Module-4 Compressor and Turbine:

Introduction to centrifugal compressors

Axial flow compressor- geometry- twin spools-
three spools- stage analysis- velocity polygons-
degree of reaction
Radial equilibrium theory- performance maps
Axial flow turbines- geometry- velocity
polygons- stage analysis- performance maps
Thermal limit of blades and vanes.
 What is Turbomachinery?
Definition
Devices that transfer energy through expansion/compression
of a continuously moving fluid by blade rows (rotating
blades)
So not piston-based compression/expansion devices
Applications
Widely used in aerospace propulsion
–propellers, fans, compressors, turbines, pumps,
turbopumps,…
Also energy/power conversion
–gas turbines, wind turbines, water turbines, steam
turbines, …
 What are the types of Configurations?

Typically characterized by flow

direction versus axis of rotation
a) Axial : flow primarily parallel to axis
b) Radial: entering or exiting flow
perpendicular to axis
c) Mixed: in-between the two extremes
Axial (Flow) Compressors and Turbines ( What are
the parts of Turbomachinery?)
Turbomachinery made up of many parts
Compressor
Axial (Flow) Compressors and Turbines ( What are
the parts of Turbomachinery?)
Axial (Flow) Compressors and Turbines ( What are
the parts of Turbomachinery?)
Turbomachinery made up of many parts
Turbine
Axial (Flow) Compressors and Turbines ( What are
the parts of Turbomachinery?)
Turbomachinery made up of many parts

Disk(blades attached to it)

Blisk if blades integrated into disk
Disk

Rotor Blade (Turbine)

Axial (Flow) Compressors and Turbines ( What are
the parts of Turbomachinery?)
Turbomachinery made up of many parts
Spool
compressor and turbine rotors on common shaft
Axial (Flow) Compressors and Turbines ( What are
the parts of Turbomachinery?)
Turbomachinery made up of many parts
most engines have at least two spools
–e.g., concentric shafts

GE F404
Prc~26
Prstage~1.4
Centrifugal (Radial) Compressor( What are the
parts of Turbomachinery?)

Rotor/Impeller
 PW100LP compressor
 single piece
Centrifugal (Radial) Compressor( What are the
parts of Turbomachinery?)
Mixed (Axial-Centrifugal) Compressor

Some engines use both axial and centrifugal components

Fig. Axial centrifugal compressor of the General Electric T700 engine

Euler Turbomachinery Equations ( What is the
governing equation for Turbomachinery?)
How to analyze performance and design turbomachinery?
Develop conservation equations
Define appropriate CV for rotating machinery

 Use axisymmetric coordinate system

 Define 2 reference frames
1. Fixed (engine) ref. Frame
2. Rotating ref. Frame
Fixed vs. Rotating Frames of Reference
How to we convert velocities from one ref. frame to another?
Galilean transform
Vnew  Vold  Vrelative
vrel is relative velocity of new reference frame with respect to old
What is the relative velocity between our 2 ref. frames?
the (local) blade velocity!

w  cU
Euler Turbomachinery Equations
Mass ( Continuity Equation)
CV for one
d
 dv     c  n dA  0 blade row

dt cv cs

For steady flow 0  m2  m1  0

m1  m2  m
Euler Turbomachinery Equations
Angular Momentum ( Engine Frame)
CV for one
d
Torque T   mrc 
blade row

dt
d
T    rc dv    rc  c  n dA
dt cv cs

T    rc  c  n dA
For steady flow
cs

T  m  rc 2   rc 1 

For preliminary design, typically use the
 “Mean” radius location (between tip and hub)= pitchline (or meanline) reasonable
starting point if rm>>rt-rh
Euler Turbomachinery Equations
what about power? T  m  rc 2   rc 1 
 Power
From mechanics
W  T   m  rc 2   rc 1 
W m    rc 1,2 CV for one
blade row

u  r  bladespeed

W m  u  c 1,2
Euler Turbomachinery Equations W m  u  c 1,2
what about Energy?
CV for one
 Energy blade row

From Thermodynamics
W m  h02  h01
  h0 1,2    uc 1,2
relates TD property changes across blade rows to the azimuthal velocity changes

T  m  rc 2   rc 1  T ,W  0 Compressor

W  m  h02  h01  T ,W  0 Turbine
Degree of Reaction and Flowfields
Reaction (Degree of Reaction)
hrotor
R
hstage
balance torque, p gradient between rotor/stator

Flowfields (axial machines)

– while real machines have 3-d flows, easier to consider 2-d flows
(different “planes”)
1. Throughflow Field (r-z plane)
– not including ɵ variations
– disk replaces blades (actuator disk theory)
Degree of Reaction and Flowfields
2. Cascade Field (ɵ -z plane)
– not including r variations
– like unwrapping blade to look at array of airfoil sections
– will focus on this for 2-d design
Degree of Reaction and Flowfields
3. Secondary Field (r- ɵ plane)
– not including z variations
– low velocity in boundary layers along blades/walls
– pressure gradients produce secondary (rotational) flows
– leads to reduced performance (efficiency loss)