Work and Machine

What is Work?
Skills Activity

Classifying
Many common devices transform electrical energy into
other forms. Think about the following devices in terms of
energy transformations.

steam iron, ceiling fan, digital clock, Dryer

For each device, describe which form or forms of

energy the electrical energy becomes. Do these devices
produce single or multiple transformations of energy?
Objective

• Identify when work is done on an

object

• Calculate the work done on an object

• Define and calculate power

The Meaning of Work
Key Concept : Work is done on an object when the object moves in
the same direction in which the force is exerted.

Work : When you exert a force that makes an object move in

the same direction as the force

→ No work w/o motion

→ Force in the same direction
Calculating Work

Key Concept : The amount of work done by an object can be

determined by multiplying force times distance.

Q) Which involves more work?

- Lifting a full backpack 1meter from the ground, or
- Lifting an empty backpack 1 meter from the ground?

Q) Which involves more work?

- Lifting a full backpack 1 cm from the ground or
- Lifting the same backpack 1 meter from the ground
Calculating Work

ex 1) You push a refrigerator w/ a force of 100N. If you move the

refrigerator a distance of 5m, how much work do you do?

ex2) A force of 75N is exerted on a 45-kg couch, & the couch is

moved 5m. How much work is done in moving the couch?

ex3) A lawn mower is pushed w/ a force of 80N. If 12,000J of work is

done in mowing a lawn, what is the total distance the lawn
mower was pushed?
Power

Key Concept : Power equals the amount of work done on an object

in a unit of time.

Power is a rate that tells how muck work is done

in a certain amount of time.

Power = Work / Time

= Force x Distance / Time
Power

James Watt used the work horse power to advertise the advantages
of his improved steam engine of 1769.
Calculating Power

ex 1) To lift a baby form a crib, 50J of work is done. How much

power is needed if the baby is lifted in 0.5s?

ex2) If a runner’s power is 130W, how muck work is done by the

runner in 10minutes?

ex3) The power produced by an electric motor is 500W. How long

will it take the motor to do 10,000J of work?
Student Worksheet
Work and Machine

How Machines Do Work?

Objective

• Explain how machines make work

easier.

• Calculate the mechanical advantage

of a machine.

• Calculate the efficiency of a machine.

Discover Activity
Is It a Machine?
1. Examine the objects that your teacher gives you.
2. Sort the object into those that are machines & those that
are not machines.
3. Determine how each object that you classified as a
machine functions. Explain each object to another
student.

Think It over
Forming Operational Definitions
Why did you decide certain objects were machines
while
other objects were not?
What is a Machine?

Key Concept : A machine makes work easier by changing at least

one of three factors. A machine may change the amount of
force you exert, the distance over which you exert your force,
or the direction in which you exert your force.

• A machine makes work easier. Machine can make work easier

in three ways :

1. Machines can change the amount of force

2. Machine can change the distance over which a force is

exerted
3. Machine can change the direction of a force
What is a Machine?

Question) What is a one way a pulley makes work easier?

 What is a Machine?
• The Force exerted on a machine is the input force. The input force
times the distance is the .

• The force the machine exerts on an object is the output force. The
output force times the distance is the .

• The input work and output work are always equal. A machine
cannot change the amount of work.
What is a Machine?

Q) When are you doing more work – using a shovel or using your hands?
 Build Inquiry – Interpreting Illustrations

Materials : For each group of students : five pictures of machines taken

from magazines & newspaper

Focus : What are the three ways in which machines can make work easier?

Steps
1. Examine the five pictures of machines.
2. Use marker to identify the machine, the input force, &
the output force.
3. Identify whether each machine changes the force, the
distance, or the direction of the force

Apply
Q1 : Does a machine change the amount of work required to do a task?
Q2 : What does a Machine do?
Machines
Machines
Machines
Machines
Machines
 Mechanical Advantage

Key Concept : A machine’s mechanical advantage is the number of

times a machine increases a force exerted on it.

• Mechanical Advantage : The ratio of output force to input force

→ tells how a machine changes force

• output force > input force → mechanical advantage > 1

ex)

• output force < input force → mechanical advantage < 1

ex)

• output force = input force → mechanical advantage = 1

ex)
 Efficiency of Machines
Key Concept : To calculate the efficiency of a machine, divide the
output work by the input work & multiply the result by 100percent.

Q1 : If friction in a machine increases, what happens to the

machine’s efficiency?

Q2 : Is any machine 100% efficient?

Q3 : Why is it important to maintain machine?

Build Inquiry – Comparing Mechanical Advantage

Materials : Desk, Meter Stick, Ruler, 2-stack of newspapers

Steps
1. Place a 2-cm stack of newspapers on the edge of the desk.
2. Insert a ruler under the stack so that 15cm of the ruler is resting
on the desk.
3. List the newspapers by pressing the end of the ruler.
4. Repeat the procedure w/ the meter stick.

Apply
Q1 : Which lever has greater mechanical advantage?
Q2 : Why?
Problem Solving
Student Worksheet