Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546
DOI 10.1007/s00348-013-1546-y
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Intermittent corner separation in a linear compressor cascade
Ma Wei • Ottavy Xavier • Lu Lipeng •
Leboeuf Francis
Received: 15 September 2012 / Revised: 27 March 2013 / Accepted: 23 May 2013 / Published online: 2 June 2013
Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract To gain a better knowledge of the mechanisms
of corner separation and to obtain a database that could be
used to calibrate large eddy simulation, a detailed and
accurate experimental investigation of the flow field in a
linear compressor cascade has been carried out at a Rey-
nolds number of 3.82 9 105 based on the blade chord and
the inlet free stream velocity. The experimental data
include (1) the inlet flow conditions measured by one-
dimensional hot-wire anemometry, (2) the static pressure
on the blade and the endwall measured by pressure taps, (3)
the outlet flow measured by a five-hole pressure probe, and
(4) the velocity field in the passage measured by two-
component laser Doppler anemometry. In this highly
intermittent corner separation, the points with bimodal
histograms of velocity exist and mainly appear around the
mean interface of separated flow and non-separated flow.
This bimodal phenomenon is due to two aperiodic modes
in the flow field.
1 Introduction
Corner separation, the three-dimensional (3D) separation in
the junction of the endwall and blade corner region, is an
M. Wei (&)  O. Xavier  L. Francis
Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique,
Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France
e-mail: maweigg@gmail.com
Present Address:
M. Wei
School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
L. Lipeng
School of Jet Propulsion, Beijing University of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, Beijing, China
inherent flow feature in compressors and relates to the
efficiency and stability of compressors (Cumpsty and
Greitzer 2004). Generally speaking, corner separation is
caused mainly by the strong streamwise pressure gradient,
the presence of secondary flow, and the merging of the wall
and blade boundary layers. A number of experimental and
numerical studies have been carried out to investigate the
impacts, the flow topology, the influencing factors, as well
as global consequence of corner separation (e.g., Schulz
et al. 1990a, b; Gbadebo et al. 2005; Lei et al. 2008).
However, until now, an effective control of these effects is
still very difficult to achieve, because the mechanisms of
the corner separation are not clearly understood (Gbadebo
et al. 2005). In computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) cannot tackle
accurately corner separations, especially their exact loca-
tion and size, as well as the level of high losses that corner
separations generate in compressors. This is mainly
because corner separation is fully unsteady and highly
intermittent. The first objective of the present study is to
understand further the mechanisms of the corner separa-
tion, especially the intermittent feature of corner
separation.
In some highly intermittent flow, a remarkable phe-
nomenon is the existence of bimodal histograms of velocity
(referred as ‘‘bimodal histograms’’ later), which have two
peaks. In the literature, this phenomenon has been found
and discussed in different flow fields.
The most famous flow field is the junction flow firstly
discussed by Devenport and Simpson (1990), in which
bimodal histograms are mainly found in the vicinity of the
wing nose. Devenport and Simpson (1990) claimed that the
flow switched aperiodically between two different modes.
Following there are numerous numerical simulations to
understand further the physics of such flow. A recent
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Page 2 of 17
comprehensive review of both the experiments and simu-
lations can be found in Gand et al. (2010). Now, it is
widely accepted that the bimodal histograms in the junction
flow are consistent with large-scale low-frequency
unsteadiness of the instantaneous flow structure associated
with the horseshoe vortex.
In subsonic turbomachinery flows that are more com-
plex than the junction flow mentioned above, bimodal
histograms usually exist in two situations. One is in the
blade wakes that are similar to the Karman vortex street,
due to the vortex shedding. The other one is in tip-clear-
ance flows (e.g., Tian and Simpson 2007), due to the
interaction between the tip-leakage vortex and tip-leakage
jet. These interactions are periodic, and the frequencies of
the vortex shedding and interaction can be fixed in the
spectra of instantaneous velocities. This is the obvious
difference with the bimodal phenomenon in the junction
flow.
Linear compressor cascade is a simplified model for
investigating the flow field in the compressor. In the pas-
sage of a linear subsonic compressor cascade without tip
clearance, bimodal histograms have also been found in the
flow field at mid-span measured by one-component LDA
carried out by Hobson et al. (1998). However, they only
associated the bimodal histograms with the backflow
coefficients and did not interpret further its physics. One of
the objectives of this paper is to try to find bimodal his-
tograms in the passage of a linear compressor cascade
without tip clearance and investigate further their
mechanisms.
The insufficiency of RANS to simulate the corner sep-
aration becomes increasingly unable to meet the demand
for efficient and accurate design tools, which is more and
more important for designing aircraft engines with higher
efficiency and better stability in a shorter design cycle. In
order to understand, predict, control, and eventually reduce
the corner separations, it is paramount to extend novel
unsteady CFD techniques to these flows. LES is an alter-
native, in which the largest turbulent eddies are represented
directly and the smallest eddies are modelled by subgrid
scale modelling (Sagaut 2001). LES has been used widely
to analyze academic flows (e.g., Wu and Squires 1998;
Laval et al. 2010). In turbomachinery flows, there are
already some applications of LES, for example, You et al.
(2007), Hah (2009), Boudet et al. (2010), and Gand et al.
(2010). All of these researches have reflected the advan-
tages of LES compared with RANS. However, LES still
needs to be calibrated due to the use of subgrid models.
Unfortunately, in turbomachinery, available experimental
data generally describe only the averaged quantities and
usually lack of detailed information on turbulence. A high-
quality experimental database, specifically dedicated to the
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Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546
validation of LES in turbomachinery, is thus an obvious
need.
In order to gain a better knowledge of the mechanisms
of corner separation especially their intermittent feature
and to obtain an experimental database for calibrating LES,
a detailed and accurate experiment on the flow field in a
linear compressor cascade has been carried out in the
Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique
(LMFA) at Ecole Centrale de Lyon. Experimental data
were acquired for a Reynolds number of 3.82 9 105 based
on the blade chord and the free stream velocity. Mea-
surements have been achieved using 1D hot-wire ane-
mometry, pressure taps on blade, and endwall, a five-hole
pressure probe and two-component LDA. Some details not
shown in this paper for keeping this paper more concise,
such as the determinations of the uncertainties in the
quantities measured by each technique and the results of oil
visualization, can be found in Ma (2012).
2 Linear compressor cascade
The investigation was carried out in a low-speed linear
compressor cascade wind tunnel. Figure 1 shows the
schematic of the experimental arrangement. The facility is
powered by a 60 kW centrifugal blower that supplies air to
a settling chamber terminated by a 5.14:1 contraction.
From the contraction, flow enters the upstream part of the
test section, a rectangular duct with a cross-section of
900 mm height by 370 mm wide. This cascade consists of
13 blades. For the blade, its thickness distribution is the
NACA 65-009 and its mean camber line is a circular arc
with a camber angle of 23.22°. The incidence angle is 4°, at
which no separation exists at mid-span and the extent of the
corner separation is already large enough according to the
results of oil visualization. The parameters of the cascade
are summarized in Table 1.
Sandpaper strips have been stuck on the whole span and
at 6.0 mm downstream from the leading edge on the
pressure and suction sides of all the blades in the cascade.
The width in streamwise direction and thickness of the trips
are 3.0 and 0.3 mm, respectively. The grid size of the
sandpaper is ISO P600, in which the average particle
diameter is about 25.8 lm. From the results of oil visual-
ization, the trips induce the transition and thus remove the
transition bubbles both on the suction side and the pressure
side. This enables to increase the incidence angle (and also
the blade loading) without a separation on the suction side.
And thus the authors can focus exclusively on the physics
associated with corner separation, without introducing
some problems related to the transition physics. At the
same time, it is tricky to simulate transition with CFD.
Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546 Page 3 of 17

Fig. 1 Schematic of the experimental arrangement

Table 1 Parameters of the cascade inlet flow velocity profiles in the streamwise direction were
Blade profile NACA 65
measured by 1D hot-wire anemometry at two stations,
which are located at 455 and 960 mm (i.e. 4.13ca and
Blade number 13
8.71ca) upstream of the leading edge of blade 6 (see in
Chord c = 150 mm
Fig. 1), respectively. The evolution of the inlet boundary
Camber angle 23.22°
layer provides detailed inlet flow conditions needed for
Stagger angle 42.70°
CFD simulations including LES.
Axial chord ca = 110 mm
Pitch s = 134 mm
3.1 Hot-wire anemometry
Solidity 1.12
Span h = 370 mm
The sensors were operated by a Dantec 90C10 constant
Aspect ratio 2.47
temperature anemometer unit in Dantec Streamline. Square
Optimum incidence 0.18°
wave tests were used to optimize the bandwidth of the
Design upstream flow angle 54.31°
combined sensor/anemometer circuit. In the experiment,
Incidence angle 4° the bandwidth of the hot-wire probe/anemometer system
Inlet velocity U1 ¼ 40:0 m/s (or cutoff frequency) reached about 40 kHz. The low-pass
Reynolds number Re ¼ U1 c=m ¼ 3:82  105 filter was 100 kHz. The acquisition frequency was set to
200 kHz and the number of samples was set to one million.
The hot wire was calibrated by a fourth-order polynomial
The good states of periodicity and symmetry of the to correlate the wire output voltages with the cooling
cascade were validated by the outlet total pressure losses velocities. The Bearman correction (Bearman 1971) and
measured by a five-hole pressure probe (see in Ma 2012). Cox correction (Cox 1957) were used to correct for
The inlet reference conditions were measured at the ambient temperature and wall temperature proximity
reference point (see in Fig. 1) by a thermocouple type K effects, respectively. The active length l and the diameter
and a Pitot probe is used to normalize the experimental d of the boundary layer hot-wire probe were 0.82 mm and
data. The inlet reference conditions were always measured 4 lm, respectively. The corresponding value of l/d was
synchronously with each measurement, to reduce the larger than 200, so that conduction errors were avoided in
influence of the fluctuation in the inlet flow velocity even the experiment.
though this fluctuation was very small in this experiment. In the experiment, a lot of energy was used to improve
the accuracy of the distance from the hot-wire probe to the
endwall. The original position, i.e., the distance between
3 Inlet flow conditions the hot-wire probe and wall is zero, was sought and dem-
onstrated by the voltage change from an electric circuit.
First of all, the inlet main flow upstream of the three pas- The vibration of the hot wire in the experiment, which can
sages between the blade 5 and the blade 8 (see in Fig. 1) only be reduced and cannot be ruled out, was also con-
was measured by a five-hole pressure probe. The unifor- sidered concerning the distance. First of all, the original
mity of this inlet flow is more than 99.5 %. And then the position was sought without flow. And then the original

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position was sought with flow. The difference between
these two original positions in the traverse system was
considered as the swinging distance of the hot wire. As a
result, the swinging of the probe was \0.1 mm and not
significant.
The relative uncertainty in the mean velocity and
streamwise Reynolds normal stresses are \2 and 4 %,
respectively.
3.2 Mean velocity
Figure 2a shows the mean velocity profiles. The thick-
nesses of boundary layer, d, increases from 25.0 to
30.0 mm. Based on these mean velocity profiles, the dis-
placement thickness d*, the momentum thickness h, and the
energy thickness d3 are obtained and listed in Table 2. The
corresponding two shape factors H are equal to 1.32, the
typical value of fully developed turbulent boundary layers.
The Reynolds number based on the inlet velocity and the
momentum thickness, Reh, increases from 5,554 to 7,163.
The mean velocity profile in inner variables is shown in
Fig. 2b, in which u? = U/us and z? = zus/m. The friction
velocity us is determined from a least-square fit to the law
of the wall (here van Driest formula was used) between
z? = 10–50. At the nearest measurement point to the wall
where z = 0.11 mm, z? is approximately 8, thus this point
is in the buffer layer.
3.3 Streamwise Reynolds normal stresses
The relative streamwise Reynolds normal stresses, i.e.,
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
u0þ ¼ u02 =us , are shown in Fig. 3a. In this figure at each
measurement station, a peak exists very close to the wall
where z? = 15. The value of this peak is about 2.7. In the
streamwise direction, u0þ increases slightly.
The absolute streamwise Reynolds normal stresses, i.e.,
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
0þ
u0 ¼ u02 =us0 , are shown in Fig. 3b, in which z? 0 = zus 0/m.
The friction velocity us 0 is the value at the first measure-
ment station. With the development in the streamwise
direction, u0þ 0 decreases slightly in the inner part and
increases in the outer part.
These developments are consistent with those in a tur-
bulent boundary layer with zero pressure gradient, which
have been discussed in detail by Ma et al. (2013). But it
needs to be noted that the increase of u0þ and decrease of
u0þ
0 in the inner part are not obvious if taking into account
of the uncertainties in these two parameters.
3.4 Spectrum
At each measurement point, the frequency spectrum was
obtained directly carrying out the fast Fourier transform
(FFT) from the unsteady velocity measured by hot-wire
anemometry. Figure 4a shows a typical spectrum at the

(a) 1.1 (b) 30 Station 1

1
Station 2
0.9 25

0.8
20
0.7
U/U∞

0.6
u+

15
0.5
Van Driest profile
0.4 10
0.3 Visc. Buffer Log.

0.2 5
Station 1
0.1
Station 2 0
0 100 101 102 103 104
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 +
z
z/h

Fig. 2 Mean velocity profiles, a in outer coordinates, b in inner coordinates

Table 2 Parameters of inlet boundary layers measured by hot-wire anemometry

No. d (mm) d* (mm) h (mm) d3 (mm) H = d*/h us (m/s) Reh = Ueh/m

Station 1 25.0 2.9 2.2 3.9 1.32 1.48 5,554

Station 2 30.0 3.7 2.8 5.0 1.32 1.45 7,163

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Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546 Page 5 of 17

(a) 3 (b) 3

2.5 2.5

2 2

+
u’+
+ +

u’0
1.5 z =15 1.5 z =15

1 1

0.5 0.5
Station 1 Station 1
Station 2 Station 2
0 0
100 101 102 103 104 100 101 102 103 104
+ +
z z0

Fig. 3 Inlet streamwise Reynolds normal stress. a Relative development, b absolute development

Fig. 4 Spectrum of inlet (a) 10

1
(b) 10
1
streamwise velocity at the point
where z = 0.25 mm and 100 100
z? = 16.0 at the station 2. f-1 K-1
a Frequency spectrum, b spatial 10
-1
10
-1
spectrum, green and blue lines -5/3 -5/3

E11(K) (m3/s2)
show the experimental spectra -2 f -2 K
10 10
E(f) (m2/s)

from Metzger et al. (2001)

10-3 10-3

10-4 10-4

10-5 10-5
+
Reθ=7163, z =16.0
-6 -6 +
10 10 Reθ=2000, z =20.6
Reθ≈5×106, z+=16.9
-7 -7
10 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
f (Hz) K (1/m)

point where z = 0.25 mm and z? = 16.0. The maximum
frequency is 100 kHz, because the sampling rate was
200 kHz in the experiment. Usually, energy contained at
frequencies above the maximum frequency will be aliased
into the range investigated, causing the estimated spectrum
to flatten out as it approaches the maximum frequency
selected. In Fig. 4a, only very little energy is present above
the maximum frequency and the effect of aliasing can thus
be ignored completely below 50 kHz.
Figure 4b shows the spatial spectrum at the same point
transformed from the frequency spectrum according to the
Taylor hypothesis (e.g., the turbulent structures transfer by
the mean flow):
U
E11 ðKÞ ¼  Eðf Þ
2p
where the wave number K ¼ 2p=U  f and U is the mean
velocity at the measurement point. This figure also
shows other two experimental near-wall turbulence
spectra from Metzger et al. (2001). One is at z? = 20.6
with low Reynolds number of 2,000. The other one is at
z? = 16.9 with very high Reynolds number of 5 9 106.
These three spectra are similar, and the difference can be
interpreted as the influence of Reynolds number.
Therefore, the experimental results providing the inlet
conditions are reliable.
4 Mean static pressure on the blade surface
and the endwall
The mean static pressure on the blade surface and the
endwall was measured by pressure taps. Forty pressure
ð1Þ taps are positioned on the blade 6. Twenty-five taps are
located on its suction side, while the other fifteen are
located on its pressure side. The pressure taps on the
blade are made by 1.6-mm-diameter alloy steel tubing
embedded into the blade surface, with a port of 0.8 mm

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Z
Z
X Mid-span Y
Cp Mid-span Cp
0.6 0.6
Y
0.5 0.5 X
0.4 0.4 PS
0.3 TE 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 SS 0.1 TE
0 0
-0.1 -0.1
-0.2 -0.2
LE
-0.3 -0.3
-0.4 -0.4
-0.5 -0.5
-0.6 -0.6

LE

Endwall
Endwall

Fig. 5 Mean static pressure on the blade surface and the endwall. Markers indicate the measurement positions

opening to the flow. The length of this equipped blade is

0.5 Fx
1.58 times the span of the other blades. In addition, the Fy
section with the pressure taps can be moved from the
endwall to mid-span in the spanwise direction, because 0.4
of a slot in each endwall through which the profile can
slide. The leakage is prevented by O-rings around the
0.3
profile. Therefore, the mean static pressure on the blade
z/h
surface can be measured at any section in the spanwise
direction from the endwall to the mid-span. Thirty-five 0.2
pressure taps on the endwall (see Fig. 1) are made by
4.0-mm-diameter alloy steel tubing embedded into the
0.1
endwall surface, with a port of 0.8 mm opening to the
flow. The markers in Fig. 5 indicate the measurement
positions both on the blade and the endwall. The 0
uncertainties of the mean static pressure on the blade 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
surface and the endwall are \3 %. Pressure force
The experimental mean static pressure on the blade
Fig. 6 Mean pressure forces on the blade
surface and the endwall are shown in Fig. 5, in which the
static pressure coefficient is defined as
ps  ps1
Cp ¼ ð2Þ where n stands for the normal vector of the blade surface,
pt1  ps1
i and j for the unit vectors in x- and y-direction,
where pt1 ; ps1 are the reference inlet mean total and static respectively.
pressures, respectively; ps is the mean static pressure at the
measurement point. The oblique angle of the contours on
the pressure side and the suction side are caused by the 5 Outlet flow
blockage of the 3D corner separation. This blockage can
also induce the decrease in the mean pressure forces on the The outlet flow was measured by a five-hole pressure probe
blade surface as shown in Fig. 6, in which the two at three outlet sections (see in Fig. 1), which are located at
components of pressure forces in x and y directions are 40.0, 70.0, and 100.0 mm (i.e., 0.363ca, 0.635ca, and
expressed as 0.907ca) downstream of the trailing edge. In the post-
I treatment, corrections according to the total pressure gra-
1
Fx ðzÞ ¼ Cp n  idl ð3Þ dients were used. The uncertainty in the total pressure
ca
I losses is 3 %.
1 The velocity vectors are shown in Fig. 7, colored by the
Fy ðzÞ ¼ Cp n  jdl ð4Þ
ca total pressure loss coefficient

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Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546 Page 7 of 17

Z
consistent with that of small velocities. This is because
Mid-span the static pressure remains nearly constant; the losses
obviously induce a deficit of the total pressure and as a
Y consequence a velocity deficit. From the closest mea-
X
surement section to the furthest from the trailing edge,
ω
the extents of loss regions (where x [ 0.05) increase;
0.6
in contrast, the extents of the high loss regions (where
0.55 x [ 0.60) decrease. This obviously illustrates the
0.5 mixing process. A zone with high energy (small losses,
0.45
0.4
x \ 0.05) exists at each outlet section and is labelled
0.35 ‘‘zone A’’ in Fig. 8, which shows x at the second
0.3 outlet section. This zone is between the wake and the
Trailing edge

0.25
0.2
corner stall and it moves away from the endwall, when
0.15 going from the first measurement section to the third.
0.1 At the same time, its extent increases. This phenom-
0.05
enon is due the development of the flow in the middle
of the passage that has high momentum. The main
flow is displaced upwards due to the blockage of
corner stall and batters the edge of the zone with high
losses.
Figure 8 also shows the secondary flow vector, which
is defined as the 3D velocity vector projected on the
plane perpendicular to the corresponding mid-span flow
direction. In our experiment, the measurement sections
Endwall are in the y-z plan. The secondary flow vector Vs is
defined as
Fig. 7 Total pressure loss coefficient distributions at three outlet
sections Vs ¼ V  ðVÞmidspan ð6Þ

where (V)mid-span is the mean velocity vector at mid-span

corresponding to the measurement point, i.e., they have the
SS PS ω same y-coordinate. The most obvious phenomenon is that
the directions of the secondary vectors inside and outside
150 0.6
the corner stall are reversed.
0.55
0.5 Figure 9 shows two parameters, in order to quantify the
0.45 total pressure losses. The first one is the pitchwise mass-
0.4
z(mm)

100
0.35
averaged total pressure loss coefficient x*. The second one
0.3 is the mass-averaged total pressure loss coefficient x0 .
zoneA

0.25 They are defined as

0.2
50 0.15 Rs
0.1  xðy; zÞUx ðy; zÞdy
0.05
x ðzÞ ¼ 0 R s ð7Þ
0 Ux ðy; zÞdy
R s R h=2
0 0 xðy; zÞUx ðy; zÞdydz
x ¼ 0 R0 s R h=2 ð8Þ
150 200 250 300 350 0 0 Ux ðy; zÞdydz
y(mm)
where Ux is the mean axial velocity. The trends of x* at
Fig. 8 Secondary vector in the y-z plane. Pink dashed lines indicate these three outlet sections are similar. At each outlet sec-
the directions of the secondary flow tion, x* generally increases when the distance to the end-
wall decreases, because the corner separation induces
pt1  pt
x¼ ð5Þ additional losses in the corner region. For x0 , it increases
pt1  ps1
obviously from the first outlet section to the third. This
where pt is the total pressure at the measurement means that there are additional losses in the process of
points. The positions of large total pressure losses are development.

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Page 8 of 17 Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546

(a) 0.5 section 1 (b) 0.13

section 2
section 3
0.4

0.12

0.3
z/h

ω’
0.2
0.11

0.1

0 0.1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1 2 3
ω* NO. of section

Fig. 9 a Pitchwise mass-averaged total pressure loss coefficient x*, b mass-averaged total pressure loss coefficient x0 at outlet sections. Lines
for visual aid only

6 Velocity field in the passage

The velocity field in the passage was measured by two-

component LDA.

6.1 Two-component LDA

The equipment used included Spectra-Physics Stabilite

2017 Laser beam, Dantec FiberFlow 60 9 41 transmitter,
Dantec FiberFlow 60 9 24 manipulator, Dantec FiberFlow
60 9 61 2D probe, and Dantec BAS-F80 signal processor.
The commercial Dantec Dynamics BSA Flow Software for
LDA version 4.11.00 was used for acquisition and post-
processing. The commercial Dantec Dynamics seeding
generators (model: 10D15-60) were used. The measure-
ment volume created with the optical head of the LDA has
longitudinal and transversal characteristic sizes of 0.90 and
0.07 mm, respectively. The mean size of the seeding par-
ticles was about 1 lm. Bragg shifting was employed, so Fig. 10 Velocity components
the flow direction can be distinguished by the LDA system.
The LDA measurement stations are normal to the suc- where s is the length of arc from the leading edge to the
tion side, as shown in Fig. 10. In the experiment, the two measurement location, L is the length of arc of the blade
components in the axial and pitchwise directions, ux and uy, suction side.
were measured synchronously. Then, the measured veloc- In the process of LDA measurements, the required
ity u was decomposed into the velocity components in the measurement stations were added gradually, in order to
normal direction un and in the tangential direction us. In determine the separation point in the spanwise cross-sec-
order to show the actually travelled distance of the fluid tion. All the LDA measurement stations are shown in
along the suction side, a normalized parameter is used to Fig. 11, in which the squares indicate their starting points
indicate the positions of measurement stations, defined as on the suction side.
In the region far away from the wall, the average sam-
s ¼ s=L ð9Þ pling rate was approximately 10 kHz and the sampling

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Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546
Fig. 11 LDA measurement stations. Squares, the starting points of
the measurement stations. Red dashed line connects the line of
separation points on the suction side
number was more than 5 9 105. In the boundary layer of
the endwall and the blade suction side, the data acquisition
frequency decreased dramatically. In order to minimize the
statistical uncertainty due to sampling number, the acqui-
sition time was extended to 2 min. However, the sampling
number was still very small, about 2 9 104.
The uncertainties in the quantities inside of the boundary
layer are obviously larger than those outside of the
boundary layer, as listed in Table 3.
6.2 Mean velocity field
6.2.1 At mid-span
The mean velocity field at mid-span where z = 185.00 mm
is shown in Fig. 12. The flow generally decelerates along
the suction side. At the last measurement station, the mean
flow is still attached.
Figure 13a shows the backflow coefficient (i.e., the
portion of the acquired velocity data per measurement
point that includes negative velocities) of the streamwise
velocity, g, at the last measurement station s* = 0.99. The
backflow coefficient g increases when the measurement
point approaches to the suction side and reaches its maxi-
mum value of 0.055 at the point nearest to the suction side
Table 3 Uncertainties in quantities measured by LDA
Us (%) Un (%)
Outside of the boundary layer 1.2 1.8
Inside of the boundary layer 3.0 3.8
Page 9 of 17
where n = 0.15 mm. It means that 5.5 % of the instanta-
neous velocities are negative. This negative part is clearly
seen in the probability density function (PDF) of velocity at
this point shown in Fig. 13b. According to the separation
process of turbulent boundary layers proposed by Simpson
et al. (1981), this turbulent boundary layer at mid-span is
still in the state of incipient detachment and far from the
state of separation.
6.2.2 In corner
The mean velocity field in the corner in five spanwise
cross-sections is shown in Fig. 12.
In the spanwise cross-section nearest to the endwall
where z = 5.00 mm, significant backflow exists in the
vicinity of the suction side. A large vortex exists in the
streamlines. Its core is indicated by a yellow point. The
separation region is shown more clearly by the contour of
the backflow coefficient g of us. The isoline g = 0.5 and the
interface of separated flow and non-separated flow nearly
coincide. The separation point is fixed by the intersection of
the isoline g = 0.5 and the suction side, as shown by a red
point. It is located at just downstream of s* = 0.35. Even
though this separation point is defined according to 2D
separation criterion (i.e., the separation point is located at
the point where qUs/qn = 0), it can represent approxi-
mately the mean separation position in this cross-section.
Another obvious phenomenon is that the separation region
has a step change between s* = 0.50-0.60.
In the spanwise cross-sections where z = 20.00, 40.00,
and 60.00 mm, the extent of the separation region
decreases when the distance to the endwall increases. The
step change of separation region found in the cross-section
where z = 5.00 mm disappears.
In the spanwise cross-section where z = 70.00 mm, the
mean flow does not separate even at the last measurement
station. Therefore, the mean separation edge in the span-
wise direction is located between z = 60.00 and z = 70.00
mm.
The mean separation line on the suction side, i.e., the
interface of separated flow and non-separated flow on the
suction side, is approximately fixed according to the
positions of the separation points and the mean separation
edge in the spanwise direction, as the red dashed line in
Fig. 11 shows. From this line, the extent of the separation
region is large relative to the size of the blade.
u0s u0s (%) u0n u0n (%) u0s u0n (%)
2.0 4.0 5.0
5.0 6.5 7.5
123
Page 10 of 17 Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546

Fig. 12 Flow field in spanwise

cross-sections measured by
LDA. Gray lines, streamlines.
Red points, separation points.
Yellow points, vortex cores.
Pink points, bimodal points

Fig. 13 a Backflow coefficients (a) (b)

of us at s* = 0.99 at mid-span.
b PDF of us at the point nearest
the wall where s* = 0.99 and
n = 0.15 mm at mid-span

In order to present more clearly the structure of the
corner separation, especially the positions of the vortex
cores, the mean velocity field in the corner region in these
five spanwise cross-sections is also shown in Fig. 14. The
connection of the vortex cores looks like a vortex ring. This
topology of the corner separation is very similar to that
proposed by Schulz et al. (1990a).
6.3 Bimodal histograms
6.3.1 Illustration of bimodal histograms and their
decompositions
Because two velocity components ux and uy were mea-
sured synchronously in the experiment, the histograms of

123
Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546 Page 11 of 17

Fig. 14 Flow field in the

corner. Gray lines, streamlines.
Red points, separation points.
Yellow points, vortex cores.
Pink points, points with bimodal
histograms

(ux, uy) were obtained directly. Figure 15 shows the Pðus Þ ¼ G1 ðus ; a1 ; Us1 ; r2us 1 Þ þ G2 ðus ; a2 ; Us2 ; r2us2 Þ ð10aÞ
PDFs of (ux, uy) at 5 measurement points at the mea-
surement station where s* = 0.41 and z = 5.00 mm. This where
measurement station (see in Fig. 12) is located near the " #
endwall and just downstream of the mean separation a1 ðus  Us1 Þ2
G1 ðus ; a1 ; Us1 ; r2us1 Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi exp 
point in its spanwise cross-section. The main feature 2p  rus 1 2r2us 1
characterizing these PDFs is the presence of one or two ð10bÞ
peaks, depending on the locations of the measurement " #
points. Only one peak exists near the endwall as the a2 ðus  Us2 Þ2
G2 ðus ; a2 ; Us2 ; r2us2 Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi exp 
measurement point where n = 2.00 mm. Getting further 2p  rus 2 2r2us 2
from the wall, a second peak appears and becomes more
ð10cÞ
and more important compared with the first peak, as the
measurement points where n = 5.50, 6.50, and with the requirements
10.00 mm. At last, only the second peak exists at the 8
measurement point where n = 20.00 mm. >
> a1 ; Us1 ; rus1 ; a2 ; Us2 ; rus 2 2 R;
>
>
Figure 15 shows also the corresponding PDFs of four < 0\a1 ; a2 \1:0;
a1 þ a2 ¼ 1:0; ð10dÞ
velocity components, which are simpler that 2D PDFs. >
>
> usmin \Us1 \Us2 \usmax ;
>
When two peaks appear in the 2D PDFs, two peaks also :
rus 1 ; rus 2 [ 0:
appear in the PDFs of ux, uy, and us, but not in those of un.
A familiar histogram of velocity usually has a bell- where usmin and usmax are the minimum and maximum
shaped curve and is close to the normal distribution. A values of us, respectively. The parameter a1 is the proba-
bimodal histogram often reflects that two different uni- bility of the first Gaussian distribution. Us1 and Us2 are the
modal processes are ‘‘mixed’’ in the velocity. In order to mean velocities of the first and second Gaussian distribu-
analyze this, a better solution is to decompose the bimodal tion, respectively. After the convergence of the fitting
histogram into two Gaussian distributions. Taking us as an process, the correlation coefficients for the sum of two
example, Gaussian distributions of the original histograms are above

123
Page 12 of 17 Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546

(a) n= 2.00 mm (b) n= 5.50 mm (c) n= 6.50 mm (d) n=10.00 mm (e) n=20.00 mm
35 12 9 12 12
30 10 8 10 10
35 25 12 9 7 12 12
8 8 6 8 8
30 20 10 6 5 10 6 10 6
15 7 4
25
PDF

PDF

PDF

PDF

PDF
10 8 4 6 3 8 4 8 4
20 2 5 2 2 2
5 6 1 6 6
15 0 0 4 0 0 0
10 4 3 4 4
2
5 0.8 2 0.8 0.8 2 0.8 2 0.8
1
0 0.4 0 0.4 0 0.4 0 0.4 0 0.4
-0.4
0 0 uy/U∞ -0.4
0 0 uy/U∞ -0.4
0 0 uy/U∞ -0.4
0 0 uy/U∞ -0.4
0 0 uy/U∞
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
ux/U∞ 0.8 -0.4 ux/U∞ 0.8 -0.4 ux/U∞ 0.8 -0.4 ux/U∞ 0.8 -0.4 ux/U∞ 0.8 -0.4

PDF PDF PDF PDF PDF

1 35 1 12 1 9 1 12 1 12
8
0.8 30 0.8 10 0.8 0.8 10 0.8 10
7
0.6 25 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
8 6 8 8
uy/U∞

uy/U∞

uy/U∞

uy/U∞

uy/U∞
0.4 20 0.4 0.4 5 0.4 0.4
6 6 6
0.2 15 0.2 0.2 4 0.2 0.2
4 3 4 4
0 10 0 0 0 0
2
-0.2 5 -0.2 2 -0.2 -0.2 2 -0.2 2
1
-0.4 0 -0.4 0 -0.4 0 -0.4 0 -0.4 0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ux/U∞ ux/U∞ ux/U∞ ux/U∞ ux/U∞
5 3 3 4 4
exp
G1
4 G2 3 3
G1+G2
2 2
3
PDF

PDF

PDF

PDF

PDF
2 2
2
1 1
1 1
1

0 0 0 0 0
-0.4 0 0.4 0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8
ux/U∞ ux/U∞ ux/U∞ ux/U∞ ux/U∞
6 3 3 3 4

5
3
4 2 2 2
PDF

PDF

PDF

PDF

PDF
3 2

2 1 1 1
1
1

0 0 0 0 0
-0.4 0 0.4 0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8
uy/U∞ uy/U∞ uy/U∞ uy/U∞ uy/U∞
4 3 3 3 3

3
2 2 2 2
PDF

PDF

PDF

PDF

PDF
2

1 1 1 1
1

0 0 0 0 0
-0.4 0 0.4 0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8 0 0.4 0.8
us/U∞ us/U∞ us/U∞ us/U∞ us/U∞
8 5 5 5 5
7
4 4 4 4
6
5 3 3 3 3
PDF

PDF

PDF

PDF

PDF

4
3 2 2 2 2

2
1 1 1 1
1
0 0 0 0 0
-0.4 0 0.4 0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8 0 0.4 0.8 0 0.4 0.8 0 0.4 0.8
un/U∞ un/U∞ un/U∞ un/U∞ un/U∞

Fig. 15 Development of the PDFs of velocity at the measurement station where z = 5.00 mm and s* = 0.41

0.995. Because the fitting depends on the assumption that confirmed by the decreases of a1 with n, as shown in
the bimodal histograms in the experiment are caused by the Fig. 16. Figure 16 also summarizes the decomposition
two modes in the flow field, the success of the fitting means parameters of velocity at this measurement station. At a
that this assumption is reasonable. measurement point, the obvious relationhips between
Figure 15 shows also the decomposition results at the velocities are Us1 \ Us \ Us2 and Un1 \ Un \ Un2, where
five measurement points at the measurement station where Us and Un are mean velocities of us and un, respectively.
z = 5.00 mm and s* = 0.41. The evolution of peaks at this This is reasonable according to the decomposition equa-
measurement station described above can also be tions (i.e., Eq. 10). When n increases, Us decreases from

123
Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546 Page 13 of 17

Fig. 16 Bimodal parameters at 20

the measurement station where Us1 Un1
18
z = 5.00 mm and s* = 0.41 Us2 Un2
16 Us Un

14
12

n (mm)
10

bimodal
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.5 1 1.5 2
a1 Us/U∞ Un/U∞ α

Fig. 17 u0s u0s in the spanwise

cross-sections. Pink points,
bimodal points

0 .9
0 .9

0 .9
0 .9

9
9

0 .8

0
0 .8

u’su’s/U ∞
2

0
0 .7
0 .7

0.

0
0
0.

60
60

0.
z=185.00 mm
0.

50
50

0.
z=40.00 mm 0.09

41
0.
31
0.08 0.
21
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0 .9

0 .9
0.01

0 .9
0 .9

9
0 .8

0
0
0
0 .7
0.

0
60

z=70.00 mm
0.
50

z=20.00 mm

0 .9
0 .9

0 .9
0 .9

9
9

0 .8
0 .8

0
0

0 .7

0
0 .7

0
0
0.
60
0.
50
0.

0 .3 z=60.00 mm
41

0. 5 z=5.00 mm
0 .2 3 0
0 .2 5
1
Trips

zero on the suction side until reaches its minimum value Us2 are similar to that of Us, except that Us1 stays nearly
near n = 1.50 mm and then increases gradually. It is equal constant between 1:50 mm 6 n 6 5:00 mm. When n
to zero around n = 4.50 mm. The evolutions of Us1 and increases, Un nearly stays zero from the endwall to

123
Page 14 of 17 Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546

Fig. 18 u0n u0n in the spanwise

cross-sections. Pink points,
bimodal points

0 .9
0 .9

0 .9
0 .9

9
9

0 .8

0
0 .8

0
u’nu’n/U ∞
2

0
0 .7
0 .7

0.

0
0
0.

60
60

0.
z=185.00 mm

0.

50
50

0.
z=40.00 mm

41
0.024 0.
31
0.022 0.
21
0.02
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.01

0 .9

0 .9
0.008

0 .9
0 .9

9
0 .8
0.006

0
0
0
0 .7
0.004
0.

0
60 0.002 z=70.00 mm
0.
50

z=20.00 mm

0 .9
0 .9

0 .9
0 .9

9
9

0 .8
0 .8

0
0

0 .7

0
0 .7

0
0
0.
60
0.
50
0.

0 .3 z=60.00 mm
41

0. 5 z=5.00 mm
0 .2 3 0
0 .2 5
1
Trips

n = 4.50 mm and then increases gradually. The differences
between Un1 and Un2 are always very small. As a result, the
relative positions of the two Gaussian distributions in the
PDFs of un are very close, and thus the PDFs of un are not
bimodal. In this measurement station, bimodal points are
mainly located at 4:50 mm 6 n 6 10:00 mm according to
the definition of bimodal points which will be introduced
below.
In order to indicate the relative position of the two
Gaussian distributions, we define a parameter
Us2  Us1
a¼
rus 1 þ rus 2
This parameter at the measurement station where z = 5.00
mm and s* = 0.41 is shown in Fig. 16. At bimodal points,
the values of a are larger than 1.0. The origin objective of
the definition of a is to find a parameter to indicate whether
a histogram is bimodal or not (e.g., when a is larger than a
critical value, the histogram is bimodal). However, the
critical value of a is very difficult to fix, because the
parameter may be also very large at some non-bimodal
points, for example a = 1.24 (a very large value) at the
point where n = 20.00 mm, an obviously non-bimodal
point.
6.3.2 Positions of bimodal points
Before presenting the positions of the points with bimodal
histograms, a criterion for bimodal histogram is needed. In
the literature, the description of bimodal histograms refers to
ð11Þ histograms with two peaks. This description is qualitative
and very empirical. In order to minimize the subjective
effects in determining the positions of the bimodal points, a
new criterion is used here. For a histogram of velocity
component, if its fitting line (i.e., the sum of the two
Gaussian distributions, introduced in Sect. 6.3.1) has a local
minimum value, this histogram is bimodal. A point is
denoted as bimodal if the histogram of any velocity

123
Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546 Page 15 of 17

Fig. 19 u0s u0n in the spanwise

cross-sections. Pink points,
bimodal points

0 .9
0 .9

0 .9
0 .9

9
9

0 .8

0
0 .8

0
u’su’n/U 2∞

0
0 .7
0 .7

0.

0
0
0.

60
60

0.
z=185.00 mm

0.

50
50

0.
z=40.00 mm

41
0.006 0.
31
0.005 0.
21
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
-0.001

0 .9

0 .9
-0.002

0 .9
0 .9

9
0 .8
-0.003

0
0
0
0 .7
-0.004

0.

0
60
0.
50
-0.005 z=70.00 mm
z=20.00 mm -0.006
-0.007
-0.008
-0.009

0 .9
0 .9

0 .9
0 .9

9
9

0 .8
0 .8

0
0

0 .7

0
0 .7

0
0
0.
60
0.
50
0.

0 .3 z=60.00 mm
41

0. 5 z=5.00 mm
0 .2 3 0
0 .2 5
1
Trips

Us/U∞ 1
0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0.5 10
60

50
10
0
f-5/3
n (mm)

40
Us
E(f) (m /s)

30 Us1 -1
10
2

20 Us2

10 10
-2
ux
0 uy
s*=0.35 s*=0.41 s*=0.50 s*=0.60 us
-3 un
10
Fig. 20 Distributions of US, Us1, and Us2 at four measurement
stations s* = 0.35, 0.40, 0.50, and 0.60 in the plane z = 5.00 mm.
-4
Pink points, bimodal points 10
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103

component at this point is bimodal. Taking the five mea- f (Hz)

surement points in Fig. 15 as examples, measurement points
Fig. 21 Frequency spectra of velocity components measured by LDA
where n = 5.50, 6.50, and 10.00 mm are bimodal, because at the bimodal point where z = 5.00 mm, s* = 0.41 and n = 6.50
the PDFs of ux at these measurement points are bimodal. mm

123
Page 16 of 17
The positions of the bimodal points are shown with the
mean velocity flow field in Figs. 12 and 14. These bimodal
points mainly appear around the mean interface of sepa-
rated flow and non-separated flow. This phenomenon
mainly reflects that the intermittence of the interface of the
3D corner separation.
The positions of the bimodal points are also shown for
the Reynolds stresses in Figs. 17, 18, and 19. In these
figures, the contour lines in the spanwise cross-section
nearest to the endwall where z = 5.00 mm are less smooth
than those in other spanwise cross-sections. This is because
the flow field in this spanwise cross-section is in the
boundary layer of the endwall, and thus, the uncertainties
in the Reynolds stresses are larger relatively. Bimodal
points are mainly located in the region with high u0s u0s rather
than with u0n u0n and u0s u0n . This is because at bimodal points,
the PDFs of us are bimodal but not those of un.
6.3.3 Physics of bimodal histograms
The histogram decomposition shows that there are two
modes in the corner region, which correspond to two
Gaussian distributions in the velocity histograms. From the
positions of the bimodal points, the bimodal phenomenon
mainly reflects the intermittence of the 3D corner
separation.
To show the mean topologies of the two modes in the
flow field, Fig. 20 shows the distributions of Us, Us1, and
Us2 in the spanwise plane z = 5.00 mm. Figure 20 shows
four measurement stations s* = 0.35, 0.40, 0.50, and 0.60,
where the bimodal points mainly appear in this spanwise
plane. The distributions of Us, Us1, and Us2 at s* = 0.35,
0.50, and 0.60 are similar to those at s* = 0.41, which have
been discussed in Sect. 6.3.1. With the flow development in
the streamwise direction, the extent where Us1 stays nearly
constant increases. At the same time, the development of
Us2 is similar to the velocity development in a typical
turbulent boundary layer. We thus infer that the first mode
corresponds to a reverse jet and the second mode corre-
sponds to a typical turbulent boundary layer.
To investigate the periodical properties of the two
modes, the spectra of the velocity components at mea-
surement points are used. Examples at a bimodal point are
shown in Fig. 21. In this figure, the maximum frequency is
2 kHz, because the sampling frequency at this measure-
ment point is only 4 kHz. In this figure, the effect of ali-
asing can be seen clearly above 1 kHz. However, this
spectrum below 1 kHz could be used confidently. An
obvious peak does not exist below 1 kHz. Therefore, the
authors infer that the two modes are aperiodic. Please note
that these aperiodic properties of the two modes are
123
Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546
consistent with that in the junction flow firstly investigated
by Devenport and Simpson (1990).
In the junction flow, the physics of bimodal phenome-
non is associated with the horseshoe vortex. In this
experiment, the horseshoe vortex is very small due to the
low thickness of the blade leading edge. Additionally, the
bimodal points also exist in the vicinity of the suction side
near the outlet. Therefore, the authors consider that the
physical mechanism of bimodal phenomenon in this
experiment is not associated with the horseshoe vortex.
Because the velocity field was measured by LDA point
by point in our experiment, we cannot obtain an instant
velocity field of the whole field from the LDA results. For
interpreting more accurately the physics of bimodal
behavior in this experiment, extensive instantaneous results
are needed. The authors are currently working on the
numerical results of LES that could be used to investigate
further this physics.
7 Conclusions
A linear compressor cascade experiment dedicated to the
studies of the corner separation has been carried out. High
attention has been taken to ensure a very good state of the
periodicity and symmetry of the cascade. An original and
accurate database has been acquired including detailed
measurements of the inlet flow boundary layers, the surface
static pressure on the blade and the endwall, the flow field
at outlet sections, and the velocity field in the passage.
According to the mean velocity, a large corner separa-
tion appears in the experiment, and a spanwise vortex is
present in the topology of the mean flow. From the
unsteady velocity, bimodal histograms of velocity mainly
appear in the region around the mean interface of separated
flow and non-separated flow, due to the aperiodic interplay
of two basic modes in the flow field. The authors consider
that the physical mechanism of this bimodal phenomenon
is not associated with the horseshoe vortex. To the
knowledge of the authors, it is the first time that bimodal
histograms of velocity are measured and presented in a
paper dealing with the corner separation with no leakage.
This open access database will be used to calibrate CFD
tools such as LES. On the other hand, the calibrated LES
results could be used to investigate further the physics of
two modes in the corner separation.
Acknowledgments Part of this work was performed under the
AXIOOM project, funded by the French National Research Agency
(ANR) and the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). The
authors also wish to express the sincere gratitude to the support from
the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2012CB720205)
and the NSFC (No. 50976010 and 51136003).
Exp Fluids (2013) 54:1546
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