and technological problems as they relate to day-to-day life
situations.
3. developed desirable attitudes and behavioural patterns in interacting with the environment in a manner that is
protective, preserving and nurturing.
4. acquired attitudes and values, developed basic skills and understanding to allow for execution of rights and
responsibilities as good citizens of Botswana and the world.

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5. developed information technology skills as well as an understanding and appreciation of their influence in the
day-to-day activities.
6. acquired knowledge, attitudes and practices that will ensure good family and health practices including
awareness and management of epidemics (such as HIV/AIDS) that prepare them for productive life.
7. developed pre-vocational knowledge and manipulative skills that will enable them to apply content learnt and
attitudes and values developed to practical life situations in the world of work.
8. developed an understanding of and acquired skills in business, everyday commercial transactions and
entrepreneurship.
9 developed foundation skills such as problem solving, critical thinking, communication, inquiring, team
work/interpersonal to help them to be productive and adaptive and to survive in a changing environment.
10. developed study skills required for further study and training.

D AIMS OF THE SENIOR SECONDARY BUSINESS STUDIES SYLLABUS

On completion of the two year Business Studies course learners should have:

1. acquired knowledge and understanding of the economic, social, political and technological environment
within which business activity takes place and of the way in which changes in that environment influence
business behaviour;
2. acquired knowledge and understanding of terminology, concepts, techniques and decision making processes
in business;
3. acquired knowledge and understanding of the nature, role and purpose of business activity in both the private
and public sectors;
4. acquired knowledge and ability to initiate and manage business enterprise;
5. acquired knowledge and understanding of the major groups and organisations in and outside business and of
the influence they exert on business objectives , decisions and activities;
6. developed an appreciation of the code of discipline, behaviour and ethics necessary in the business world;
7. acquired knowledge and understanding of the main types of business organisation, their financing and
operation;
8. developed an understanding and appreciation of the relationship between management and labour and the
changing role of organised labour in business;
9. developed an appreciation of how the relationships between the organisation and consumers, employees,
owners and society are regulated;
10. developed the ability to apply skills of numeracy, literacy, enquiry and selection in the analysis, presentation
and interpretation of information;
11. acquired knowledge and understanding of different modes of production and of the forces which help to
determine and control them for higher productivity;
12. knowledge and appreciation of the world of work and of the co-operation and interdependence which
participation in society entails;
13. developed problem solving, critical thinking, enquiry, communication and teamwork/interpersonal skills to
help them to be productive and adaptive in a changing environment;

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14. developed an appreciation of the need to protect and utilise the resources of the physical environment in a
sustainable manner;
15. developed awareness of the nature and significance of innovation and change within the context of business
activities.
16. developed awareness of the importance and application of information technology in business.

E RECOMMENDED TEACHING METHODS

The syllabus encourages a learner-centred approach to learning and teaching as emphasised in the Curriculum Blue
Print. In such an approach, the learner is the centre of most activities and the teacher plays a facilitating role for
learning to take place. In order to get the learners to participate actively in the learning and teaching processes, the
teacher should use a variety of action oriented methods such as project work, visits to business enterprises,
simulations, case studies, group discussions and class presentations. These action-oriented activities should increase
in their complexity and sophistication as the learners improve and broaden their overall theoretical background
knowledge of the subject. The teacher is required to keep up to date with current business practices in order to bring
the latest developments in commerce and industry into the classroom

In order to facilitate the learner centred approach, there should be planning by both the teacher and learners. The
teaching method should lead to hands on business activities in the class. Whenever possible, a resource person from
business should be invited to give demonstration in order to facilitate practical learning. The subject should be taught
in a setting which will bridge the gap between the classroom and the world of work. Research into business problems
and processes should be emphasised in the teaching and learning of the subject.

F ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES

Business Studies in the Senior Secondary Curriculum should aim at providing learners with experiences which cover
the following domains: knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, evaluation, investigation, judgement and
decision making. The domains expected to be covered should provide guidance in the assessment of learners. For
assessment purposes, the domains are grouped into four and described below.

1. Knowledge and Understanding

Learners should be able to:

1. demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the appropriate facts, terms and concepts;
2. demonstrate knowledge and understanding of theories and techniques commonly applied to or used as part of
business behaviour.

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2. Analysis and Application

Learners should be able to:

1. distinguish between facts and opinion in a business context;

2. recognise, select, analyse and interpret information in narrative, numerical and graphical forms;
3. apply their knowledge and understanding to business activity.

3. Investigation

Learners should be able to:

1. set objectives, plan and carry out an investigation of a particular business situation;
2. select, analyse, collate, interpret and evaluate data from a variety of sources appropriate to the objectives of an
investigation;
3. present the results of an investigation in an accurate and logical manner.

4. Judgement and Decision Making

Learners should be able to:

1. present reasoned explanations, develop arguments, understand implications, and communicate them in an
accurate and logical manner;
2. make reasoned judgement and present appropriate recommendations and conclusions.

G ASSESSMENT

To ensure that learners achieve the set aims, the scheme of assessment of the BGCSE Business Studies syllabus will
consist of school based assessments such as projects, tests and assignments. The outcome of the assessment methods
will be used to improve instruction.

A final examination will be administered at the end of the course. Continuous assessment in the form of coursework
covering a productive activity or research into an existing productive activity in which the learner took part will
contribute to certification. Until the examining body is ready to assess the coursework, alternative papers to test the
same knowledge, skills and attitudes will be used. Examination syllabus will be developed by the examining body to
provide guidance to teachers on the objectives to be tested.

H ORGANISATION OF THE SYLLABUS.

The syllabus is organised around broad content areas called modules and each module has one or more units. The
units are sub-divided into topics. Each topic consists of general objectives, which give rise to specific objectives. The
specific objectives describe what learners are expected to do at the end of instruction.

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 MODULE 1 THE BUSINESS ORGANISATION

UNIT 1.1 THE PURPOSE OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
The Economic Understand the nature of the − explain the economic problem.
Problem economic problem − explain needs and wants with examples.
− discuss scarcity and choice in the satisfaction of wants.
− describe the concept of opportunity cost.
Specialisation Appreciate the importance of − explain the meaning of specialisation and the division of
and Division of specialisation and the division labour.
Labour of labour − state the advantages and disadvantages of specialisation
and the division of labour.
− explain the various levels of specialisation(individual,
regional, national).
The Need for Understand the role of − explain the objectives of business.
Business Activity business activity in resolving − explain the role of business activity in the economy.
the economic problem − differentiate between direct and indirect production.
− explain how direct and indirect production can resolve the
economic problem.
− list the different groups involved in business
activity(owners, workers, managers, consumers,
government, the community).
− discuss how the various objectives of business may
conflict with the objectives of the different groups
involved in business.

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 UNIT 1.2 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
Stages of Know and understand the − identify the different stages of production (primary,
Production different stages of production secondary and tertiary).
− describe with examples each stage of production.
− explain the term ‘value added’.
− explain how value is added at each stage of production.
− explain the relationship between the stages of production.
Types of Demonstrate understanding of − describe each type of economic system (planned, free
Economic the types of economic systems market, mixed).
systems − state the advantages and disadvantages of each type of
economy.
The Size of Understand the methods of − explain the various ways of measuring the size of
Business measuring the size of business business.
− explain the importance of comparing the size of
businesses.
− state the advantages enjoyed by a business from growing.
− explain how a business can grow internally.
− explain the external methods of growth(mergers and take-
overs).
− describe horizontal, vertical and conglomerate mergers
− discuss the benefits of integration.
− explain the reasons why some businesses remain small.
Business Be familiar with the business − explain with, examples small, medium and large scale
Activities in activities in Botswana business activities in Botswana.
Botswana − discuss the role of small, medium and large scale business
activities in Botswana.
− explain the problems faced by small, medium and large
scale business activities in Botswana.
− suggest solutions to the problems faced by small, medium
and large scale business activities in Botswana.

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 UNIT 1.3
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
The Private Acquire knowledge of the
Sector Businesses private sector businesses in
in Botswana Botswana
Understand the features of
incorporated business
Demonstrate understanding of
the features of other
incorporated business
Multinational Demonstrate understanding of
Corporation the importance of
multinational corporations
BUSINESS UNITS
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− list the types of private sector business units in Botswana.
− explain incorporated and unincorporated business units.
− explain the features of the sole proprietorship.
− identify the areas of business in which the sole
proprietorship is common.
− explain the features of the partnership.
− identify the areas of business in which the partnership is
common.
− compare a sole proprietorship and a partnership.
− explain the term ‘limited liability’.
− discuss the importance of limited liability to the company
and third parties.
− discuss the features of private and public limited
companies.
− explain the importance of an annual general meeting to a
company.
− explain the part played by shareholders and directors in a
limited liability company.
− discuss the advantages and disadvantages of private and
public companies.
− explain the legal requirements for the establishment of
private and public companies.
− state the features of closed corporation, co-operatives,
joint venture and franchising.
− explain the advantages and disadvantages of closed
corporation, co-operatives, joint venture and franchising.
− discuss the legal requirements of closed corporation, co-
operatives, joint venture and franchising.
− explain the meaning of multinational corporation.
− identify multinational corporations in Botswana.
− explain the importance of multinational corporations to
the host countries.
− discuss the problems faced by developing countries in
their dealings with multinational corporations.
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 UNIT 1.4 THE GOVERNMENT IN BUSINESS

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
Government Acquire knowledge of − explain the reasons for the government’s intervention in
Economic government’s intervention in business.
Objectives business − explain the government’s economic and social objectives.
Government Demonstrate understanding of − define fiscal and monetary policies of the government.
Economic the economic policies of the − describe the types of taxes (direct and indirect).
Policies government of Botswana − explain how taxes are used by the government to
influence business activities.
− explain how government expenditure can be used to
influence business activities.
− describe how the government can use the interest rate to
influence business activity.
Government in Know the part played by the − identify the most common areas of government
Production government in production ownership.
− explain the term ‘privatisation’.
− discuss the advantages and disadvantages of privatisation.
− explain the term ‘commercialisation’.
− differentiate between privatisation and commercialisation.
− explain the term ‘nationalisation’.
− explain the reasons for nationalisation.
Government Acquire knowledge and − explain the reasons for government’s intervention in
Control of understanding of the need for business.
Business the control of business activity − explain how the government controls production of goods
by the government and services.
− describe ways by which the consumer can be protected.
− discuss how consumers are protected in
Botswana(including private organisations and pressure
groups).
− discuss how the employees are protected by the state.
− discuss how the government can protect people with
HIV/AIDS at the workplace.
Government Know and understand how the − state the various ways the government of Botswana is
Assistance to Government of Botswana can assisting small, medium and large businesses.
business help businesses − explain why the government assist businesses which are
involved in export.
− explain how the Botswana government assist exporters.

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 MODULE 2; PEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
UNIT 2.1 ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Organisational Understand the need for a
Structure business to organise internally
Features of formal Demonstrate understanding of
business the features of a formal
organisation organisation
Centralisation and Demonstrate understanding of
Decentralisation centralisation and
decentralisation
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− explain the meaning of organisational structure/chart.
− explain why the organisational structure changes as a
business expands.
− draw an organisational chart for a manufacturing and non-
manufacturing business organisation.
− describe line and staff relationships in the organisational
chart.
− explain hierarchy in an organisational structure.
− explain responsibility and delegation.
− state the advantages and disadvantages of delegation.
− explain the chain of command and span of control.
− explain the relationship between the chain of command
and span of control.
− explain centralisation and decentralisation.
− compare centralisation and decentralisation.
− discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
decentralisation.
− describe the different forms of
decentralisation(functional, federal, regional, project
teams).
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 UNIT 2.2
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Functions of Acquire knowledge and
Management understanding of the functions
of management
Roles within the Acquire knowledge of the
workplace different job roles in a
business organisation
MANAGING A BUSINESS
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− explain the meaning of management.
− state the functions of management (planning, organising,
co-ordinating, leading, controlling,).
− state the qualities of a good manager.
− differentiate between management in large and small
businesses.
− discuss the problems of business management (e.g.
Botswana).
− discuss how management problems could be resolved
(e.g. Botswana).
− identify the various job roles in a business
organisation(managers, supervisors, foremen, workers).
− describe the management responsibilities in the various
departments of the business organisation.
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 UNIT 2.3 COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Learners should be able to:
The need for Demonstrate understanding of
communication communication in an
organisation
Types of internal Acquire knowledge and
communication demonstrate skill of using
different types of internal
communication
External Appreciate the importance of
Communication external communication to a
business
Learners should be able to:
− explain the meaning of communication.
− differenciate between formal and informal
communication.
− discuss the importance of communication in business.
− analyse the features of effective communication.
− differentiate between one-way and two-way
communication.
− identify the three different types of communication
(verbal, written, visual).
− describe verbal communication (e.g. Meetings, telephone,
briefing).
− state the advantages and the disadvantages of verbal
communication.
− identify the various types of written communication
− write a memo and a report.
− state the advantages and the disadvantages of written
communication.
− describe the various types of visual communication (films
and videos, charts and diagrams, posters).
− state the advantages and disadvantages of visual
communication.
− describe the direction of communication in a business
organisation (horizontal, vertical).
− explain the purpose of external communication to a
business.
− describe the types of external communication.
− differentiate between internal and external
communication.
− write a business letter.
− describe the various causes of barriers to effective
communication.
− explain how the barriers can be overcome.

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 UNIT 2.4
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Innovation and Recognise the importance of
change innovation and change
business survival
Impact and use of Be familiar with the impact of
technology technology and change on
business activities
TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− explain the meaning of innovation.
to − differentiate between innovation and invention.
− discuss the importance of innovation and change in
modern business situation.
− discuss the importance of research and development in
innovation and change.
− discuss the factors which limit innovation and change in
Botswana.
− explain the meaning of technology.
− explain high-tech industries.
− discuss the impact of technology on production,
productivity, jobs and skills.
− explain the effects of technology on communication,
information processing, management information systems
and commerce.
− discuss the factors impeding and facilitating technological
change in Botswana (social, cultural, political, technical,
infrastructures).
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 MODULE 3: PEOPLE IN THE WORKPLACE

UNIT 3.1: MOTIVATION

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
Motivating Demonstrate understanding of − explain the meaning of motivation.
Factors how management can − explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
motivate workers − identify the three main motivating factors (monetary
rewards, non-monetary rewards, job satisfaction).
− describe the various methods of payment systems.
− discuss the role of the various payment systems in
motivation.
− describe the non-monetary rewards used to motivate
workers.
− explain job satisfaction.
− discuss the ways management can increase the job
satisfaction of employees (job rotation, job enrichment,
job enlargement).
− discuss the factors which may demotivate workers in
Botswana.
Leadership Understand different styles of − describe the different styles of leadership(autocratic,
leadership that management democratic, laissez-faire, charismatic).
can use − explain how management can use different styles of
leadership to motivate workers.
− apply the different styles of leadership to particular
situations.

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 UNIT 3.2 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Recruitment and Demonstrate understanding of
Selection the process of recruitment and
selection of employees
Training and Acquire knowledge and
Development understanding of the need for
training and development of
employees
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− identify the functions of human resource department.
− describe the recruitment process.
− explain job analysis, job description and job specification.
− draw up a job description and job specification.
− differentiate between internal recruitment and external
recruitment.
− state the advantages and disadvantages of internal and
external recruitment.
− choose suitable ways of advertising a vacancy.
− prepare a job advertisement.
− complete an application form.
− prepare a Curriculum Vitae.
− explain the purpose of an interview.
− draw up questions for interviews.
− describe the preparations to be made by the interviewer
and interviewee before an interview takes place.
− explain the purpose of appraising employees.
− differentiate between dismissal and
redundancy/retrenchment.
− state the objectives for training the workforce by a
business.
− describe the types of training available to a business
(induction, upgrading skills, retraining, multi-skilling).
− describe on-the-job and off-the-job methods of training.
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 UNIT 3.3
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Groupings at the Be familiar with the formation
workplace of groups in the workplace
Trade Unions Know and understand the role
of trade unions and their
organisation
Collective Understand collective
Bargaining bargaining in business
Understand why trade unions
may take industrial action
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− differentiate between formal and informal groups.
− explain the importance of formal and informal groups in
the workplace.
− state the meaning of a trade union.
− identify the objectives of trade unions.
− state the benefits to an employee of joining a trade union
− describe the types of trade unions in Botswana ( e.g.
white collar , blue collar , craft unions).
− discuss the factors that may affect trade union activities in
Botswana.
− explain the meaning of collective bargaining.
− identify the reasons for collective bargaining at both local
and national levels (e.g. inflation, maintenance of pay
differentials, changes in the work place, increases in
productivity).
− discuss the need for productivity agreements.
− identify the sources of conflict in the business
organisation.
− explain why management should strive to avoid conflict
in the business organisation.
− explain the meaning of industrial action.
− describe the various types of industrial actions.
− discuss the effects of industrial action on production and
workers.
− discuss the means of avoiding and resolving conflict in
the business organisation.
− explain the importance of conciliation and arbitration in
resolving conflicts.
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 MODULE 4:
UNIT 4.1
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
The Location of Demonstrate understanding of
Business why businesses locate or
relocate in a particular area
The business and Demonstrate understanding of
the environment the effects of the business on
the physical environment
Government and Understand why and how the
business location government may influence the
location of industries
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
BUSINESS LOCATION
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− explain why location decision is important to the
entrepreneur both at local, national and international
levels.
− discuss the various factors affecting the location of a
manufacturing and retailing business.
− discuss the causes of business relocation.
− describe the physical environment of a business.
− describe the various ways a business may damage the
environment.
− explain how individuals may also contribute to
environmental degradation.
− explain the effects of tourism on the environment
− explain industrial pollution.
− describe the various ways industries may pollute the
environment.
− describe the likely effects of industrial pollution on
people.
− explain how environmental degradation and industrial
pollution can be minimised(legislation, taxation, pressure
groups, specific charges, consumers, recycling, traffic
reduction scheme etc.).
− explain why the government influences the location of
industries in Botswana.
− describe the methods used by the Botswana government
to influence the location of industry (e.g. Grants,
subsidies, tax breaks, cost- benefit analysis).
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 UNIT 4.2
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Customer needs Demonstrate understanding of
the importance of customer
needs
Methods of Be familiar with the different
production methods of production
Production Demonstrate an understanding
Strategies of the production strategies
adopted by businesses
PRODUCTION STRATEGIES
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− differentiate between product-led and market led types of
business.
− explain the importance of identifying and meeting
customer needs.
− describe the various methods of production (job, batch,
project, line and flow).
− state the advantages and disadvantages of each of the
production methods.
− explain the importance of automation in production.
− determine the choice of a method of production for a
particular product.
− explain the meaning of production strategies.
− explain mass production method.
− explain the importance of mass market in mass
production.
− discuss quality control, quality assurance and total quality
management in meeting customer requirements.
− explain just-in-time production.
− discuss the importance of research and development in
production decisions and the role played by research
institutions.
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 UNIT 4.3 PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
The Five Ps of Acquire knowledge and − identify the five Ps of production (product, plant, process,
Production understanding of the elements programme, people).
(the five Ps) of production − explain how each of the five Ps affect production.
− show the relationship between the five Ps.
Cost of Acquire knowledge and skill − explain the importance of cost in production.
Production in determining the cost of − explain the elements of cost (e.g. material, labour,
production overheads, etc.).
− explain the various types of costs (fixed, variable, direct,
indirect, total, marginal, average).
− calculate the costs of production of a given product.
Economies and Demonstrate understanding of − define economies of scale.
diseconomies of economies and diseconomies − explain the various economies of scale.
scale of scale − define diseconomies of scale.
− explain the various diseconomies of scale.
− explain how the economies and diseconomies of scale
affect business costs.
Break-even Acquire the skill of analysing − explain revenue and how it is related to price.
Analysis the break-even chart − calculate contribution.
− calculate fixed, variable and average costs.
− explain break-even point.
− draw break-even chart.
− interpret break-even chart.
− calculate the break-even.
− explain the importance of break-even analysis.
Productivity Be familiar with the − explain the meaning of productivity.
importance of productivity as − show how productivity is measured.
a way of measuring − explain how productivity can be improved.
performance − explain the effects of HIV/AIDS on productivity.

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 MODULE 5:
UNIT 5.1
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Business Demonstrate understanding of
documents and business documents and
accounting accounting records
records
Final Accounts Be familiar with the
composition of final accounts
Analysis of Final Acquire knowledge and
Accounts develop skills of calculating
accounting ratios
BUSINESS FINANCE
BUSINESS ACCOUNTING
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− explain the term accounting.
− explain the reasons for keeping financial records by
organisations.
− identify the documents used for buying and selling in
home trade.
− explain the importance of business documents.
− identify the financial records kept by a business and the
books used.
− state the composition of final accounts (income statement,
balance sheet).
− state the purpose of preparing a trading account.
− calculate gross profit.
− state the purpose of preparing a profit and loss account
− calculate net profit.
− explain assets, liabilities and various types of capital
(working capital, capital employed, fixed capital,
circulating capital).
− examine the components of the final accounts of a
business.
− explain the importance of accounting ratios.
− calculate profitability ratios (gross and net profit
margins).
− calculate liquidity ratios(current assets ratio , acid test
ratio, stock-turn ratio).
− calculate activity ratio ( stock-turn, debtors collection
period, creditors payment period.
15
 UNIT 5.2 FINANCIAL FORECASTING

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Learners should be able to:
Budgeting and Acquire knowledge and skill
Forecasting of budgeting and forecasting
in business
Cash Flow Acquire knowledge and
Forecast develop the skill of preparing
a cash flow forecast
Learners should be able to:
− explain budgeting in business.
− show the relationship between budgeting and forecasting.
− explain the purpose of budgets.
− explain the methods of forecasting in business.
− explain the meaning of cash flow forecast.
− identify the sources of cash inflow and outflow of a
business.
− prepare a cash flow forecast.
− explain the uses of a cash flow forecast to a business.
− discuss how cash flow problems can be solved.

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 UNIT 5.3
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Need for finance Appreciate the need for
finance in business
Sources and uses Acquire knowledge and
of finance develop understanding of the
sources and uses of finance
Short, medium Be familiar with the
and long-term importance of short, medium
finance and long-term finance to a
business
FINANCING BUSINESS ACTIVITY
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− explain the meaning of finance.
− explain start-up capital.
− describe the purposes for which an existing business may
require capital.
− discuss the problems faced by a business in raising funds.
− differentiate between internal and external sources of
finance.
− describe each type of internal sources of finance.
− describe each type of external sources of finance.
− explain the steps a firm has to take in seeking external
funding.
− differentiate between short, medium and long-term
finance.
− describe the various types of short, medium, and long
term finance.
− explain shares and debentures.
− describe types of shares (ordinary and preference).
− differentiate between shares and debentures.
− define the stock exchange.
− explain the functions of the stock exchange.
− discuss the factors which will determine the choice of
finance for a business.
− analyse the factors financiers will consider in funding a
business.
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 MODULE 6:
UNIT 6.1 MARKETING AND MARKET RESEARCH
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Marketing Demonstrate understanding of
the role of marketing in
business
Design and use of Develop the skill of preparing
questionnaire and using a questionnaire
Presentation of Acquire knowledge and
Market Research develop the skill of presenting
Data market research data
MARKETING MANAGEMENT
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− explain a market.
− explain the meaning of marketing.
− describe the structure of a marketing department.
− explain market research.
− describe types of market research.
− describe the methods of primary research(questionnaires,
consumer panels, observation, interview).
− describe the internal and external sources of information
for secondary research.
− explain the importance of market research information to
a business.
− state the steps to follow in writing a questionnaire.
− prepare a questionnaire for a market research.
− determine how to select a sample in a market research.
− use a questionnaire in a market research.
− describe the various ways of presenting market research
data (table, chart, graph,).
− draw graphs to summarise market research information
(bar, pie, line).
− interpret graphs.
− write a report on market research findings.
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 UNIT 6.2 THE MARKETING MIX – PRODUCT
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Product in Appreciate the importance of
Marketing Mix the product in the marketing
mix
Branding and Appreciate the importance of
packaging branding and packaging in the
success of a product
Product life cycle Appreciate the importance of
product life cycle to a business
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− explain the term marketing mix.
− identify the four Ps in marketing mix.
− discuss how to create an effective mix of the four Ps.
− identify the types of product (consumer goods, consumer
services, producer goods, producer services).
− explain the factors which make a product successful.
− explain branding and packaging.
− explain the importance of branding to the producer and
consumer.
− discuss the importance of branding in advertising.
− explain the role of packaging in the success of a product.
− describe the link between branding, packaging and
advertising.
− explain a product life cycle.
− describe the stages a product passes through from its
inception.
− draw a diagram of a product life cycle.
− explain the strategies adopted to extend a product life
cycle.
− draw a diagram of a product life cycle which has been
extended.
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 UNIT 6.3
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Price in a free Understand how prices are
market determined in a free market
and what influences demand
and supply
Pricing Strategies Understand the different
pricing strategies in business
THE MARKETING MIX – PRICE
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− explain the role of price in the marketing mix
− explain demand and supply.
− show how the market price is determined by demand and
supply graphically.
− explain the factors affecting demand and supply with the
help of graphs.
− explain the reasons for a business to adopt pricing
strategies.
− explain the various pricing strategies (cost plus,
penetrating, price skimming, competitive, promotional).
− discuss when to use each strategy.
− determine the price of a given product using any one of
the pricing strategies.
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 UNIT 6.4 THE MARKETING MIX – PROMOTION
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Promotion in Understand the role of
marketing mix promotion in the marketing
mix
Advertising Demonstrate understanding of
the importance of the various
types of advertising
Acquire knowledge and skill
of using the various media of
advertising
Acquire knowledge and skill
of using other methods of
promotion
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− explain the meaning of promotion.
− list the types of promotion.
− explain the importance of promotion in the marketing mix
− describe the aims of various methods of promotion.
− define advertising.
− state the purpose of advertising.
− explain the importance of the AIDA model in advertising.
− describe the types of advertising.
− describe the various methods of appeals used.
− state the media of advertising(print, audio, visual).
− state the advantages and disadvantages of each medium of
advertising.
− select the appropriate media of advertising for different
products.
− design an advertising message.
− describe the other methods of promotion (price reduction,
gifts, competitions, point of sale display and
demonstration, after-sale service, free samples).
− explain the importance of other methods of promotion.
− select appropriate methods of promotion for different
products.
− plan a promotional campaign.
− explain personal selling and public relations.
− explain how personal selling and public relations are used
in business.
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 UNIT 6.5
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Place in Demonstrate understanding of
marketing mix place in marketing mix
Globalisation of Acquire knowledge and
business develop understanding of how
a business is affected by the
international community
MARKETING MIX – PLACE
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− explain the meaning of place in the marketing mix.
− explain the channel of distribution.
− describe the various channels of distribution.
− state the factors to consider in selecting a suitable channel
of distribution for a given product.
− outline the various ways in which a business may be
affected by the international community.
− explain why the values of currencies can flactuate.
− discuss how a business can be affected by changing
exchange rates.
− explain other barriers to trade between countries which
affect businesses.
− discuss the formation of free trade association.
− explain the meaning of globalisation.
− discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
globalisation.
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 MODULE 7: STARTING (AND RUNNING) A BUSINESS
UNIT 7.1:
Topic General Objectives
Learners should be able to:
Entrepreneurship Demonstrate understanding of
the role of the entrepreneur in
business
Feasible Business Demonstrate understanding
Ideas and acquire the skill of finding
feasible business ideas
Market Research Apply market research
knowledge to assess the
market for a business idea
FINDING BUSINESS IDEAS
Specific Objectives
Learners should be able to:
− discuss the functions of the entrepreneur.
− describe the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur.
− assess own entrepreneurial characteristics.
− identify those areas of weaknesses and seek assistance.
− assess own managerial skills.
− explain what a business idea is.
− identify business opportunities in Botswana (tourism,
home health care, event planning, small scale
manufacturing).
− describe the various ways of finding business ideas.
− screen business ideas and select the most feasible one.
− explain market segmentation and niche marketing.
− explain the factors to consider in segmenting the markert.
− divide the market into segments for a business idea.
− select a market research method for the business idea.
− conduct a market research to find out the size of the
market, competitors, customers and the prices they want
to pay.
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 UNIT 7.2 BUSINESS PLANNING AND START UP

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
Prepare a Appreciate the importance and − explain the meaning of a business plan.
business plan acquire the skill of planning − discuss the importance of planning in business.
for a business − identify the key parts of a business plan (objectives, swot
analysis, sales and marketing, production, resources
requirement, finance).
− explain all the components of a business plan.
− write a business plan in a specific format for a business.
Start-up plans Demonstrate the skill of − draw up and refine a start-up plan.
putting the start-up plans into − meet all the legal requirements in starting a business.
action − prepare a production plan for implementation.
− show how to obtain finance and acquire resources.
− decide on selling method.
− discuss the influence of the business on the family and
vice versa.
Managing the Demonstrate the skill of − establish the various functional departments of the
business managing a successful business.
business − identify business problems and create solutions for them.
− explain how to evaluate and monitor business activities in
a changing environment.
− review production at various stages.
− identify and show how to deal with possible risks.

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COURSEWORK DESCRIPTION

Learners will be required to submit a portfolio of coursework. The coursework is intended to assess the outcome of a
business investigation through collection and presentation of data (both secondary and primary) and its analysis,
interpretation and evaluation as a result of an individual enquiry. It should consist of not less than 2500 words,
excluding diagrams, charts, maps, appendices, etc. in length, representing no more than three terms’ work on all
elements of the task. The coursework should enable the learners to show in their own ways what they can do.
Learners will be required to submit a portfolio from the following suggested list or topics based on any part of the
syllabus.

1. Consider the product of any one of the following practical subjects Agriculture, Home Economics, Design
and Technology, Art. Plan the setting up of a business which can produce and sell the product profitably.
2. After you have worked in the school tuck-shop or any other shop for not less than one term, suggest ways to
improve it.
3. Consider any product sold in the local shops. Indicate how you can add value to it to become your feasible
business idea. Write a comprehensive business plan for that business idea. (Include the forms of
investigations used)
4. Consider the small shops in your locality and investigate the reasons for their survival.
5. Choose a vacant site in your local area. Consider the kind of business you would recommend to be opened
at the site and why.
6. Choose any business or businesses in the local area. Evaluate the marketing strategies adopted by the
business or businesses.
7. Using examples from your local area, evaluate the methods used by different companies in the recruitment
and retention of staff.
8. Choose a suitable business/mini-enterprise within your centre and evaluate whether the business/mini-
enterprise has succeeded in meeting its aims and objectives.
9. The use of information technology by businesses in the local area.
10. Choose any one business whose location has been a blessing or a curse to the people and the environment in
your local area.

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