Proceeding of ICRACEM 2020

1st Online International Conference on Recent Advances in Computational and Experimental Mechanics
September 4-6, 2020, IIT Kharagpur, Paper ID: AM-20-037

Buckling Analysis of Laminated Composite Rectangular

Cavity with Cutout
Subhankar Pramanika, Sreyashi Dasb, and Arup Guha Niyogic
a
Research Scholar, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, India
b
Assistant Professor, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, India
c
Professor, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, India

ABSTRACT

In this present study, buckling characteristics of a laminated composite rectangular plate cavity with
and without cutout have been studied. The finite element method using first-order shear deformation
theory including rotary inertia has been taken so that a moderately thick plate can be used in the cavity.
This rectangular cavity has been analyzed by folded plate formulation by transforming a simple plate
made with laminated composite. In this investigation buckling load has been calculated with and
without cut out at different position on a rectangular cavity wall for uniaxial and biaxial loading and it
is found that position of cut out on the wall considerably affect the buckling load.

Keywords: Buckling, Laminated Composite, Finite Element Method, Cutout

1. INTRODUCTION
These days, laminated structures are very useful constructional materials in different fields of
engineering application. Many researchers have investigated different properties like dynamic
behavior, bending and buckling of laminated composite plate and shell elements. But few
numbers of literature have been found for the analysis of folded plate for buckling and very rare
literature about buckling of the whole cavity made with complex material like laminated
composite. So, in this literature, a cavity with a laminated composite model has been analyzed.
To make the model more realistic cut-outs have been provided in structural components. Cut-
outs in structures are sometimes very essential for the provision of window, wing, spar, fuselage,
ribs, etc. for accessing and inspection of electric, hydraulic and fuel lines. It reduces the overall
weight as well. Hence the buckling characteristics of the cavity structures in the presence of
cutouts have been taken in this study.

The classical plate theory (CPT) [1] and first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) [2] are
commonly used theories for the analysis of laminated composite plates. Several review articles
on laminated composite plates have been reported in the literature by various researchers. Sai

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 Buckling Analysis of Laminated Composite Rectangular Cavity with Cutout

Ram et al. [3] studied free vibration and buckling characteristics of the laminated composite
plate with and without cut-out. Ashwini Kumar and R.P. Shrivastava [4] developed a finite
element formulation based on the Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory to study the free
vibration response of thick square composite plates having a central cutout. Kant et al [5]
investigated free vibration of isotropic, orthotropic, and multilayer plates based on Higher-order
refined theories. Sing et al. [6] analyzed the laminated composite plate using an efficient Co FE
model. Niyogi et al. [7] carried out finite element based free vibration analysis of laminated
composite folded plate structures using first-order shear deformation theory. Pal et al. [8]
worked on free and forced vibration response of laminated composite and sandwich folded
plates with and without stiffeners using 9 noded Lagrange elements. Ovesy et al [9] studied the
buckling and free vibration analysis of a moderately thick composite plate with cutout using
finite strip and spline method modeling approaches.

In this study, buckling loads of a laminated composite rectangular plate cavity with and without
cutout have been studied using the finite element method. Eight noded isoparametric elements
using first-order shear deformation theory have been used. Folded plate transformation has been
applied to model the cavity. Parametric studies have been performed to show the effect of cut-
out, the position of cut-out and type of in-plane loading on the buckling characteristics of the
laminated composite cavity.

2. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
In the present study, first-order transverse shear deformation theory has been used that follows
the Yang-Norris-Stavsky theory [10]. The displacements of a flat Mindlin plate are fully
described by five components, 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 and 𝑦 , where displacement and rotations follow the
right-hand corkscrew rule with the 𝑧 axis directed upward from the mid-plane of the plate
element. Positive displacements 𝑢, 𝑣, and 𝑤 are directed along positive x, y and z directions,
while positive 𝑥 and 𝑦 rotations are shown in Figure 1.

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 Proceeding of ICRACEM 2020
1st Online International Conference on Recent Advances in Computational and Experimental Mechanics
September 4-6, 2020, IIT Kharagpur, Paper ID: ICRACEM/2020/AM-20-037

The displacements and rotations at various points within the plate element are given by,

z
y
𝜃x

𝜃y
x

Figure 1. Positive senses of displacements

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑢0 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑧𝜃𝑦 ,

𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑣0 (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑧𝜃𝑥

𝑤 = 𝑤0

∅𝑥 = 𝜃𝑦 + 𝑤,𝑥 ,

∅𝑦 = −𝜃𝑥 + 𝑤,𝑦 (1)

Here, 𝑢0 (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑣0 (𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑤0 are corresponding midplane displacements. ∅𝑥 and ∅𝑦 are shear
strain 𝛾𝑥𝑧 and 𝛾𝑦𝑧 respectively. Generalized linear strains in terms of midplane strains are
expressed as

𝜖𝑥 = 𝑢,𝑥 = 𝑢0,𝑥 + 𝑧𝜃𝑦,𝑥 = 𝜖𝑥0 + 𝑧𝐾𝑥

𝜖𝑦 = 𝑣,𝑦 = 𝑣0,𝑦 − 𝑧𝜃𝑥,𝑦 = 𝜖𝑦0 + 𝑧𝐾𝑦

0
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝑢,𝑦 + 𝑣,𝑥 = 𝑢0,𝑦 + 𝑣0,𝑥 + 𝑧(𝜃𝑦,𝑦 − 𝜃𝑥,𝑥 ) = 𝜖𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧𝐾𝑥𝑦

∅𝑥 = 𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 𝑢0,𝑧 + 𝑤0,𝑥 (2)

∅𝑦 = 𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 𝑣0,𝑧 + 𝑤0,𝑦

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 Buckling Analysis of Laminated Composite Rectangular Cavity with Cutout

𝜀𝑧 = 0

where, 𝐾𝑥 and 𝐾𝑦 are the curvatures in x-z and y-z planes, respectively, while 𝐾𝑥𝑦 is the cross
curvature in the x-y plane.

The constitutive matrix [C] is given by

𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴16 𝐵11 𝐵12 𝐵16 0 0

𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴26 𝐵12 𝐵22 𝐵26 0 0
𝐴16 𝐴26 𝐴66 𝐵16 𝐵26 𝐵66 0 0
𝐵 𝐵12 𝐵16 𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷16 0 0
[C]= 11
𝐵12 𝐵22 𝐵26 𝐷21 𝐷22 𝐷26 0 0
𝐵16 𝐵26 𝐵66 𝐷16 𝐷26 𝐷66 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 𝐴44 𝐴45
[ 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝐴45 𝐴55 ]

Here,

𝑧 𝑘
𝐴𝑖𝑗 , 𝐵𝑖𝑗, 𝐷𝑖𝑗= ∑𝑛𝑘=1 ∫𝑧 𝑘 𝑐′ [1, 𝑧, 𝑧 2 ]𝑘 dz (i, j = 1, 2 and 6)
𝑘−1 𝑖𝑗

𝑧 𝑘
and 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = 𝛼 ∑𝑛𝑘=1 ∫𝑧 𝑘 𝑐′ dz (i, j = 4, 5) (3)
𝑘−1 𝑖𝑗

where 𝑐′𝑘𝑖𝑗 = off-axis stiffness coefficients of kth lamina [7] and 𝛼 is the shear correction factor
taken as 5/6.

Using eight noded isoparametric element, the linear stiffness matrix is given by

1 1
[Ke] = ∫–1 ∫−1[𝐵]𝑇 [𝐶][𝐵]|𝐽|dξ dη (4)

where [𝐵𝑖 ] is a linear strain-displacement matrix given by,

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𝑁𝑖,𝑥 0 0 0 0
0 𝑁𝑖,𝑦 0 0 0
𝑁𝑖,𝑦 𝑁𝑖,𝑥 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 𝑁𝑖,𝑥
[𝐵𝑖 ]= (i = 1 to 8) (5)
0 0 0 −𝑁𝑖,𝑦 0
0 0 0 −𝑁𝑖,𝑥 𝑁𝑖,𝑦
0 0 𝑁𝑖,𝑥 0 𝑁𝑖
[ 0 0 𝑁𝑖,𝑦 −𝑁𝑖 0 ]

When a folded plate is subjected to an in-plane edge load, the resultant strain and stress
distribution in the folded plate are non-uniform.

The non-linear strain components of the plate has been expressed as [11] and shown in
equation (6)

1 2 2
𝜀𝑥𝑛𝑙 = [𝑢 + 𝑣0,𝑥 + 𝑤,𝑥2 + 2𝑧(𝑢0,𝑥 𝜃𝑦,𝑥 − 𝑣0,𝑥 𝜃𝑥,𝑥 ) + 𝑧 2 (𝜃 2 𝑦,𝑥 + 𝜃 2 𝑥,𝑥 )]
2 0,𝑥

1 2 2
𝜀𝑦𝑛𝑙 = [𝑢 + 𝑣0,𝑦 + 𝑤,𝑦2 + 2𝑧(𝑢0,𝑦 𝜃𝑦,𝑦 − 𝑣0,𝑦 𝜃𝑥,𝑦 ) + 𝑧 2 (𝜃 2 𝑥,𝑦 + 𝜃 2 𝑦,𝑦 )]
2 0,𝑦

𝜀𝑥𝑦𝑛𝑙 = [𝑢0,𝑥 𝑢0,𝑦 + 𝑣0,𝑥 𝑣0,𝑦 + 𝑤,𝑥 𝑤,𝑦 + 𝑧(𝑢0,𝑦 𝜃𝑦,𝑥 + 𝑢0,𝑥 𝜃𝑦,𝑦 ) − 𝑧(𝑣0,𝑦 𝜃𝑥,𝑥 + 𝑣0,𝑥 𝜃𝑥,𝑦 ) +
𝑧 2 (𝜃𝑦,𝑥 𝜃𝑦,𝑦 + 𝜃𝑥,𝑥 𝜃𝑥,𝑦 )] (6)

Here transverse deflection, w does not vary along with the depth.

The potential energy of in-plane stress, produced by applied in- planeload, for the element can
be expressed as [3,12]

1 𝑎
𝑈𝑎𝑒 = 2 ∭𝑣𝑒 {𝛿𝑒 }𝑇 [𝐾𝐺𝐸 ]{𝛿𝑒 }𝑑𝑣

wherein

𝑎 1 1
[𝐾𝐺𝑒 ]=∫−1 ∫−1[𝐻]T[𝑆 𝑎 ] [𝐻]|𝐽|dξ dη (7)

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 Buckling Analysis of Laminated Composite Rectangular Cavity with Cutout

is the element geometric stiffness matrix due to in-plane stresses produced by applied in-plane
load. For eight noded isoparametric element [𝐻] and [𝑆 𝑎 ] have expressed as [3],

Two types of Loading Conditions as shown in the figure. 2 has shown in the study

Y Y
Ny

Z
Nx

Nx
Nx
Nx

X
X

Uniaxial Loading Ny
Biaxial Loading
Figure 2. Uniaxial and Biaxial loading (Nx = loads along X direction and Ny = loads along Y
direction)

A transformation [T] is applied to transform local element linear stiffness and geometric
stiffness into global stiffness [8,13]

[𝐾 ′ ]𝑒 = [𝑇]𝑇 [𝐾]𝑒 [𝑇],

𝑎 𝑎
[𝐾 ′ 𝐺 ]𝒆 = [𝑇]𝑇 [𝐾𝐺𝐸 ]𝑒 [𝑇], (8)

Here [𝑇]𝑇 = [𝑇]−1 since [𝑇] is orthogonal.

Finally, these arrays are evaluated for each element, assembled and updated for boundary
conditions before solving.

The governing equations for buckling analysis are given by

( [𝐾’] − 𝜇 [𝐾𝐺𝑎 ] ) {𝛿} = 0 (9)

From these equation, critical buckling loads and buckling shape are calculated.

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3. NUMERICAL RESULTS

In this present study, a MATLAB program has been developed to study the buckling
characteristics of a laminated folded plate cavity with cutout. Eight-noded isoparametric
quadratic elements have been used to model the structure. A 3×3 Gauss Quadrature integration
scheme has been used in the evaluation of bending stiffness whereas a 2×2 Gauss Quadrature
rule is employed for shear stiffness terms. The purpose of reduced integration is to reduce the
shear stiffness of the element.

3.1 Mesh Convergence Study

The rectangular model has been taken to investigate a laminated composite panel without any
cut-out of size 1.8m x 0.6m x 0.6m box. Where left and right-side face has been taken as rigid
and other four faces have been considered as the flexible panel made with the composite
material of lamination (0o/90 o /90 o /0 o) with 5 mm thickness. The material properties have been
used as given E1=130GPa, E2= 9.5GPa, G12= G13 = 6.0GPa, G23 = 3.0GPa, ν12=0.3, ν23=0.022.
Here unit uniaxial loads along length have been applied to calculate the buckling loads of the
cavity wall for different meshing. Nondimensional buckling loads (λcr =λa2/E2h3) have been
calculated and shown in Table 1. Here λ is the buckling load on Newton/meter length, a is the
length, E2 is elastic modulus along the lateral direction and h is the thickness of the plate. From
this result, it is seen that 18 x 6 x 6 meshing is good enough to calculate the buckling loads. So,
in further studies 0.1m x 0.1m mesh has been used.

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Figure 3. Model Box for mesh Convergence Study

Table 1. Mesh convergence of non-dimensional buckling loads without window (uniaxial

loading along length)
Mode Number 6 x 2 x 2 9 x 3 x 3 12 x 4 x 4 15 x 5 x 5 18 x 6 x 6 21 x 7 x 7 24 x 8 x 8
1 99.86 95.17 94.41 94.28 94.25 94.25 94.25
2 129.95 115.98 111.62 111.01 110.92 110.91 110.92
3 200.63 170.65 153.83 151.45 151.05 150.98 150.98
4 211.66 192.04 188.83 188.10 187.87 187.78 187.74
5 211.66 192.04 188.83 188.10 187.87 187.78 187.74
6 283.43 218.89 205.85 203.68 203.15 202.98 202.91
7 283.43 218.89 205.85 203.68 203.15 202.98 202.91
8 341.70 287.32 240.81 233.25 231.87 231.57 231.50
9 416.72 289.88 247.08 240.03 238.54 238.12 237.97
10 416.72 289.88 247.08 240.03 238.54 238.12 237.97

3.2 Validations Study:

Cantilever rectangular cavity made with a square plate of 2m x 2m with one end fixed and other
is free has been taken to validate the study for homogeneous and orthotropic materials. Here
buckling loads in non-dimensional form λcr= λa2/π2D, where D=Eh3/12(1-υ2) has been
calculated and compared with existing literature of Liew for isotropic case [14] and for
orthotropic case non-dimensional loads (λcr =λa2/E2h3) has compared with ANSYS in absence
of available literature with buckling load of composite cavity in Table 2. The results have been
calculated for coarse mesh of 0.2m x 0.2m for both cases, SHELL281 element has been used in
the study in ANSYS 19R3 academic version. A small variation is noticed when compared with

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September 4-6, 2020, IIT Kharagpur, Paper ID: ICRACEM/2020/AM-20-037

ANSYS. The reason may be due to the use of SHELL281 element which allows six degrees of
freedom per node with a definable number of integration points through the thickness of the
layers. Whereas the element used in the present study is based on an equivalent two-dimensional
formulation with five degrees of freedom.

Table 2. Validation of buckling loads for homogeneous and orthotropic materials

Description Liew [14] Present

2.328 2.277

E=3×107 Pa, υ =0.3, 0.05m

Homogeneous Materials
Orthotropic Materials Mode Number ANSYS Present
E1 = 60.7×109 Pa, E2 = 24.8×109 Pa, 1 3.530 3.352
G12=G21=G23 =12×109 Pa, υ12= υ21 = 0.23, 2 4.738 4.502
Thickness=0.05m, Fiber orientation 30/-30/-
30/30. 3 4.832 4.502

3.2. Case Study 1: Cavity with four flexible panels

A cavity with four flexible panels with and without cut-out as shown in Figure 4 has been
analyzed for buckling load. Uniaxial and biaxial in-plane load have been applied. The flexible
plate thickness is taken as 5mm with the material and fibre angle as discussed in mesh
convergence study. Three cases have been investigated.

a. Cavity with no cut-out

b. Cavity with 0.2m x 0.2m central cut-out at the top panel (Figure 4)

c. Cavity with 0.2m x 0.2m central cut-out at the top , front and back panel

The first five non-dimensional buckling loads are shown in Table 3.

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X
Figure 4. Four sides flexible Cavity with left and right-side boundary is clamped with top panel
cutout of size 0.2m x 0.2m
From Table 3, it is observed that for uniaxial load along the long direction (along x), buckling
loads is less than uniaxial short direction (along y) and buckling loads are very low in case of
biaxial loading (along x and y) for all cases. This type of results indicates that the cavity is very
susceptible to buckling in longer direction and for biaxial loading case. Also, if a greater number
of the cutouts are present, then buckling load reduces significantly.

Table3. Non-dimensional Buckling load (λcr = λa2/E2h3) for four sides flexible panel with
different loadings

Buckling Along X Along Y Along X and Y

Four Side Flexible
Mode Direction Direction Direction
1 94.250 113.610 69.890
2 110.920 116.080 70.800
No Cut-out 3 151.050 138.230 80.900
4 187.870 142.910 83.030
5 187.870 165.070 96.500
1 84.940 103.350 59.650
Cut out at Top 2 110.470 116.990 72.210
Panel Centre of Size 3 139.730 136.960 80.260
0.2m X 0.2m 4 175.630 139.610 80.740
5 182.220 151.300 92.320
1 68.003 84.566 45.113
Cut out at Front, 2 109.516 124.848 74.784
Top and Back Panel
3 131.848 130.493 78.663
Centre of Size 0.2m
4 143.919 133.858 81.211
X 0.2m
5 160.054 135.742 82.328

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3.2. Case Study 2: Cavity with five flexible panels

In this case study, the right side flexible wall has been added (as shown in Figure 5) with the
previous four panels. The left side wall has been taken as fixed boundary and uniaxial loads
along x and along y directions and biaxial loads have been applied to find the buckling loads
for the following cases:

a. Cavity with no cut-out

b. Cavity with 0.2m x 0.2m central cut-out at top panel

c. Cavity with 0.2m x 0.2m central cut-out at top, front, back and right side panel

First five buckling loads have been shown in Table 4.

Figure 5. Cavity with five flexible panels and window

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Table4. Non-dimensional Buckling load (λcr =λa2/E2h3) for five sides flexible panel with
different loadings

Five Side Buckling Along X Along Y Along X and Y

Flexible Panel Mode Direction Direction Direction
1 94.066 111.847 64.856
2 109.821 114.755 70.016
No Cut-out 3 139.293 119.008 70.811
4 151.468 138.156 80.448
5 187.646 142.037 83.024
1 84.891 103.207 59.572
Cut-out at
2 109.627 116.663 72.190
Top Panel
3 137.608 135.304 79.456
Centre of Size
4 175.174 137.900 80.292
0.2m X 0.2m
5 182.143 150.249 90.090
Cut-out at 1 67.998 84.546 45.085
Front, Top, 2 108.480 115.356 65.093
Back and 3 128.688 125.104 74.782
Right Panel
Centre of Size 4 143.295 130.408 78.632
0.2m X 0.2m 5 143.913 133.797 80.694

Comparing Table 3 with Table 4, it is clear that the effect of cut-out and the type of loading is
similar to the cavity with four flexible panels. In fact, no noticeable difference in buckling load
values are visible for four or five panelled cavities. First three buckling mode shapes for
uniaxial loading (along length) on the cavity with and without cut-out are plotted in Table 5.

Table. 5: First Three Buckling Mode Shape for uniaxial loading along length (x direction)
Buckling Shape for without Cutout Buckling Shape for with Cutout

Buckling Shape 1

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Buckling Shape 2

Buckling Shape 3

5. CONCLUSIONS:

In the present research, the buckling analysis of rectangular laminated composite cavity with
four and five flexible panels have been investigated. It was shown that critical buckling loads
are dependent on the direction and type of in-plane loading. Presence of cutout in a specific
panel can very much influence the critical buckling loads. Cut-out at the right-side wall has
minimum influence on the overall buckling load. The formulation used here can be extended
for any three-dimensional structure made of complex material property like laminated
composite or sandwich materials.

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13. Bathe KJ. Finite Element Procedures. Prentice Hall Of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 1996.
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