BSCE 3 – CIEN 30043 Structural Theory 1

Prepared By:

Engr. Antonio P. Curva

Instructor 1
Course Outline

1. Equilibrium & Support Reaction

2. Determinacy of Beams and Trusses
3. Deflection of Beam Using Moment Area Method
4. Deflection of Beam Using Double Integration
5. Deflection of Beam Using Conjugate Beam Method
6. Deflection of Beam Using Superposition Method
7. Analysis of Beam Using Three Moment Equation
 DEFLECTION OF BEAM USING
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
This method entails obtaining the deflection of a beam by integrating the differential
equation of the elastic curve of a beam twice and using boundary conditions to determine
the constants of integration. The first integration yields the slope, and the second
integration gives the deflection
The primary advantage of the double- integration method is that it produces the equation
for the deflection everywhere along the beams.
The bending deformation of a beam, the displacements and slopes are very small if the
stresses are below the elastic limit. The deformed axis of the beam is called its elastic
curve. Derive the differential equation for the elastic curve and describe a method for its
solution
a. Differential Equation of the Elastic Curve
The vertical deflection of A, denoted by v, is considered to be positive if directed in the
positive direction of the y-axis that is, upward in Figure. Because the axis of the beam lies
on the neutral surface, its length does not change.
Therefore, the distance , measured along the elastic curve, is also x. It follows that the
horizontal deflection of A is negligible provided the slope of the elastic curve remains
small.
Consider next the deformation of an infinitesimal
segment AB of the beam axis, as shown in Figure.
The elastic curve A’ of the segment has the same
length dx as the undeformed segment
If we let v be the deflection of A, then the deflection of
B is v +dv, with dv being the infinitesimal change in
the deflection segment are denoted by θ and θ + dθ.
From the geometry of the figure
The approximation is justified because θ is small.
dx = ρ d θ
where ρ is the radius of curvature of the deformed segment. Rewriting previous equation
𝑑𝑣
as 1/ρ= dθ / dx and substituting θ from equation 𝑑𝑥 = sin θ ≡ θ

When deriving the flexure formula, we obtained the moment-curvature relationship

where M is the bending moment acting on the segment, E is the modulus of elasticity of
the beam material, and I represents the modulus of inertia of the cross-sectional area
about the neutral (centroidal) axis.
Substituting the equation

which the differential equation of the elastic curve. The product EI, called the flexural
rigidity of the beam, is usually constant along the beam. It is convenient to write in the
form

Where the prime denotes differentiation with respect to x ; that is,

dv/dx = v ’
d2 v/dx2 = v ”
and so on.
a. Double Integration of the Differential Equation
If EI is constant and M is a known function of x, integration of the equation yields

And second integration

where C1 and C2 are constants of integration to be determined from the prescribed

constraints (for example, the boundary conditions) on the deformation of the beam.
Because the second integration gives the deflection v as a function of x, it is called
the equation of the elastic curve
▪ The term ∫∫Mdxdx gives the shape of the elastic curve. The position of the curve is
determined by the constants of integration : C1 represents a rigid-body rotation about
the origin and C2 is a rigid-body displacement in the y-direction. Hence, the
computation of the constants is equivalent to adjusting the position of the elastic curve
so that it fits properly on the supports.
▪ If the bending moment of flexural rigidity is not a smooth function of x, a separate
differential equation must be written for each beam segment between the
discontinuities. This means that if there are n such segments, two integrations will
produce 2n constants of integration (two per segment). There are also 2n equations
available for finding the constants
▪ The elastic curve must not contain gaps or kinds. In other words, the slopes and
deflections must be continuous at the junctions where the segments meet. Because
there are n-1 junctions between the n segments, these continuity conditions give us
2(n-1) equations.
▪ Two additional equations are provided by the boundary conditions imposed by the
supports, so that there are a total of 2 (n-1)+2 = 2n equations.
Procedure for double integration
The following procedure assumes that EI is constant in each segment of the beam:
1. Determine the value of reaction forces
2. Assume one section XX at a distance x, let us consider that section XX is having x
distance from support A.
3. Secure the moment of all the forces about section XX and write the moment
equation. Take the concept of sign convention to provide the suitable sign for the
calculated bending moment about section XX.
4. Consider the first differential equation for elastic curve of a beam and bending
moment determined earlier about the section XX and we will have to insert the
expression of bending moment in the previous equation. And write the slope equation
5. We will now integrate this equation. After first integration of differential equation, we
will have value of slope i.e. dy/dx. Similarly after second integration of differential
equation, we will have value of deflection, and write the deflection equation
Procedure for double integration
6. We will apply the boundary conditions in order to secure the values of constant of
integration i.e. C1 and C2.
At x = 0, Deflection (y) = 0
At x = L, Deflection (y) = 0
7. We will now insert the value of C1 and C2 in slope equation and in deflection
equation too in order to secure the final equation for slope and deflection at any
section of the loaded beam
8. We will use the value of x for a considered point and we can easily determine the
values of deflection and slope of the beam AB at that respective point.
Sample Problem:
1. Determine the maximum deflection δ in a simply supported beam of length L
carrying a concentrated load P at midspan.

Moment Equation
Slope Equation
Deflection Equation
At x = 0, y = 0, therefore, C2 = 0
The negative sign indicates that the deflection is below the undeformed neutral axis.
Sample Problem:
2. Determine the maximum deflection δ in a simply supported beam of length L carrying a
uniformly distributed load of intensity wo applied over its entire length.

Moment equation
Sample Problem:

Slope equation

Deflection equation

By boundary condition
Sample Problem:
3. Compute the value of EI δ at midspan for the beam loaded as shown in Figure.
If E = 10 GPa, what value of I is required to limit the midspan deflection to 1/360 of the
span?
Sample Problem:
Solution:

Moment equation

Slope equation
Deflection equation
Sample Problem:
Sample Problem:
4. A simply supported beam of length 7 m, has a concentrated couple Mo of 10 kN.m.
applied at one end. Assuming E = 200000 MPa, I = 60 x 106 mm4.
a. Compute the location of maximum deflection from the applied load
b. Compute the maximum deflection of the beam
c. Compute the angle of rotation at the point where the couple is applied
Sample Problem:
Solution: Deflection equation
1. Location of maximum deflection 10𝑥2 10 𝑥3
EI y = - + C1x + C2
2 14 3
∑Mb = 0
By boundary condition
R(7) = 10
10 when x=0 y=0 C2 = 0
R= 7
when x=7 y=0
Moment equation 2
10 7 10 7 3
EI y”= Mx 0= 2
- 14 (3)
- C1 (7) + 0
= Mo – Rx C1 = -23.33
10 𝑑𝑦
= 10 - x when =0
7 𝑑𝑥
Slope equation 10 𝑥2
10 𝑥2
EI y’ = 10x - + C1
7 2
EI y’ = 10x - + C1
7 2 10 𝑥 2
0 = 10x - - 23.33
14

x = 2.95 m
Sample Problem:
Solution:
2. Maximum deflection 3. Angle of rotation at the point of
10𝑥2 10 𝑥3 application of the couple
EI y = - + C1x + C2
2 14 3 10 𝑥2
EI y’ = 10x - + C1
10(2.95)2 10 2.953 7 2
EI y = - - (23.33)(2.95 + 0
2 14 3 EI y’ = 0 – 0 + C1
3
31.42 𝑁.𝑚
y =- EI y’ = 0 – 0 – 23.33
𝐸𝐼
31.42 𝑁.𝑚3 23.33 1000 3
y=- (200000)(60 𝑥 106) y’ = (200000)(60 𝑥 106)

y = - 2.62 mm (downward) y’ = 0.0019 radians

0.0019(180)
y’ = ∏

y’ = 0.11 °