PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY

SIC1001
DR. MAZDIDA SULAIMAN
K026
JABATAN KIMIA, FAKULTI SAINS
PINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY

➢ATOMIC STRUCTURE (5 HOURS)

➢PERIODIC TABLE (4 HOURS)

➢ CHEMICAL BONDING (5 HOURS)

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION:

• Investigation for the atomic structure was done in early 19th to

20th centuries.
• After a series of investigations, it was found that the atoms
possess internal structure (subatomic particles)
• The three particles are electrons (e), protons (p) and neutron (n).
INTRODUCTION:

• The first subatomic particle found in 1896 by JJ Thomson.

• It was a negatively charged particle called electron.
• Thomson proposed that atom’s model could be a uniform
and positive sphere where the electrons are embedded
like raisins in a cake (plum-pudding model).
• In the early 1900’s Ernest Rutherford determined
that the atom’s positively charges are all
concentrated in the nucleus of the atom.
• This positively charged particles in the nucleus are
called protons.
Rutherford’s Atom
• From Rutherford’s experiment, he found another subatomic
particle with no charge in the nucleus.

• These uncharged particles are known as neutrons.

THE BOHR’S ATOM
 THE BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
• In 1913, a Danish physicist named Niels Bohr (1885-
1962), developed a quantum model of atom (H atom).
• A theoretical explanation of the line emission spectrum
of the hydrogen atom.
 THE BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
• He believed that electrons in an atom exists in specific
regions at various distance from the nucleus and orbit
around the nucleus like planets rotating around the Sun.
• He proposed an atomic model that explained the lines in
the hydrogen spectrum.
BOHR’S ATOM
 Bohr’s postulates are:
No. 1
The electron of the hydrogen atom moves in a circular orbit
around the nucleus. In moving in the orbit, the electron does not
radiate or absorb any energy.
 Bohr’s postulates are:
No. 2

The energy of the electron is quantised. In other words, an

electron at a certain distance from the nucleus can only have a
specific amount of energy.
 Bohr’s postulates are:

This statement leads us to believe that an electron has a certain

energy level which corresponds to the number of a particular
orbit (or quantum number, n).

This also means that an electron can only exist on specific orbits
(energy levels) and not between orbits.
The energy of an electron in its level is given by the
expression:

En = - RH (1/n2)

where
RH = 2.18x10 -18 J (Rydberg’s constant),

n = integer or principal quantum number

= 1, 2, 3,.....∞
No. 3 Bohr’s postulates are:

At ordinary conditions,
No. 3 Bohr’s postulates are:

At ordinary conditions, an electron in a hydrogen atom has the

lowest possible energy and occupies the lowest possible
level called the ground state (n = 1).
No. 3 Bohr’s postulates are:

If a sufficient amount of energy is supplied, the electron will

absorb this amount of energy and move to the corresponding
higher level.

The electron is excited from a lower energy level to a higher

energy level and said to be at its ‘excited state’.
 Bohr’s postulates are:
No. 4

An electron at its excited state is unstable.

It falls back to a lower energy level and release a specific
amount of energy or a quantum energy.
 Bohr’s postulates are:
No. 4

The idea of quantum energy is that the energy is not continuous

but exists in a packet of energy with a definite value.

The energy released is equal to the difference in energy

between the two orbits.
Energy levels for the H atom in the Bohr model
Example:
Calculate the energy of an electron at the following energy states:
n = 1, 2, 3 and ∞

Answers:
E1 = -2.18 x 10 -18 J atom-1
E2 = -0.545 x 10-18 J atom-1
E3 = -0.242 x 10-18 J atom-1
E∞ = 0
The negative sign signifying that the energy of the

electron in the atom is lower than the energy of a free

electron, which is far from nucleus. (E∞=0)

An electron in the n=1 orbit is the closest to the
nucleus and it has the lowest and most negative
energy.

Ground state- refers to the lowest energy state of

the system.

Excited state- refers to the energy level higher than

the ground state.
When an electron is promoted from

a lower energy level (ground state)

to a higher one (excited state ) it

absorbs a definite (quantized)

amount of energy.
When the electron falls back to the

original energy level, it emits a

radiant energy (photon) which is

exactly the same amount energy it

absorbed.
The difference between the energies of the initial and final
states is
∆E = Ef - Ei

It is observed that the difference between the two continuous

energy levels gets smaller as the n value increases. The energy
levels are so closed together that they form a continuous band.
Exercise:
Calculate the difference in energy when the electron
from energy level n3 falls to energy level n2.

Answer:
∆E = Ef - Ei
= - 0.303 x 10 -18 J
 FIRST IONIZATION ENERGY

First Ionization Energy is defined as the minimum energy (in

kJ/mol) required in removing an electron from a gaseous atom in its

ground state.
X(g) X+ (g) + 1e-
When an electron absorbs enough energy, it will excite from

the lowest energy level n1 to the highest energy level n∞ to

become a positive charge ion.

Therefore the electron is free from the nucleus attraction.

The first ionization energy of hydrogen atom:
∆E = Ef - Ei
=E∞ -Ei
= 0 - (-2.18x10 -18) J/ atom

= 2.18x10 -18 J x 6.023 x 10 23 atom

atom mol
= 1313000 J mol-1
= 1313 kJ mol-1