ETHICAL REASONING AND MORAL DECISION MAKING

ETHICS
is a set of moral principles that govern a person's behavior
or conducting of an activity.
IMPORTANCE
It guides us to tell the truth, keep our promises, or help
someone in need.
ETHICAL REASONING
Critical thinking process that one uses to decide what
is right and wrong
 4 METHODS OF ETHICAL REASONING

Virtues Utilitarian
Values and character are Compares benefits and
critical determining cost of a decision
factors

Rights Justice
Persons or group is entitled Means burdens and
to something or to be treated benefits are distributed
right in a certain way equally
THREE CRITERIA IN ETHICAL REASONING
ACCORDING TO WEISS

Moral reasoning
must be logical.
Factual evidence

Should be
consistent.
 ETHICAL REASONING AND MORAL DECISION MAKING

MORAL
Morals are what you believe to be right and wrong.
IMPORTANCE
They are what makes us humane. This understanding of
morals is absolutely necessary for anyone to make honest,
credible, and fair decisions and relations in their daily
lives.
ETHICAL REASONING AND MORAL DECISION MAKING

MORAL DECISION MAKING

A moral decision is a choice made based on a person's
ethics, manners, character and what they believe is proper
behavior.
IMPORTANCE
Moral decision-making is central to guide our social
behavior
 ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND DESICION MAKING

Respect for Autonomy

This principle emphasizes the importance of respecting individuals' right to make
their own decisions and choices, especially regarding their own lives and bodies.
Beneficence
This principle focuses on promoting the well-being and welfare of others.
Nonmaleficence
Building on beneficence, this principle emphasizes the obligation to avoid causing
harm or injury to others.
Justice
Justice entails fairness and equity in the distribution of benefits, resources, and
burdens within society.
 ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND DESICION MAKING

Integrity
Integrity involves acting consistently with moral and ethical principles, being
honest and truthful, and maintaining a sense of moral wholeness and consistency in
decision-making.

Honesty and Transparency

Decisions should be made with honesty and transparency, providing all relevant
information openly and truthfully to those affected by the decision.
Accountability
Individuals and organizations are accountable for their decisions and
actions.
CSR is generally categorized in four ways:

In the past decade, the idea that

businesses have a responsibility to
contribute to the betterment of society has
expanded greatly. This responsibility is now
a priority for companies of all sizes and
industries.
 FOUR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY RULES
ENVIRONMENTAL
RESPONSIBILITY
Environmental responsibility is
the pillar of corporate social
responsibility rooted in
preserving mother nature.
PHILANTHROPIC
RESPONSIBILITY
Philanthropic responsibility is
the pillar of corporate social
responsibility that challenges
how a company acts and how it
contributes to society.
ETHICAL/HUMAN RIGHTS
RESPONSIBILITY
Ethical responsibility is the pillar
of corporate social responsibility
rooted in acting in a fair, ethical
manner.
ECONOMIC
RESPONSIBILITY
Economic responsibility refers to
the practice of making financial
decisions based on a
commitment to doing good.
 LEVEL OF ETHICAL REASONING

At this higher level, individuals

At this level, individuals In this stage, people develop their own ethical
make decisions based on conform to societal norms principles and values. They
self-interest and fear of consider universal ethical
and expectations. They
principles such as justice,
punishment. They follow make decisions based on equality, and human rights,
rules to avoid maintaining social order even if they conflict with
consequences rather than and upholding laws, often societal norms or laws. They are
seeking approval from willing to challenge authority
considering moral
and advocate for change based
principles. authority figures or peers.
on moral reasoning.

Pre-Conventional Level Conventional Level Post-Conventional Level

 LEVEL OF ETHICAL REASONING
Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation:
At this stage, individuals are focused on avoiding
punishment. They follow rules to avoid
punishment and seek rewards.
Stage 3: Interpersonal relationships and conformity:
At this stage, individuals seek approval from others.
They want to be seen as good by others and behave
according to societal expectations.

Stage 2: Individualism and exchange: Here,
individuals begin to recognize that there is not
just one right view. They also consider the
interests of others but in a self-centered way,
focusing on what's in it for them.
Stage 4: Maintaining social order and authority:
Individuals at this stage are concerned with obeying
laws, respecting authority, and maintaining social
order. They see rules as necessary for the
functioning of society.

Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights: Individuals begin to

recognize that there are different opinions on what is right and wrong.
They understand that rules are social agreements and can be changed
if they are unjust.

Stage 6: Universal principles: At this highest level, individuals develop

their own set of moral guidelines based on universal ethical principles.
They act according to their internalized ethical principles, even if they
conflict with societal norms or laws.