book. There is a bird outside – we do not know anything about the bird.

Measurements and rates also

take the indefinite article: Three times a week If the noun starts with a vowel sound, then the article an
is used: an ear, an uncle, an hour If the noun starts with a consonant sound, then the article a is used: a
school, a university Definite article (the) If your reader or listener understands what you are referring to,
then you will usually need the definite article: I bought a book last week. The book is about trees. (You
have just mentioned the book, so you both know which one.) We went to a wedding yesterday. The
bride wore a lovely dress. (You have not mentioned the bride before, but you both know she is
connected to the wedding.) Some things are taken to be common knowledge in English and therefore
take the definite article: Decades – He was born in the 1920s. Currencies –The dollar is getting stronger
against the pound. Superlatives and ordinals – The second book in the series is the best. Oceans, seas
and many rivers –The Nile flows into the Mediterranean. Plural or ‘united’ countries – The Maldives are
much smaller than the United States of America. Adjectives used as nouns – The poor will always be a
challenge for the rich in any country. Many organisations –The World Health Organization has a detailed
definition of health. A scientific categorisation – The zebra is native to Africa. A symbol – The Merlion is
a symbol of Singapore. Unique people, places or things – The prime minister said she would call a
conference on changes affecting the earth’s climate. 3 Unique adjectives – The same people always take
the only parking spaces available. Other word patterns which take ‘the’: Specific nouns modified by a
relative clause – The paintings (which are) in the gallery Specific nouns followed by ‘of’. This is a very
common pattern - The use of this procedure Plural nouns preceded by ‘of’ – e.g. Some of the paintings
were interesting. Common error: You cannot write most of paintings or none of paintings. It is either
most of the paintings (definite) or most paintings (general). Most of the paintings in the exhibition were
landscapes. (definite – we know which specific paintings – they are in the exhibition) Most paintings
nowadays (general – not specific paintings) No article We do not need an article if a noun is plural or
uncountable and it is not definite. Women generally live longer than men. Articles are difficult to use.
Paint is hard to remove. Exercise Try this exercise, putting a/an/the in the blanks. If there should be no
article, then place a * in the blank. The answers and explanations follow. Mr Coleman was (1) ___ very
fastidious person. He lived three (2) ___ streets away from us, in (3) ___ small house with (4) ___
beautiful garden. Having taken early retirement from his (5) ___ job as (6) ___ button counter, he now
had plenty of time to worry, and this he did very successfully. He often spent sleepless nights trying to
figure out how he could successfully cook both sides of (7) ___ omelette without it breaking, or how he
might achieve better access to (8) ___ tins at (9) ___ back of his cupboard. (10) ___ most of his home
was exceptionally neat and tidy, but several loose cables behind (11) ___ television set bothered him,
and he never quite knew what to do with (12) ___ empty plastic bags. Then, one day, his life changed,
and he began to experience some relief from his anguish. It seemed that other people underwent
similar mental trials, for (13) ___ new catalogue appeared on his doorstep. (14) ___ catalogue contained
solutions for many of his problems, and for others which had not yet given him any cause for concern.
There was (15) ___ set of three egg timers, for example, shaped like (16) ___ chickens and designed to
emit (17) ___ clucking sound at (18) ___ end of three, four and five minutes respectively. In this way he
could cook (19) ___ eggs to suit each of his friends individually, and then keep them warm with (20) ___
specially designed covers which went with the timer, marked ‘3’, ‘4’ and ‘5’ for identification purposes.
And (21) ___ catalogue contained many other wonderful ideas, such as (22) ___ toaster which could be
adjusted to produce different degrees of brownness on (23) ___ four slices toasted simultaneously, and
(24) ___ photo frame that rotated pictures at (25) ___ touch of (26) ___ invisible button, so that visiting
relatives would never be offended by not seeing their pictures on display, unless, of course, they all
turned up together – Mr Coleman eventually solved this problem too by ordering four frames. Answers
Mr Coleman was (1) a very fastidious person. He lived three (2) * streets away from us, in (3) a small
house with (4) a beautiful garden. Having taken early retirement from his (5) * job as (6) a button
counter, he now had plenty of time to worry, and this he did very successfully. He often 4 spent
sleepless nights trying to figure out how he could successfully cook both sides of (7) an omelette without
it breaking, or how he might achieve better access to (8) the tins at (9) the back of his cupboard. (10) *
Most of his home was exceptionally neat and tidy, but several loose cables behind (11) the television set
bothered him, and he never quite knew what to do with (12) * empty plastic bags. Then, one day, his life
changed, and he began to experience some relief from his anguish. It seemed that other people
underwent similar mental trials, for (13) a new catalogue appeared on his doorstep. (14) The catalogue
contained solutions for many of his problems, and for others which had not yet given him any cause for
concern. There was (15) a set of three egg timers, for example, shaped like (16) * chickens and designed
to emit (17) a clucking sound at (18) the end of three, four and five minutes respectively. In this way he
could cook (19) * eggs to suit each of his friends individually, and then keep them warm with (20) the
specially designed covers which went with the timer, marked ‘3’, ‘4’ and ‘5’ for identification purposes.
And (21) the catalogue contained many other wonderful ideas, such as (22) a toaster which could be
adjusted to produce different degrees of brownness on (23) * four slices toasted simultaneously, and
(24) a photo frame that rotated pictures at (25) the touch of (26) an invisible button, so that visiting
relatives would never be offended by not seeing their pictures on display, unless, of course, they all
turned up together – Mr Coleman eventually solved this problem too by ordering four frames. (Adapted
from Haisley, J 2008, The Good Samaritan, Ginninderra Press, Adelaide) Explanations (1) a singular,
countable noun; first mention (2) no article plural, countable noun; a number is used instead (‘three
streets’) (3) a singular, countable noun; first mention (4) a singular, countable noun; first mention (5) a
singular, countable noun; first mention; someone’s job (6) a singular, countable noun; first mention (7)
an singular, countable noun; first mention (8) the plural, countable noun; we know which tins (the tins
at the back of his cupboard), so the noun is specific (9) the singular, countable noun; specific noun
followed by ‘of’ (10) no article singular, countable noun; ‘most of his home’ (11) the singular, countable
noun; the writer is drawing you into the story, assuming that you know which television set is talked
about, and that Mr Coleman only has one television set (12) no article plural, countable noun; not
specific (13) a singular, countable noun; first mention (14) the singular, countable noun; second
mention. You know which catalogue, so it is now specific (15) a singular, countable noun; first mention
(16) no article plural, countable noun; not specific (17) a singular, countable noun; first mention (18) the
singular, countable noun; specific noun followed by ‘of’ (19) no article plural, countable noun; not
specific (20) the singular, countable noun; we know which covers (the covers which went with the
timer), so the noun is specific (21) the singular, countable noun; second mention. You know which
catalogue, so it is now specific 5 (22) a singular, countable noun; first mention (23) no article plural,
countable noun; a number is used (24) a singular, countable noun; first mention (25) the singular,
countable noun; specific noun followed by ‘of’ (26) an singular, countable noun before a word beginning
with a vowel sound; first mention References Master, PA 1986, Science, medicine and technology:
English grammar and technical writing, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Swales, JM & Feak, CB 1994, Academic
writing for graduate students, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan. © The University of
Adelaide 2014