e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 6 (2023) 100301

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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical

Engineering, Electronics and Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/prime

A Hybrid Interleaved DC-DC Converter Based on Buck-Boost topologies for

Medium Voltage Applications
A. Zakaria, M.I. Marei *, H.M. Mashaly
Department of Electrical Power and Machines, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: DC-DC power converters with high voltage gain are primary components for renewable energy generation such
non-isolated DC-DC converters as offshore wind farms. As the DC-DC converters installed in these farms should have limited size and weight, the
interleaved PWM non-isolated DC-DC converters are the most suitable choose for the offshore wind farms. Although, several DC-
buck-boost converter
DC converters with high voltage gain have been developed for offshore wind farms. Most of them includes large
state space averaged method
offshore wind farm
count of semiconductors or experiences high voltage stresses. In this paper, a reduced components count con­
verter is proposed for the collector system of offshore wind farms. The proposed topology is a modular input
parallel output series non-isolated DC-DC converter. It is a hybrid interleaved structure which combines two
buck-boost topologies into a single converter. The proposed converter aims to offer high voltage gain with
reduced voltage and current stress on the converter’s components. Moreover, the interleaved PWM offers limited
output voltage ripple and supply current ripple. The operation modes and the steady-state performance of the
proposed converter are analysed. In addition, a small signal model based on the state space averaged method is
developed for the proposed converter. The accuracy of the developed model is verified using the converter’s
switching model. Furthermore, the output voltage control scheme utilizing a simple PI controller for the pro­
posed converter is presented.

1. Introduction is performed using a DC/AC stage connected to AC/DC stage through a

Development of power generation systems that depend on clean and
renewable energy resources is essential, as fossil power plants lead to
increase the pollution [1,2]. Offshore wind farms have been increasingly
developed as a reliable source of wind energy production. A huge sea
area for building or extension, strong winds with less turbulence, and
less noise effect on inhabitants are additional of offshore wind farms
advantages [3,4]. However, offshore technology has several challenges,
such as the weight and size of power generation, conversion, and
transmission components, modest efficiency, and the complexity of the
installation and maintenance requires special equipment and appro­
priate climatic conditions [5].
High power DC-DC converter with high voltage gain is a radical
component for the offshore wind farms which are based on DC power
collection networks and High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) trans­
mission systems [6]. DC-DC power converters may be classified ac­
cording to their structure into isolated [7–10] and non-isolated
topologies [11–13]. In isolated DC-DC converters, the power conversion
high-frequency transformer to achieve galvanic isolation. These con­
verters provide different grounding terminals on both DC sides, safety,
and ability of DC-fault blocking. However, the isolated converters suffer
from voltage spikes in the power switches caused by the transformer’s
leakage inductance, and lower efficiency, especially when operated at
high voltage gain. In addition, the high-frequency transformers increase
the cost, weight, and volume of the isolated converters. According to the
offshore wind farms requirements and challenges of limited footprint,
isolated converters are not the best choice for offshore wind farms [6,
11]. On the other hand, non-isolated DC-DC converters which have
either shared ground between the supply and load terminals or a floated
output terminal, provide many benefits like simple structure and
implementation, low weight and size, and reasonable cost [14]. More­
over, the absence of transformers in non-isolated topologies may lead to
an increase of the converter’s power density [15]. Several non-isolated
converters have been successfully used in low and medium power ap­
plications such as offshore wind farms, switched mode power supplies,
and electric vehicles.

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mostafa_ibrahim@eng.asu.edu.eg (M.I. Marei).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2023.100301
Received 5 August 2023; Received in revised form 14 September 2023; Accepted 1 October 2023
Available online 2 October 2023
2772-6711/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
A. Zakaria et al.
Fig. 1. The proposed interleaved PWM converter.
Although the traditional boost and buck-boost converters can offer a
high-gain using extremely high duty cycles. The restricted switching
frequency, parasitic elements, and efficiency constrain their maximum
available voltage gain [16]. High power dc-dc converters with high
voltage transformation ratio have attracted a lot of interest from re­
searchers. Multilevel DC-DC converters are proposed in [17] and [18] to
perform a high voltage gain for offshore wind farms. In [19] and [20],
Marx-based dc-dc converters that are suitable for HVDC applications are
presented. Design and analyses of a dc converter utilizing magnetic
coupling inductors are presented in [21,22]. Different types of inter­
leaved DC-DC converters are presented in literature to increase power
transmission capacity [23–25]. The previous topologies utilize a large
count of passive components and semiconductor devices which increase
the system cost and reduce its efficiency.
Modular DC-DC converters have drawn a lot of interest. These con­
verters combine two or more similar or different low power rated dc-dc
converters with series and parallel connections. These converters fall
into four categories which are input-parallel output-parallel (IPOP)
converter, input-series output-parallel (ISOP) converter [26],
input-series output-series (ISOS) converter [4], and input-parallel out­
put-series (IPOS) converter [1,27]. For offshore wind farms, IPOS con­
verters are an effective choice because they guarantee high voltage gain
with lower voltage stress on the semiconductor devices and output
capacitor. In addition, the converter’s input current is distributed among
its modules due to the input-parallel connection. Therefore, the con­
verter’s efficiency is extremely improved [27].
In this paper, a modular IPOS non-isolated DC-DC converter with
high voltage gain is proposed. The proposed converter is a hybrid to­
pology which integrates inverting and non-inverting buck-boost con­
verters in a single topology. The proposed converter offers many benefits
such as limited voltage and current stress on different passive elements
and power switches, hence, the converter’s power loss is limited. In
addition, the number of semiconductor devices and passive components
is limited. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the topology of
the proposed converter is discussed, and the steady state analysis is
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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 6 (2023) 100301
given. The small signal model of the proposed modular hybrid DC-DC
converter is derived in Section 3. A comparative analysis is given in
Section 4. Section 5 presents the design of the output voltage regulation
controller. The application of the proposed converter for a wind energy
system is demonstrated in Section 6. Simulation results are investigated
in Section 7. Finally, the conclusion is stated in Section 8.
2. Topology Of the Proposed Converter
The proposed interleaved PWM converter consists of two cascaded
modules which are connected as input parallel and output series (IPOS).
As shown in Fig. 1(a), the upper module which composes of switches S1,
S2, diodes D1, D2, inductor L1 and capacitor C1 is a non-inverting buck-
boost converter. On other hand, the lower module is an inverting buck-
boost converter which includes switch S3, diode D3, inductor L2 and
capacitor C2.
Few assumptions should be considered while analysing the proposed
converter’s steady-state performance, i.e., the IPOS and ISOS cascaded
dc-dc converters are used to boost the input low dc voltage to higher dc
voltage levels. Although the proposed converter’s modules can operate
as a buck or a boost converter, they will be studied and designed to
operate in the boosting mode only. In addition, both modules are gated
using the same duty cycle (k1 = k2 = K). Finally, the proposed converter
operates in the continuous current mode (CCM) to reduce the inductors
current ripple.
As the proposed converter is controlled by the interleaved PWM
manner, 180◦ out of phase, it has three modes of operation as shown in
Fig. 2. Table 1 illustrates the switching state of the converter’s semi­
conductor devices during different modes of operation. Throughout
mode I, as the power switches S1, S2 and S3 are conducted as shown in
Fig. 1(b), the inductors L1 and L2 are connected parallel to the input
source and their current raises linearly. The converter’s capacitors are
connected in series with the load. During mode II, switch S3 is turned-off
while switches S1 and S2 are still activated as shown in Fig. 1(c). Hence,
the lower inductor L2 discharges its stored energy to the capacitor C2
A. Zakaria et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 6 (2023) 100301

Fig. 2. Theoretical waveforms of the proposed converter.

Table 1 Table 3
The Switching States During Different Modes of Operation. Comparisons between the proposed typology and other typologies.
Mode I δ Mode II (1-K)T Mode III (1-K)T [29] [30] [31] Proposed

S1 On On Off Number of switches 2 6 3 3

S2 On On Off Number of diodes 5 14 2 3
S3 On Off On Number of inductors 3 8 1 2
D1 Off Off On Number of capacitors 4 6 2 2
D2 Off Off On Total number of 14 34 8 10
D3 Off On Off components
Gain (G) 3+K 3+K 1 + K1 2K
1− K 1− K 1 − (K1 + K2 ) 1− K
Maximum semiconductors G+1 G+1 (G + 1) Vs G+2
Vs Vs Vs
Table 2 Voltage stress 2 4 2
Proposed Converter’s Voltage and Current Stress. Output capacitors voltage G Vs G+1 G Vs G
Vs Vs
stress 2 2
S1 S2 S3 D1 D2 D3 Input current ripple high low low medium
Vmax Vs Vo Vo Vs Vo Vo Cost medium high low low
Vs + Vs +
2 2 2 2
IDC K Ia
Ia
1− K ) discharges its stored energy to the capacitor C1 and the load while
IPeak ( 1 R(1 − K)
Ia
1− K
+
4Lf
inductor L2 charges from the input dc source.
The proposed converter’s voltage gain could be obtained as follows;
since both inductors charge form the input voltage during KT,
and the load whereas inductor L1 still charges from the input dc source.
ΔIx
Finally, switches S1 and S2 are turned-off and switch S3 is conducted in Lx = Vs (1)
KT
mode III as shown in Fig. 1(d). As a result, the upper inductor L1

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A. Zakaria et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 6 (2023) 100301

where x = 1 and 2 which refers to the upper and lower modules, is the state space averaging technique which is commonly used to find a
respectively, Vs is the supply voltage, T is the switching periodic time, small signal transfer function for the high order dc-dc converters such as
ΔIx is the current ripple of each module’s inductor. As the applied Cuk, Zeta, SEPIC [28]. The open loop transfer function obtained from
voltage on each module’s inductor Lx during the discharge period (1-K)T the state space model is inferred according to the differential equations
of the proposed converter.
is VCx which is the average voltage of the same module’s output
The proposed converter has three modes of operation discussed in
capacitor Cx, therefore
section 3. The differential equations extracted from Fig. 1 of those
ΔIx different modes can be written in the form of state-space equations
Lx = V Cx (2)
(1 − K)T described in [26]:
⎧
Form (1), (2), the inductors’ current ripple ΔIx is expressed as
⎨ dx(t) = A x(t) + B u(t)
⎪
(10)
j j
dt
Vs VC ⎪
ΔIx = KT = x (1 − K)T (3) ⎩ y(t) = Cj x(t)
Lx Lx

Hence, average voltage of the output capacitors VCx can be inferred where x = [ i1 i2 vC1 vC2 ], u= Vs, y =Va, and j refers to the mode
from (3) as number. For simplicity, the proposed converter’s inductors are assumed
K identical (L1 = L2 = L), also the output capacitors are similar (C1 = C2 =
V Cx = Vs (4) C). Therefore, the matrix parameters of (10) are expressed as follows,
1− K
⎧
The output load voltage Va is the sum of the output capacitors’ ⎪
⎪
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎪
average voltages, therefore, ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎢0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢L⎥
2K ⎪ ⎢0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Va = Vs (5) ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
⎢1⎥
⎢ ⎥
1− K ⎪
⎪ AI = ⎢ 0 0 − 1 − 1 ⎥, BI = ⎢ L ⎥, CI = [ 0 0 1 1 ]
⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
It is obvious that the proposed converter’s voltage gain is double the ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎢
⎢
RC RC ⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0⎥
⎪
voltage gain of the classical buck-boost converter. The voltage ripple of ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎢
⎣ 0 0
− 1 − 1 ⎥
⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎪
each output capacitor is obtained as, ⎪
⎪
⎪
RC RC 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎡ ⎤
ΔQ ⎪
⎪
ΔV cx = (6) ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎡ ⎤
Cx ⎪
⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢1⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎢ − 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪ ⎢0 0 ⎥
where ΔQ could be calculated by integrating the capacitor’s discharging ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢L⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎢ L ⎥
current of any module, for example the upper module, during the period ⎨ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢0⎥
AII = ⎢ − 1 − 1 ⎥, BII = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥, CII = [ 0 0 1 1 ]
KT. As the capacitor’s discharging current equals to the load average ⎪ ⎢
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎥ ⎢0⎥
⎪
⎪ RC RC ⎢ ⎥
current Ia as revealed from Fig. 1(b) and (c), the capacitor’s voltage ⎪
⎪ ⎢
⎢
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ 1 − 1 − 1⎥ ⎣0⎦
ripple can be expressed as, ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎢
⎣0
⎥
⎦
⎪
⎪ C RC RC
⎪
⎪
Ia KT VaK ⎪
⎪
ΔV cx = = (7) ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎡ ⎤
Cx RCx f ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎡ ⎤
⎪
⎪ ⎢ − 1 ⎥
The peak-to-peak ripple of the output voltage can be obtained from ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎢0 0
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎥ ⎢0⎥
⎪ L
(6), where ΔQ is obtained by integrating the capacitor’s current during ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢1⎥
⎪ ⎢0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
mode I. As the output capacitors are connected in series to feed the load ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢L⎥
⎪
⎪ A = ⎢ 1 − 1 − 1 ⎥, B = ⎢ ⎥, CIII = [ 0 0 1 1 ]
during mode I, as shown in Fig. 1(b), both capacitors have the same
III III
⎪
⎪ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎢ C RC RC ⎥ ⎢0⎥
discharging current of the load Ia through duration δ. Inspecting Fig. 2, δ ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎪
⎪ − 1 − 1
can be obtained as ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎢
⎣ 0 0 ⎥
⎦
0
⎪
⎪ RC RC
( ) ⎪
⎩
T 1
δ = KT − = K− T (8)
2 2 (11)
Therefore, The state space equations resulting from (10) for the operating
Ia δ V a (K − 0.5) modes I, II and III are weighed average by the durations 2δ, (1-K)T and
ΔV o = = (9) (1-K)T, respectively, to obtain the average state space model during one
Ceq RCeq f
switching period as follows,
⎧
where the equivalent output capacitance Ceq = CC11+C
C2
.
2 ⎨ dx(t) = A x(t) + B u(t)
⎪
The voltage and current stress of the proposed converter’s active dt (12)
switches and diodes are evaluated and presented in Table 2, where Ia is ⎪
⎩ y(t) = C x(t)
the load average current. Table 2 could be used as a guide to determine
the proper components’ power ratings to guarantee a safe operation for where
them.
A = 2AI (K − 0.5) + (AII + AIII )(1 − K)
(13)
= A1 K + A2 (1 − K)
3. Modeling Using State Space Averaging Technique
where A1 = AI ,A2 = − AI + AII + AIII
To analyse the dynamic and stable performance of the proposed Similarly,
converter, as well as, to design the appropriate control system, an exact
converter model should be developed. One of several modeling methods

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A. Zakaria et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 6 (2023) 100301

Gvv (s) can be expressed as follow:

2V s (1 − K)2 − 2KL
S
Gvk (s) = 2
R
(19)
(1 − K) 2
LCS + 2L
R
S + (1 − K)2

2K(1 − K)
Gvv (s) = (20)
LCS2 + 2L
R
S + (1 − K)2

4. Comparative analysis

Table 3 illustrates a comparison between the proposed converter and

three other converters proposed in [29,30] and [31]. Although the
voltage gain of converters [29] and [30] is higher than that of the
converter [31] and the proposed converter, converter [29] utilizes a
higher number of components, and converter [30] includes an excessive
Fig. 3. The proposed converter’s output voltage controller diagram. number of semiconductors and passive components which affects the
converter’s cost and efficiency. Moreover, the proposed converter and
B = B1 K + B2 (1 − K) (14) converter [31] have a close number of components, a comparable
voltage, and the lowest cost. However, the maximum voltages of the
C = C1 K + C2 (1 − K) (15) semiconductor and output capacitors of the proposed converter are half
Substituting (11) in (13)-(15), the averaged matrices A, B and C are that of the converter [31].
evaluated as following:
⎡ ⎤ 5. Output Voltage Controller Design
⎡ ⎤
⎢ − (1 − K) ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥ The main objective of the controller is to maintain the converter’s
⎢ L ⎥ ⎢K⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ output voltage V o at a reference voltage V ∗ , regardless of the supply
⎢ ⎥ ⎢L⎥
⎢ 0
⎢ 0 0
− (1 − K) ⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢K⎥ voltage variation, load changes, and parameters’ deviations. Fig. 3 il­
A= ⎢
⎢ L ⎥
⎥, B =
⎢ ⎥
⎢ L ⎥, lustrates the suggested closed-loop control of the proposed converter,
⎢1 − K
⎢ − 1 − 1 ⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (16) where G is the converter’s voltage gain. The output voltage regulation is
⎢ C 0 ⎢0⎥
⎢ RC RC ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ achieved using a simple PI controller, which produces a control signal
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎢
⎣ 0
1− K − 1 − 1 ⎥
⎦
0 k(s) according to the difference between the actual output voltage V o
̂
C RC RC and the reference voltage V ∗ . Based on the state space averaged model
derived in section 5, the PI-controller’s parameters Kp and Ki are tuned
C = [0 0 1 1] using the "PID tuner" feature inherent in the (PID) controller design of
The transfer functions of the control signal to the output voltage Matlab-Simulink [32]. The minimum required phase and gain margins
Gvk (s) and the input voltage to the output voltage Gvv (s) are written as for the closed loop-controlled system are 6dB and 300, respectively, to
{ perform a proper dynamic performance [33].
Gvk (s) = C (SI − A)− 1 [(A1 − A2 ) X + (B1 − B2 ) U]
(17)
Gvv (s) = C (SI − A)− 1 B 6. Application for the proposed converter
where,
The schematic diagram of a complete typical wind energy conversion
⎡ ⎤
2 system (WECS) based on permanent magnet synchronous generator
⎢ (1 − K)R ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (PMSG) and feeding an AC grid is illustrated in Fig. 4. The main com­
⎢
⎢ 2
⎥
⎥ ponents of the proposed system are:
V K ⎢ ⎥
(18)
s
X = − A− 1 BV s = ⎢ (1 − K)R ⎥
1− K⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ • Wind turbine,
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ • PMSG,
1 • AC-DC bridge rectifiers,
• DC-DC converters, and
Solving (17), the proposed converter’s transfer functions Gvd (s) and • Grid-connected voltage source inverter (VSI).

Fig. 4. The schematic diagram of the WECS includes the proposed DC-DC converter.

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Table 4 software tools to assess its stability margin, the dynamic and steady-state
System Parameters. performances. The proposed converter’s different parameters are pre­
Vorated Prated f L C sented in Table 4. The converter’s inductors (L1, L2) and capacitors (C1,
C2) are selected according to (1-2) and (12) to guarantee that the
300V 2 KV 8 KW 10KHz 15mH 25μF
inductor current ripples are less than 10% of the inductor average cur­
rent and the output voltage ripple is less than 1% of the converter’s
The three phase stator windings of the PMSG are connected sepa­ output voltage.
rately to three diode bridge rectifiers followed by the proposed DC-DC The dynamic performance of the proposed converter without the
converter as illustrated in Fig. 4. Output terminals of the three DC-DC output voltage regulation loop is shown in Fig. 5. Initially, the output
converters are connected in series to obtain medium voltage level for capacitors’ voltage is fixed at 800V, as the converter’s duty cycle is
dc-link capacitor. The modeling and parameters of the wind turbine and adjusted at 0.727 as shown in Fig. 4(a) and (b) respectively. In this case
PMSG are presented in [34]. The grid side inverter is controlled to keep the output voltage and power are 1.6 KV and 5.12 KW as shown in Figs. 5
DC-link voltage at desired value as explained in [34]. (c) and 4(d), respectively. At t = 0.5s, when the duty cycle is stepped to
0.77, the capacitor voltage is increased to 1 KV, and the converter output
7. Simulation Results and Discussion voltage becomes 2KV. Consequently, the converter output power raised
to the converter rated power 8 KW. The proposed converter’s output
The proposed converter is simulated using MATLAB Simulink voltage is shared equally between the output capacitor regardless the

Fig. 5. The dynamic performance of the proposed converter without a PI-controller. (a) Duty cycle.
(b) Output capacitors’ voltage. (c) Converter’s output voltage. (d) Converter’s output power.

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A. Zakaria et al.
Fig. 6. The proposed converter’s ripple voltages. (a) Gate signal of S1 and S2. (b) Gate signal of S3.
(c) Capacitors voltage ripple. (d) Output voltage ripple.
duty cycle without any extra components or need to special control.
According to (10) and (12) and the parameters of Table 4, the output
capacitors voltage ripple is approximately 12V, and voltage ripple of the
proposed converter’s output voltage is around 8.6V as shown in Fig. 6(c)
and (d), respectively. The output voltage ripple is less than 1% of the
average output voltage. In addition, the interleaved PWM reduces the
output voltage ripples to 36% of the output voltage ripple in case of
normal PWM.
Fig. 7 shows the inductors’ current, as well as the modules and
converter input currents. Although the supply’s DC and RMS currents
are 26.3A and 27.7A, respectively. The DC and RMS currents of the
converter’s modules are 13.4A and 15.3A, respectively. These findings
demonstrate that the current rating of each module is about the half of
the converter’s overall input rated current. Based on (5), (6) and the
converter parameters in Table 4, the inductor’s current ripple is 1.54A as
indicated in Fig. 7(a), which is close to the used design criteria of 10%
from the inductors’ current. The input current ripple with interleaved
PWM is 18.23A as shown in Fig. 7(c) instead of 36.45A in case of non-
interleaved PWM. Therefore, the input current ripple is reduced by
50% due to the interleaved PWM.
Fig. 8 illustrates the accuracy of the developed state space averaged
model for the proposed converter by comparing its dynamic perfor­
mance with that of the switching model - the converter circuit shown in
Fig. 1(a) - under a small variation in the duty cycle. Both models have
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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 6 (2023) 100301
approximately the same dynamic performances. In addition, the steady-
state output voltages of both models are similar.
To examine the converter’s stability and to design a proper output
voltage controller, Fig. 9(a) presents the bode plots of the transfer
functions Gvk (s) and Gvv (s), expressed in (22) and (23), respectively. As
show in Fig. 9(a), in accordance with the converter’s simulation pa­
rameters listed in Table 4, the control system’s gain margin GM is -78.8
dB at 569 rad/s and its phase margin PM is -89.9 dB at1.4×106 rad/s.
The control system is unstable as the GM and PM are negative and it
needs a PI-controller. The PI-controller parameters are set at Kp =
8.5 × 10− 9 and Ki = 6.2 × 10− 3 to achieve GM and PM higher than
6dB and 300, respectively, as mentioned before. Fig. 9(b) shows the bode
plot of the transfer function Gvk (s) with the tuned PI-controller. The
improved GM and PM with the PI-controller are 6.01dB at 352 rad./s
and 81.40 at 72.9 rad./s, respectively.
Fig. 10(a) shows that the converter’s output voltage efficiently fol­
lows the reference signal under different dynamic conditions. As the
reference signal suddenly changes at t= 1s form 1.6 KV to 2 KV, the PI-
controller changes the duty cycle from 0.727 to 0.77 as shown in Fig. 10
(b). Consequently, the converter’s output voltage tracks the reference
signal. In addition, the output voltage is precisely regulated at the
desired value regardless of the load variation at t=1.5s from 6 kW to 8
kW as illustrated in Fig. 10(c). The results demonstrate that the sug­
gested system performs accurately, with rapid response and limited
A. Zakaria et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 6 (2023) 100301

Fig. 7. The proposed converter’s inductors, modules, and input currents. (a) The current of converter’s inductors. (b) The input current of converter’s modules. (c)
The converter’s input current.

860KW, respectively, when the wind speed has risen to 12 m/s at t=15s.
The difference between Pm and Pg is the total power loss of the PMSG,
three diode rectifiers, three dc-dc converters, and the grid-side inverter,
thus, the overall efficiency of the proposed WECS is around 95%. The
voltage of the dc-link capacitor is successfully regulated regardless the
wind speed variations at a desired value of 8.5kV as shown in Fig.. 11(c).
Fig. 12 presents the output capacitors’ voltage and the inductors’ cur­
rent of the proposed DC-DC converters used in the WECS. The proposed
converter offers equal voltage sharing between its output capacitors as
shown in Fig. 11(a) and (b). In addition, the voltage stress of the output
capacitors is 1/6 of the dc-link voltage, and it is regulated regardless the
wind speed variations. Moreover, the inductor’s current of DC-DC con­
verters is continuous with reasonable value, as shown in Fig. 12(c) and
(d) due to the cascading connection of the proposed converter.
Fig. 8. Converter’s state space model verification.

8. Conclusion
oscillations.
The simulation of the WECS shown in Fig.. 4 has been carried out to
This paper proposes a new modular IPOS non-isolated DC-DC con­
explore steady state and dynamic performances of the proposed con­
verter. This converter combines two buck-boost topologies into a hybrid
verter. The system dynamic behaviour with the wind speed variation is
interleaved converter. The proposed converter’s key characteristics are
illustrated in Fig.. 11. In Fig.. 11(b), the turbine extracted power Pm and
high voltage gain with high power rating since it is based on the IPOS
the power delivered to the AC grid Pg are 526KW and 500KW, respec­
structure. In addition, less voltage and current stress on the passive
tively, at 10 m/s wind speed. Both Pm and Pg are increased to 910KW and
components and power switches. The proposed converter’s operation

8
A. Zakaria et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 6 (2023) 100301

Fig. 9. The bode plot of the transfer functions Gvk (s) and Gvv (s): (a) unity feedback and without PI-controller. (b) only Gvk (s) with a PI controller.

9
A. Zakaria et al.
Fig. 10. The dynamic performance of the proposed converter with PI-controller under different disturbances. (a) Converter’s output voltage. (b) Converter’s output
power. (c) Duty cycle.
has been described and its steady state characteristics such as voltage
gain, inductors’ current ripples, and output voltage ripple have been
determined. Moreover, State-space averaging approach is used to derive
the mathematical model of the suggested converter. Based on this
mathematical model, the output voltage control loop for the DC-DC
converter is established using a simple PI-controller. The simulation
results verify the characteristics and features of the proposed converter.
The input current and output voltage of each module are reduced to half
of the supply current and load voltage, respectively. That means less
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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 6 (2023) 100301
voltage and current stress on the modules’ components by approxi­
mately 50% and less power loss. In addition, the interleaved PWM
technique provides a limited output voltage ripple which is less than 1%
without the need for a large output capacitor. Moreover, the input
current ripple is reduced by 50%. Furthermore, a notable precision of
the mathematical model, used for studying the system stability and
tuning the PI-controller, is observed using the converter’s switching
model. Finally, the output voltage regulation has been performed
perfectly with fast response and limited oscillations.
A. Zakaria et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 6 (2023) 100301

Fig. 11. Dynamic performance of WECS utilizing the proposed DC-DC converter. (a) Wind speed. (b) The turbine extracted power and grid received power. (c) The
DC-link voltage.

Fig. 12. The output capacitors’ voltage and inductors’ current among the dc-dc converters used in WECS. (a) The capacitors’ voltage Vc1. (b) The capacitors’ voltage
Vc2. (c) The inductors’ current i1. (d) The inductors’ current i2. 11
A. Zakaria et al.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
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Ahmed Zakaria received the B.Sc. (Hons.) and M.Sc. degrees
from Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, in 2013 and 2018,
respectively, all in electrical engineering. He is pursuing Ph.D.
degree from Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. From 2014 to
2018 he was a demonstrator with the Department of Electrical
Power and Machines, Ain Shams University. Currently, he is a
lecturer assistant with the Department of Electrical Power and
Machines, Ain Shams University. His research interests include
power electronics converters, renewable energy, and control
systems.
A. Zakaria et al.
Mostafa I. Marei received the B.Sc. (Hons.) and M.Sc. degrees
from Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, in 1997 and 2000,
respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Wa­
terloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, in 2004, all in electrical engi­
neering. From 2004 to 2006 he was a Postdoctoral Fellow with
the University of Waterloo funded by the Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research of Canada (NSERC). He was the founding
unit head of Energy & Renewable Energy (ERGY) undergrad­
uate program at Ain Shams University. Currently, he is a Pro­
fessor with the Department of Electrical Power and Machines,
Ain Shams University. His research interests include power
electronics, distributed and renewable generation, microgrids,
power quality, custom power, electrical drives, and artificial
intelligence applications in power systems.Dr. Marei has published more than 150 papers
in international journals and conferences, and has co-authored a textbook entitled “The
speed-sensorless control for linear generator based wave energy conversion system, LAP
LAMBERT Academic Publishing”. He has supervised 16 Ph.D. dissertations and 45 MSc.
theses. He is an Editorial Board Member of the Electric Power Components and Systems
Journal (Taylor & Francis) and Associate Editor of Ain Shams Engineering Journal
(Elsevier). His biography is listed in Marque’s Who is Who in the World. In 2013, he is
awarded the State Incentive Award in Engineering Sciences- Academy of Scientific
Research and Technology – Egypt. Dr. Marei is listed in the world’s top 2% scientists list by
Stanford University. He is a senior member of IEEE and is the Vice Chair of Egypt Chapter
of the IEEE Power Electronics Society (PELS) since 2018.
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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 6 (2023) 100301
Professor of Power Electronics in the faculty of Engineering,
Ain Shams University-Cairo, Egypt since 2006.
Dr. Mashaly earned the PhD’s degrees in 1995. Its topic
was applying artificial intelligent controllers for the renewable
energy systems from Ain Shams University through scientific
channel with New Brunswick University in Canada. Dr.
Mashaly is an industrial field expert as he developed many
advanced electrical and electronics systems like Machines
drives, power rectifiers, Battery charges, and electronics load
banks. Also he has a wide contribution in designing electrical
distribution systems, harmonics filters and power factor
correction in high voltage systems. He conducted too many
successful projects in the industrial field during the past 30
years. Dr. Mashaly has conducted too many short courses and in-house courses in Egypt,
Malaysia, Arab world and Gulf region.
The research interested fields are: PV systems, Wind energy systems, Fuel cells,
Electrical drives, Power Electronics converters, Switched power supplies, power quality,
and artificial intelligent controllers applications.