21st Century Literature (Quiz # 01)
- Focused on significant
Canonical Literature
 Canon came from the Greek word
‘kanon’ which directly translates to
straight rod or ruler which may
pertain to a standard.
 Representative of a genre or a period.
 It should be popular.
Canon vs Classic
 Not all classics are canon, but all
canons are classics.
Standards of a Canonical Literature:
 Permanence: pertains to relevance
that relates to time.
- Timeliness: perfect timing
(specific such as EJK)
- Timelessness: never gets old
(genre or themes such as love)
 Universality: appeals to everyone
(relatability) regardless of sex, social
standing, race, etc.
 Artistry: aesthetically pleasing
writing and it should reveal or
convey the hidden truth and beauty
of a literature.
 Style: distinct or unique way of
writing a literature.
 Suggestiveness: a canonical
literature should make you think and
should make you define its
symbolisms, nuances, implications,
and suggestions, and uses your
emotional power.
 Intellectual Value: it should make
you think logically and critically, and
should encourage rereading of the
literature to understand hard-to-
understand concepts on the first read.
 Spiritual Value: it should motivate,
empathize, and inspire you.
Philippine Canonical Writers
1.) Edith Tiempo
- Fusion of style and substance
experiences.
- Work: Bonsai, The Tracks of
Babylon, The Charmer’s Box, A
Blade of Fern, The Native Coast
2.) Paz Marquez Benitez
- Advancement of women in
professional careers
- Wrote short stories that are
critical of the American
Imperialism
- Only had two (2) published
works but is one of the first steps
of PH Literature moving into the
mainstream.
- Works: Dead Stars, A Night in
the Hills, Stepping Stones
3.) Alejandro Roces
- Short story writer and an essayist
- Best writer of comic short stories
- Focused on the neglected aspects
of the Filipino cultural heritage
and popularized several local
fiestas.
- Was a Guerilla during the WWII
and found the major opposition
party during the Martial Law.
- Works: We Filipinos Are Mild
Drinkers, My Brother’s Peculiar
Chicken, Something to Crow
About of Cocks and Kites, Fiesta
4.) Jose Garcia Villa (JGV)
- Reversed Consonance Rhymes
(RCR)
- Comma Poems
- Known for the tartness of his
tongue
- Pen name: Doveglion (Dove,
Eagle, Lion)
- Works: Footnote to the Youth,
Bashful one, The emperor’s new
 sonnet, Poems 55, Many Voices,
The Essential Villa
5.) Nick Joaquin
- Spanish Flavor English
- Reinventions of English based on
Filipinism (Joaquinesque)
- Hypocrite < Sinner
- Works: The Woman Who Has
Two Navels, Tatarin (Summer
Solstice)
- Wrote the FEU Hymn
6.) Cirilo Bautista
- A writer, teacher, and critic
- Foremost writer of his generation
- Symbolisms and suggestiveness
- Works: Summer Suns, Words and
Battlefields, The Trilogy of Saint
Lazarus, Galaw ng Asoge
(Mercury), What does a Woman
own
7.) Angela Manalang Gloria
- Poems (1940) which contains
contents about exploring a
woman’s private passions is the
first and only pre-war anthology
of poetry in English by a Filipina
woman.
- Matriarch of Filipino poets
writing in English
- Works: Poems (1940), Revolt
from Hymen, Change, Soledad, Leucippus and Democritus: Teacher (L) and
Querida Student (D). They are credited for idealizing
8.) Genoveva Edroza Matute the concept of indivisible matter.
- 1992 CCP Gawad Para Sa Sining Democritus used a stone as an example and
awardee said that if the stone was cut into smaller
- A dean in the Philippine Normal pieces, at some point, it will come to a state
University (PNU) where it will be impossible to cut. He also
- Works are mostly about students believed that atoms are different in size and
and teachers. shape, were In constant motion in a void,
- Works: Ang Kwento ni Mabuti, collided, and combined with one another.
Ang Kanilang mga Sugat, Ako’y
Isang Tinig Aristotle and Plato: Aristotle proposed the
idea of the four elements, stating that
everything was made from Earth, Fire,
Water, and Air. Widely believed by the
Greeks.

Robert Boyle: Proposed the Boyle’s Law
stating that Volume of Gas is inversely
proportional to pressure. He also explained
that certain substances decompose into other
materials. An example of this is when water
decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen when
electrically charged. Results from
decomposition were called elements
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier: proposed and
proved that when substances burn, there is
no gain nor loss in its weight. This was
further formulated into the Law of
Conservation of Mass stating that matter is
neither created nor destroyed during a
chemical change and that the total mass of
products must be equal to the total mass of
the reactants. This is why chemical
balancing is taught and used. Father of
Modern chemistry.
Alchemy: refers to both the investigation of
nature and an early
philosophical and spiritual practices that
combined chemistry and metal work
Jabir Ibn Hayyan: A royal alchemist in
Baghdad. Father of Arab Chemistry and one
of the founders of modern pharmacy. He
was the first person to produce sulfuric acid
and nitric acid. He introduced multiple
properties of substances such as warmth,
coldness, moist, and dryness.
Paracelsus: believed that the body’s organs
worked as a purifier that separates the
impure substances in our body from the pure
ones. He believed that controlling the tria
prima or the balance of mercury, sulfur, and
salt is necessary for the maintainance of our
health.

John Dalton: He debunked the beliefs of the

Ancient Greeks on matter. He proved that
atoms existed and strengthened the
definitions of elements, compounds, and
molecules. Atoms of an element cannot be
converted to atoms of another element. All
matter consists of atoms which can neither
be created nor destroyed. Compound result
from combination of atoms in specific ratios.

Joseph Louis Proust: He discovered that

basic copper carbonate, regardless if it was
obtained naturally or prepared in a lab, is
always composed of copper, carbon, and
traces of hydrogen and oxygen, He then
formulated the Law of Definite Proportions
which states that a compound always
contains the
same elements in certain definite proportions
and in no other combinations. This means
that elements combine in specific ratios to
form compounds.