Periodic

Classification of
Elements
Digitalised Handwritten Notes
 The elements in the 1st row have 1 orbit
The elements in the 2nd row have 2 orbits and so on

The elements in 1st column have 1 electron in the

outermost shell
 DÖBEREINER’S TRIADS
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, a German chemist, tried to arrange the
elements with similar properties into groups. He identified some groups
having three elements each. So he called these groups ‘triads’.

LITHIUM (Li) - Atomic mass ( 6.9)

SODIUM (Na) - Atomic mass ( 23)
POTASSIUM (K) - Atomic mass (39.0)

Döbereiner could identify only three triads from the

elements known at that time. Hence, this system of
classification into triads was not found to be useful.
 NEWLANDS’
LAW OF OCTAVES
56 elements were known till then.

John Newlands, arranged the then known

elements in the order of increasing atomic
masses.

He found that every eighth element had properties

similar to that of the first. He compared this to the
octaves found in music.
Sa re ga ma pa da ni
 DEMERITS
It was found that the Law of Octaves was applicable only upto
calcium, as after calcium every eighth element did not possess
properties similar to that of the first.

It was assumed by Newlands that only 56 elements existed in nature

and no more elements would be discovered in the future. But, later
on, several new elements were discovered, whose properties did not
fit into the Law of Octaves.

In order to fit elements in the table, dissimilar elements

were place in same slot and similar in different
 MENDELEEV'S
PERIODIC TABLE
At his time, 63 elements were known.

He sorted out the elements with similar properties

and pinned the cards together on a wall.

Among chemical properties, Mendeléev concentrated on

the compounds formed by elements with oxygen and
hydrogen.
He selected hydrogen and oxygen as they are very
reactive and formed compounds with most elements.
 MERITS
1. In his periodic table he left some blank spaces. These vacant spaces were left for including
elements that were not discovered at that time.

2. Mendeleev could also predict the properties of these unknown elements, on the basis of the
properties of the elements lying adjacent to these vacant spaces.He predicted the presence of
three elements. They were named as Eka boron, Eka-aluminium and Eka-silicon. The properties
of these three elements were similar to the actual elements discovered later.Eka-boron was
similar to Scandium, Eka-aluminium was similar to Gallium and Eka-silicon was similar to
Germanium.

3. When noble gases were discovered later, they could be accommodated in the periodic table in
the form of a separate group without disturbing the positions of the other elements.

4. He was able to correct the values of the atomic masses of elements like beryllium from 13.5 to
9, he placed these elements going strictly by the similarities in their properties.
 DEMERITS
1. Mendeleev could not assign a correct position to hydrogen in the periodic
table as hydrogen resembles alkali metals as well as halogens.

2. Position of the isotopes could not be explained as they have different

atomic masses.

3. It was observed that at certain places, an element of higher atomic mass

Cobalt (Co=58.93) has been placed before an element of lower atomic mass
Nickel (Ni = 58.71).
Modern
Periodic Table
By Henry Moseley
Modern Periodic Table - 1913
"The properties of elements are periodic
function of their atomic numbers"

There are 7 horizontal rows called as

periods and 18 columns called groups
1st period is called shortest period as it only has 2 elements

2nd period is called short period as it only has 8 elements

3rd period is also called short period as it only has 8 elements

4th and 5th period are also called long period as it only has 18 elements

6th period is called longest period as it only has 32 elements

7th period is called incomplete period

TRENDS IN MODERN
PERIODIC TABLE
Valency
Valence electrons
Atomic Size
Metallic and non-metallic characters
VALENCE ELECTRONS

The elements in the first group

have 1 valence electron
 The elements in the second group have 2 valence electrons

The elements in the 13th group have 3 valence electrons

and so on....

VALENCE ELECTRONS increase from left to right in a period

VALENCE ELECTRONS remain same from top to bottom in a group

VALENCY remain same from top to bottom in a group

VALENCY in a period first increases from left

to right and then decreases
The elements in the 1st period have 1 orbit
The elements in the 2nd period have 2 orbits
The elements in the 3rd period have 3 orbits
 ATOMIC SIZE

The atomic size increases from top to bottom in a group as the number
of orbits increases, but decreases from left to right as the effective
nuclear charge increases.
Na =11
Mg = 12
METALLIC AND NON-
METALLIC CHARACTER
The metallic character increases as you go down a group.

Since the ionization energy decreases going down a group

(or increases going up a group), the increased ability for
metals lower in a group to lose electrons makes them
more reactive.