SINGLE-PHASE

TRANSFORMERS
Transformer

 Transformer is considered to be a backbone of a power system.

 For generation, transmission and distribution of electric power, AC system is adopted instead of

DC system because voltage level can be changed comfortably by using a transformer. For

economic reasons, high voltages are required for transmission whereas, for safety reasons, low

voltages are required for utilization. Transformer is an essential part of power system. Hence, it

is rightly said that transformer is a backbone of a power system.

Transformer

 A transformer is a static device that

transfers AC electrical power from one
circuit to the other at the same
frequency but the voltage level is
usually changed.
Working Principle
Working Principle

The basic principle of a transformer is electromagnetic induction.

A single-phase transformer consists of two windings placed over a laminated
silicon steel core. The winding having less number of turns is called low-voltage
winding and the winding having more number of turns is called high voltage
winding.
Ideal Transformer
 Its coefficient of coupling (k) is unity.
 Its primary and secondary windings are pure inductors having infinitely large
value.
 Its leakage flux and leakage inductances are zero.
 Its self and mutual inductances are zero having no reactance or resistance.
 Its efficiency is 100 percent having no loss due to resistance, hysteresis or
eddy current.
 Its transformation ratio (or turn ratio) is equal to the ratio of its secondary to
primary terminal voltage and also as the ratio of its primary to secondary
current.
 Its core has permeability (P) of infinite value.
Behavior and Phasor Diagram
EMF Equation
𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝟏 𝒇𝝓𝒎
𝑬𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝟐 𝒇𝝓𝒎
Transformation Ratio or Turns Ratio
𝐸2 𝑁1
= =𝐾
𝐸1 𝑁2
The constant K is known as the transformation ratio.
i. If 𝑁2 > 𝑁1 , 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐾 > 1, then the transformer is a step-up transformer
ii. If 𝑁2 < 𝑁1 , 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐾 < 1, then the transformer is a step-down transformer

Also, for an ideal transformer,

𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐴
𝑉1 𝐼1 = 𝑉2 𝐼2
𝐼2 𝑉1 1
= =
𝐼1 𝑉2 𝐾
Hence, currents are in the inverse ratio of the transformation ratio.
Transformer on DC
A transformer cannot work on DC. The basic working principle of a
transformer is electro-magnetic induction, i.e, when flux linking with a
coil changes an emf is induced in it. If DC is applied to one of the
winding (primary) of a transformer, it will set a constant magnetic field
in magnetic core. Hence no emf will be induced either in primary or
secondary. Then electric power cannot be transformed from one circuit
(primary) to the other (secondary).
Moreover, if rated DC voltage is applied to its primary, high current will
be drawn by it since there is any counter (self) induced emf which limits
the current. Consequently, heaving heat will be produced and winding
insulation will burn.
Hence, a transformer cannot work on DC and it is never put-on rated DC
supply.
Ex1
What will be the number of primary and secondary turn of a single-phase
2310/220V, 50 Hz transformer which has in emf of 13V per turn approximately
Ex2
A power transformer has 1000 primary turns and 100 secondary turns. The cross-
sectional area of the core is 6 sq. cm and the maximum flux density while in
operation is 10 000 Gauss. Calculate turns per volt for the primary and secondary
windings.
Ex3
The primary and secondary of a 25 kVA transformer has 500 and 40 turns,
respectively. If the primary is connected to 3000 V, 50 Hz mains, calculate (i) primary
and secondary currents at full load; (ii) The secondary emf and (iii) The maximum
flux in the core. Neglect magnetic leakage, resistance of the winding and the
primary no-load current in relation to the full load current.