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Book Title Advances in Structural Mechanics and Applications
Series Title
Chapter Title Buckling and Free Vibration Analysis of Arch Shaped Sandwich Plates
Copyright Year 2023
Copyright HolderName The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Corresponding Author Family Name Pramanik
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Given Name Subhankar
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Organization Jadavpur University
Address Kolkata, India
Email spsubhankar.ju@gmail.com
Author Family Name Das
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Given Name Sreyashi
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Organization Jadavpur University
Address Kolkata, India
Email palsreyashi@gmail.com
Author Family Name Niyogi
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Given Name Arup Guha
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Organization Jadavpur University
Address Kolkata, India
Email agncivil@gmail.com

Abstract In this research, finite element analysis with eight noded isoparametric serendipity element has been used
to model the complex shaped arch model. Instead of curved shaped shell element, the rectangular plate
element has been used to model the arch shaped sandwich plate. Folded plate formulation in MATLAB has
been used in this analysis. Numerical results for critical buckling loads and the natural frequencies of the
structure have been presented. Parametric studies are performed to show the influences of the boundary
conditions, core thicknesses and angle of ply orientation on face sheet. In buckling analysis, effects of
 uniaxial loading, biaxial loading and shear loading has been investigated in the studies. Numerical result
shows that the boundary condition at the edges of the arch plate, core thickness and angle of ply orientation
at face sheets influences the stiffness and mass prominently thus altering the free vibration nature and the
critical buckling load.
Keywords Arch - Sandwich plate - Buckling - Free vibration - Finite element method
(separated by '-')
 Buckling and Free Vibration Analysis of Arch
Author Proof

Shaped Sandwich Plates

Subhankar Pramanik(B) , Sreyashi Das, and Arup Guha Niyogi

Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

spsubhankar.ju@gmail.com

Abstract. In this research, finite element analysis with eight noded isoparametric
serendipity element has been used to model the complex shaped arch model.
Instead of curved shaped shell element, the rectangular plate element has been used
to model the arch shaped sandwich plate. Folded plate formulation in MATLAB
has been used in this analysis. Numerical results for critical buckling loads and
AQ1 the natural frequencies of the structure have been presented. Parametric studies
are performed to show the influences of the boundary conditions, core thicknesses
and angle of ply orientation on face sheet. In buckling analysis, effects of uniaxial
AQ2 loading, biaxial loading and shear loading has been investigated in the studies.
Numerical result shows that the boundary condition at the edges of the arch plate,
core thickness and angle of ply orientation at face sheets influences the stiffness and
mass prominently thus altering the free vibration nature and the critical buckling
load.

Keywords: Arch · Sandwich plate · Buckling · Free vibration · Finite element

method

1 Introduction
These days, folded plate structures are very useful constructional materials in differ-
ent fields of engineering application. Folded plate with laminated composite is a very
advanced material, especially sandwich material shows superior property against differ-
ent adverse condition due to greater resistance at face sheet, it also increases the bending
stiffness and decreases the weight of the structure. Many researchers have investigated
different properties like dynamic behavior, bending and buckling of laminated composite
plate and shell elements. But few numbers of literature have been found for the analysis
of sandwich folded plate for buckling and free vibration with complex structure like
arch-shaped structure. So, in this literature, an arch-shaped structure has been analyzed
to find the critical buckling loads and the free vibration frequency of the structure. To
analyze the sandwich plate, laminated composite plate theory has been used based on
the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) (Mindlin 1951). Different literature on
laminated composite and sandwich plates has been studied for the development and
the validation of the current process. Sai Ram et al. (1992) studied free vibration and
buckling characteristics of the laminated composite plate with hygrothermal loading.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023

J. A. Fonseca de Oliveira Correia et al. (Eds.): ASMA 2021, STIN 26, pp. 1–13, 2023.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05509-6_30
 2 S. Pramanik et al.

Kumar et al. (2004) have used higher-order shear deformation theory by finite element
Author Proof

method to study the free vibration response of thick square composite plates having a
central cutout. Similarly, Kant et al. (2001) have investigated higher-order refined theo-
ries for the free vibration analysis of isotropic, orthotropic, and multilayer plates. Sing
et al. (2012) analyzed the laminated composite plate using an efficient Co FE model.
Ovesy et al. (2012) studied the buckling and free vibration analysis of a moderately thick
composite plate using finite strip and spline method modeling approaches. First-order
shear deformation theory has been used by Guha Niyogi et al. (1999) with shear correc-
tion factors in the finite element method to study free vibration of laminated composite
folded plate structures. Liew et al. (2006) have done the buckling analysis of folded
plate by meshfree Galerkin Method subjected to in-plane edge loading. Pal et al. (2008)
have worked on laminated composite and sandwich folded plates with stiffener for the
free and forced vibration response using 9 noded Lagrange elements. Das et al. (2020)
has studied the hydrothermal loading effect on free vibration analysis on a laminated
composite folded plate. Pramanik et al. (2020) studied a repeated folded sandwich plate
with and without stiffener to find out the buckling loads and free vibration responses.

2 Mathematical Formulation
In the present study, first-order transverse shear deformation theory of Yang-Norris-
Stavsky (Yang et al. 1996) has been used with shear correction factors is 5/6.

z
y
x

y
x
Fig. 1. Positive senses of displacements.

The five displacements components, u, v, w, θx and θy of a Mindlin plate has been

taken to the study. Here right-hand corkscrew rule with the z axis directed upward has
been taken for the displacement and rotations. Positive displacements u, v, and w are
directed along positive x, y and z directions, while positive θx and θy rotations are shown
in Fig. 1. The displacements and rotations at various points within the plate element are
given by,

u(x, y, z) = u0 (x, y) + zθy ,

v(x, y, z) = v0 (x, y) − zθx

w = w0 , ∅x = θy + w,x ∅y = −θx + wy (1)

 Buckling and Free Vibration Analysis of Arch Shaped Sandwich Plates 3

here, u0 (x, y), v0 (x, y) and w0 are corresponding midplane displacements. ∅x and ∅y are
Author Proof

shear strain γxz and γyz respectively. Generalized linear strains in terms of midplane
strains are expressed as

∈x = ux = u0,x + zθy,x = ∈0x +zKx

∈y = vy = v0,y − zθx,y = ∈0y +zKy

γxy = uy + vx = u0,y + v0,x + z(θy,y − θx,x ) = xy

0
+ zKxy

∅x = γxz = u0,z + w0,x

∅y = γyz = v0,z + w0,y

εz = 0 (2)

where, Kx and Ky are the curvatures in x-z and y-z planes, respectively, while Kxy is the
cross curvature in the x-y plane.
The constitutive matrix [C] is given by
⎡ ⎤
A11 A12 A16 B11 B12 B16 0 0
⎢ A12 A22 A26 B12 B22 B26 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢A A A B B B ⎥
⎢ 16 26 66 16 26 66 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢B B B D D D 0 0 ⎥
[C] = ⎢ 11 12 16 11 12 16 ⎥
⎢ B12 B22 B26 D21 D22 D26 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ B16 B26 B66 D16 D26 D66 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 0 A44 A45 ⎦
0 0 0 0 0 0 A45 A55

Here,

Aij , Bij , Dij = nk=1 zzk c kij [1, z, z]k dz (i, j = 1, 2 and 6)
 k−1
and Aij = α nk=1 zzk c kij dz (i, j = 4, 5)
k−1

(3)

where cij k = off-axis stiffness coefficients of kth lamina (Guha Niyogi et al. 1999) and
α is the shear correction factor taken as 5/6.
Using eight noded isoparametric elements, the linear stiffness matrix is given by
1 1
[Ke ] = [B]T [C][B]|J | dξ dη (4)
−1 −1
 4 S. Pramanik et al.

where [Bi ] is a linear strain-displacement matrix given by

Author Proof

⎡ ⎤
Ni,x 0 0 0 0
⎢ 0 Ni,y 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢N N 0 ⎥
⎢ i,y i,x 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 Ni,x ⎥
[Bi ] = ⎢ ⎥(i = 1 to 8) (5)
⎢ 0 0 0 −Ni,y 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 −Ni,x Ni,y ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 Ni,x 0 Ni ⎦
0 0 Ni,y −Ni 0

When a folded plate is subjected to an in-plane edge load, the resultant strain and
stress distribution in the folded plate are non-uniform.
The element mass matrix with rotary inertia is given by (Guha Niyogi et al. 1999),
¨
[Me ] = [N]T [ρ][N] dx dy (6)

in which, inertia matrix

⎡ ⎤
I
⎢0 I Symm ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
[ρ] = ⎢ 0 0I ⎥ (7)
⎢ ⎥
⎣P 00 Q ⎦
0 P0 0 Q
were,
n zk
I , P, Q = ρk 1, Z, Z 2 dz
k=1 zk−1

ρk being the density of the k th lamina.

The non-linear strain components of the plate have been expressed as (Sai Ram et al.
1992) and shown in Eq. (8)

1 2 2 + w 2 + 2z u θ  2 2 2

εxnl = u0,x + v0,x ,x 0,x y,x − v0,x θx,x + z θy,x + θx,x
2
1 2 2 + w 2 + 2z u θ  2 2 2

εynl = u0,y + v0,y ,y 0,y y,y − v0,y θx,y + z θx,y + θy,y
2    
u0,x u0,y + v0,x v0,y + w,x w,y + z u0,y θy,x + u0,x θy,y − z v0,y θx,x + v0,x θx,y
εxynl =  
+z 2 θy,x θy,y + θx,x θx,y
(8)

AQ3 Here transverse deflection, w does not vary along with the depth.
 Buckling and Free Vibration Analysis of Arch Shaped Sandwich Plates 5

The potential energy of in-plane stress, produced by the applied in-planeload, for
Author Proof

the element can be expressed as (Sai Ram et al. 1992; Pramanik et al. 2020)
˚
1  a 
Uae = {δe }T KGE {δe }dv (9)
2 ve

wherein
 a  1 1  
KGe = [H ][T ] S a [H ]|J | d ξ d η (10)
−1 −1

is the element geometric stiffness matrix due to in-plane stresses produced by applied
in-plane load. For eight noded isoparametric element [H ] and [S a ] have been expressed
as (Sai Ram et al. 1992).

Y
Py Pxy

Px
Px

Pxy Py

Fig. 2. Uniaxial loads Px along X direction, Py along Y direction and Shear loading Pxy .

Three types of loading conditions as shown in Fig. 2 has been shown in the study.
A transformation [T] is applied to transform local element linear stiffness and
geometric stiffness into global stiffness (Das et al. 2020).
 
K = [T ]T [K]e [T ]
  e
M = [T ]T [M ]e [T ] (11)
  ae  a 
KG = [T ] KGE e [T ]
T

 T  −1
Here T ] = T ] since [T ] is orthogonal.
Finally, these arrays are evaluated for each element, assembled and updated for
boundary conditions before solving.
The governing equations for buckling analysis are given by
    a 
K − μ KG {δ} = 0 (12)
 6 S. Pramanik et al.

and the governing equation for free vibration can be written as

Author Proof

   
K − ω2 M  = 0 (13)

From these equations, critical buckling loads and natural frequencies along with
mode shape has been calculated.

3 Numerical Results

A MATLAB program has been developed to study the buckling and free vibration char-
acteristics of the sandwich folded plate. The program has been validated for moderately
thick orthotropic plate. Eight-noded isoparametric quadratic elements have been used to
model the structure. A 3 × 3 Gauss Quadrature integration scheme has been used in the
evaluation of bending stiffness whereas a 2 × 2 Gauss Quadrature rule is employed for
shear stiffness terms. The purpose of reduced integration is to reduce the shear stiffness
of the element.

3.1 Mesh Convergence Study

The arch-shaped folded plate of thickness 10 mm as shown in Fig. 3 has been analyzed.
Length of the inclined stretch (= ab = bc = cd = de = ef = fg) of the folded plate
is taken as 0.5 m and that of width is 1.5 m. The coordinate of different points are as
follows:
a (0, 0, 0), b (0.353, 0, 0.353), c (0.787, 0.604), d (1.27, 0.733), e (1.753, 0, 0.604), f
(2.186, 0, 0.354), g (2.54, 0, 0). Let the number of elements along the local X direction be
denoted by N x and that along Y by N y . The edge along Y = 0 plane is taken as clamped
and all other sides are free. Sandwich plates with fibre-reinforced plastic face sheets,
made of glass polyester resins and HEREX C70.130 PVC foam core with following
properties (Pramanik et.al 2020) is used for present analysis. The elastic properties of
the orthotropic face material used are E1 = 24.51 GPa, E2 = 7.77 GPa, G12 = G13 =

d
c e

b f

g
a

Fig. 3. Arch model for mesh convergence study (N x = 24, N y = 5).

 Buckling and Free Vibration Analysis of Arch Shaped Sandwich Plates 7

3.34 GPa, G23 = 1.34 GPa, ν12 = ν21 = 0.078, density = 1800 (Kg/m3 ) and that of
Author Proof

homogeneous core are E = 0.104 GPa, ν = 0.33 and density = 130 (Kg/m3 ).
Here unit uniaxial loads Py along Y direction (Y = 1.5 m) have been applied to cal-
culate the buckling loads of the arch-shaped folded plate for different meshing. Nondi-
mensional buckling loads (λcr = λa2 /E2 h3 ) have been calculated and shown in Table
1. Here λ is the buckling load in Newton, a is the total length, E2 is elastic modulus
along the lateral direction and h is the thickness of the plate. Two layers of e-glass epoxy
composites with fibre angle (0°/90°) have been accounted as face sheet. The face sheets
are assumed to be 2 mm each with a core thickness of 6 mm. The first five natural
frequencies (Hz) for different N x and N y are presented in Table 2. It is clear that N x =
24 (four elements along each straight side) and N y = 5 can be used for further analysis.

Table 1. Mesh convergence for non-dimensional buckling loads (λcr = λa2 /E2 h3)

Mode number 6 ×3 12 × 3 24 × 3 12 × 6 24 × 5 24 × 10
1 20.40 19.83 19.49 19.31 19.26 19.19
2 20.81 20.13 19.77 19.58 19.53 19.47
3 45.45 42.88 41.58 40.48 40.33 40.04
4 46.41 43.88 42.53 41.35 41.18 40.86
5 73.57 66.29 60.44 53.92 53.87 53.06

Table 2. Mesh convergence for natural frequency (Hz)

Mode number 6× 3 12 × 3 24 × 3 12 × 6 24 × 5 24 × 10
1 12.53 12.33 12.27 12.27 12.26 12.26
2 12.81 12.63 12.57 12.58 12.57 12.56
3 33.44 32.24 31.49 30.91 30.85 30.74
4 33.45 32.27 31.55 30.98 30.92 30.82
5 37.09 35.85 35.70 35.70 35.63 35.60

3.2 Validations Study

In the absence of available literature, our model has been validated using ANSYS. Non-
Dimensional buckling loads (λcr = λa2 /E2 h3 ) and natural frequencies (Hz) has been
found out and compared for the cantilever sandwich arch model of 10 mm thickness
with 6 mm thick core. The previous material property has been taken. The results have
been calculated for mesh for N x = 24 and N y = 5 for both cases. SHELL281 element
has been used in the study in ANSYS 2021 R1 academic version. From Table 3, it has
observed that the result matches very well with ANSYS. From the results, it is noticed
 8 S. Pramanik et al.

that MATLAB formulation provides slightly conservative results. It could be because

Author Proof

the present element is based on an equivalent two-dimensional formulation with five

degrees of freedom (DOF) per node, whereas, in ANSYS, SHELL281 allows six DOF
per node and used with a layered shell definition with a definable number of integration
points through the thickness of the layers.

Table 3. Non-dimensional buckling loads and natural frequency (Hz) for sandwich materials

Non-dimensional buckling loads (λcr ) Natural frequency (Hz)

Mode Present ANSYS Mode Present ANSYS
number (24 × 5) (24 × 5) Number (24 × 5) (24 × 5)
1 19.26 20.60 1 12.29 12.08
2 19.53 21.12 2 12.74 12.38
3 40.33 36.19 3 31.41 29.67
4 41.18 36.28 4 31.47 29.72
5 53.87 54.77 5 38.37 35.14

3.3 Case Study-1: Study of Dynamic and Buckling Behaviour of Sandwich Plate
for Different Angel Ply Orientation at Face Sheet and Loading Directions
Natural frequency and critical buckling loads of 10 mm thick sandwich folded plate has
been analyzed for the cantilever boundary condition with the core thickness of 6 mm.
The previous orthotropic face and isotropic core property have been taken. Different
fiber angles arrangement has been taken as (0°/30°/core/30°/0°), (0°/45°/core/45°/0°),
(0°/60°/core/60°/0°), (0°/75°/core/75°/0°) and (0°/90°/core/90°/0°). The natural fre-
quencies in Hz are tabulated in Table 4. Table 5 and Table 6 have presented a variation
of non-dimensional critical buckling load (cr = λ E ah3 ) for different fibre angle and
2
loading directions. Unit Loading has been applied to the opposite side of the clapped
boundary.

Table 4. Natural frequency (Hz) for different fibre orientation

Ply Sequence Mode1 Mode2 Mode3 Mode4 Mode5

0/30/core/30/0 11.52 12.30 29.73 30.09 33.46
0/45/core/45/0 11.79 12.39 30.25 31.17 34.57
0/60/core/60/0 12.11 12.41 30.45 31.78 34.88
0/75/core/75/0 12.25 12.50 30.53 31.54 35.35
0/90/core/90/0 12.26 12.57 30.85 30.92 35.63
 Buckling and Free Vibration Analysis of Arch Shaped Sandwich Plates 9

Table 5. Non-dimensional buckling loads (λcr ) for different fibre orientation for Py = 1
Author Proof

Ply Sequence Mode1 Mode2 Mode3 Mode4 Mode5

0/30/core/30/0 17.45 19.96 33.66 35.47 45.06
0/45/core/45/0 17.71 21.94 35.31 38.33 48.21
0/60/core/60/0 17.60 22.55 37.23 40.46 51.33
0/75/core/75/0 17.98 21.36 39.25 41.25 53.23
0/90/core/90/0 19.26 19.53 40.33 41.18 53.87

From Table 4, it is seen that for every mode, the natural frequency increases with an
increase in angle with maximum stiffness for the cross-ply laminated sandwich plate.
From Table 5, it is seen that the buckling loads also increase with the increase of fibre
angle 300 to 900 for uni-axial load Py . For uni-axial load Px and shear load Pxy , the
critical buckling load is maximum at 0°/60o fibre directions which reduces a little with
the increase in fibre angle value as shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Non-dimensional critical buckling loads (λcr ) for different fibre orientation with different
loading case

Ply Sequence Uniaxial Loading Uniaxial Loading Shear Loading All Loading Px =
0/θ/core/θ/0 Py = 1 Px = 1 Pxy = 1 1, Py = 1, Pxy = 1
θ
30° 17.45 6.77 5.72 2.86
45° 17.71 6.75 5.74 2.87
60° 17.60 6.81 5.83 2.91
75° 17.98 6.77 5.81 2.90
90° 19.26 6.71 5.77 2.88

Also, it is observed that the critical load for uniaxial loading is greater than that of
bi-axial loading and shear loading.

3.4 Case Study2-: Study of Dynamic and Buckling Behaviour of Sandwich Plate
with Varying Boundary Condition
In this case, Natural frequencies in Hz are calculated in the cross-ply laminated sandwich
plate (0°/90°/core/90°/0°) with the material property as in case study 1, for variation in
the boundary condition. The different boundary conditions have been shown here where
C denotes clamped, S denotes simply supported and F denotes free boundary conditions.
CFCF denotes two sides clamped (Y = 0 and Y = 1.5 m) and two sides free.
Table 7, shows that all side clamped (CCCC) case gives the highest frequency as it
causes more stiffness and stability whereas FSFS case gives the lowest frequency as the
unsupported length is more in this case.
 10 S. Pramanik et al.

Table 7. Natural Frequency (Hz) for different boundary condition

Author Proof

MODE CCCC CFCF CFFF FCFC SSSS SFSF FSFS

1 71.85 26.78 12.26 13.37 65.25 21.24 9.35
2 85.95 26.82 12.57 24.64 72.10 21.29 18.46
3 92.99 57.52 30.85 33.48 81.03 43.09 27.95
4 95.28 57.54 30.92 40.01 88.95 43.12 33.81
5 108.04 70.55 35.63 51.39 96.92 67.58 45.63

Table 8. Non-dimensional buckling loads (λcr ) for different boundary condition

MODE CCCC CFCF CFFF FCFC SSSS SFSF FSFS

1 191.00 46.02 19.26 60.59 160.19 37.50 37.96
2 191.41 46.14 19.53 78.54 164.86 37.67 68.59
3 210.79 57.80 40.33 86.33 173.31 38.36 84.64
4 215.62 57.86 41.18 94.97 187.76 38.42 85.19
5 221.21 100.91 53.87 97.64 190.15 60.06 85.74

In buckling analysis, it is observed that cantilever condition (CFFF) gives minimum

buckling loads, whereas CCCC condition gives highest buckling loads. It is expected as
CCCC boundary condition makes the structure stiffest.

3.5 Case Study-3: Study of Dynamic and Buckling Behaviour of Sandwich Plate
with Different Core Thickness
Buckling for uniaxial loads (Py = 1) and free vibration analysis is done for the same
sandwich arch plate as used in case study 2 with cantilever boundary conditions. Here
the total thickness of the plate is 10 mm, but core thickness varies as 6 mm, 7 mm and
8 mm.
Non-dimensional critical buckling loads (cr = λ E ah3 ) are tabulated in Table 9, from
2
this table, it is observed that, buckling load increases with a decrease in core thickness
due to increasing stiffness at face sheet. For the free vibration frequency, it is not varying
like buckling loads because the weight of the plate also decreases with increasing the
core thickness, so 7 mm thick core gives the highest natural frequency in this particular
support condition. The first four buckling and natural mode shapes for cantilever arch
plate with a core thickness of 6 mm has been plotted in Fig. 4.
 Buckling and Free Vibration Analysis of Arch Shaped Sandwich Plates 11

Buckling Shape Mode Shape

Author Proof

Mode 1

Mode 2

Mode 3

Mode 4

Fig. 4. First Four buckling shape for uniaxial loading along the length (Py loading) and free
vibration mode shape.
 12 S. Pramanik et al.

Table 9. Buckling loads and free vibration frequency for different core thickness
Author Proof

Non-dimensional buckling Free vibrations frequency (Hz)

load (λcr )
0/θ/core/θ/0 Core thickness Core thickness
θ MODE 6 mm 7 mm 8 mm 6 mm 7 mm 8 mm
30o 1 17.45 14.31 10.45 11.52 11.58 11.40
2 19.96 16.52 12.15 12.30 12.48 12.40
3 33.66 27.80 20.43 29.73 30.32 30.17
45° 1 17.71 14.54 10.62 11.79 11.86 11.68
2 21.94 18.22 13.43 12.39 12.56 12.46
3 35.31 29.20 21.46 30.25 30.85 30.73
60o 1 17.60 14.44 10.54 12.11 12.20 12.03
2 22.55 18.75 13.83 12.41 12.54 12.41
3 37.23 30.85 22.71 30.45 31.10 31.02
75o 1 17.98 14.77 10.79 12.25 12.37 12.23
2 21.36 17.71 13.03 12.50 12.56 12.37
3 39.25 32.65 24.08 30.53 31.25 31.26
900 1 19.26 15.89 11.65 12.26 12.37 12.22
2 19.53 16.10 11.79 12.57 12.62 12.41
3 40.33 33.65 24.91 30.85 31.65 31.71

4 Conclusion

It is observed from the above study that an arch-shaped sandwich folded plate shows
complex characteristics for dynamic and buckling analysis. Especially, changing core
and face sheet thickness greatly influences the stiffness and mass of the structure, as a
result, natural frequency has been changed and it does not show the linear responses
with the stiffness. But in case of buckling, buckling load decreases with the increasing
core thickness because of reducing stiffness at the face. The presence of different angle
ply orientation also modifies the behaviour of natural frequency and buckling loads. In
this case, the mass of the structure does not change, but with the ply orientation stiffness
changes, hence the natural frequency is maximum for the cross-ply case. Though this
change has a different effect on the critical buckling load for the uniaxial and biaxial
loading. Here loading direction is also important. Uniaxial (Py ) buckling load increases
with higher ply orientations. But in the case of shear loading (Pxy ) and biaxial loading
(Px, Py ) intermediate ply angle (60°) gives the highest value. The ratio of stiffness and
mass of the structure plays a vital role in determining its dynamic behaviour. Also, the
stability of the structure increases with the increase of face sheet thickness and reducing
core thickness. Hence physical test is necessary before using sandwich materials with
this complex arch-shaped structure. As it involves huge cost and non-biodegradable
 Buckling and Free Vibration Analysis of Arch Shaped Sandwich Plates 13

wastes to perform the parametric studies, the numerical tests and thereafter prototype
Author Proof

tests should be performed for optimal benefits.

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 Author Queries
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