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MTELT I. SALM$RIH, M.A.

Dfi. AITLITA T AEHAS
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HOW TO WRITE GHAPTER. II:

THE RET'IEW OF REI*frTED
LITERATURE AtrID STUDTES

"l Contents'and Sources of Chapter [I ,

A researcher, before he conceptualizes the problem of his study,

should first conduct extensive readings on the problem he has in
mind. He should survey. explore ancl master existing knowledge and
data which are relevant and useful to his inquiry.

This part of the research report includes literature and studies,

both local 6nd foreign, which are relevant ancl or relaterd to the
research study. Writing the review necessitates reading a lot of
materials and spending a lot of time in libraries to be able to fully
immerse oneself in the topic selected. General lnfomration books such
as dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs. reference books, theses,
dissertatiorts, research journals, handbooks, textbooks, magazines,
survey repofts are some of the possible sources of related literature
and studies.

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 The word related means the materials surveyed have a direct
bearing or significant relation to the present study.
'." Importance of the,Review of Related literature
and Studies
Itis important for a researcher to have a comprehensive
and relevant body of supporting materials to his research
work. The related literature and studies are needed for the
following reasons:
1. It provides insight into the theoreticaVconceptual background
of the study.
2.
It provides the rationale or the framework of the study. The
theoretical framework for instance, is obtained or conceived
through the literature search.
3. Reviewing related materials helps the researcher to gather
valuable data and ideas that can guide him in his own
research.
4. It prepares the reader to better assimilate and understand
the concepts of the study and gives him a bird's eye view of
the quality of readings the researcher has done in support of
his study.
Reviewing the related literature requires the researcher to make
in-depth readings of both the research and conceptual literature.
Research literature pertains to published or unpublished reports of
actual research studies done previously and usually referred to as
"studies". Theses and dissertations are examples of studies.
Conceptual literature, on the other hand, refers to articles, or books
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written by authorities giving their opinions, experiences, theories, or
ideas about a given topic/ subject. In most research studies,
conceptual literature is referred to as "literatttre."
Related literature maybe classified as local, if printed in the
Philippines and foreign, if printed outside the country On the other
hand, related studies are classified as either local, if the study was
done in the Philippines, and or foreign, if the study was done in other
countries.
* Initial Steps in Conducting a Literature Search
The related literature and staclies are an integral part of
a research paper. In conducting the literature search, the
following initiel steps are suggested:
1. Define the research problem as precisely as possible to
focus on the specific issue or i$sues for inquiry.
2. Survey/examine relevant secondary sources of information
(secondary sources are those materials in which authors
describe the work of others like in the textbooks, reviews
and yearbooks.)
a
J. Select appropriate general reference works. (general
references are those which provide information as to where
to locate other sources like indexes and abstracts of
researches.)
4. Formulate and focus on search items like key words
phrases to make the process of inquiry more efficient.
5. Search the general references for relevatt primary sources of
information. (primary sources are publications in which
people who do research repoft the results of their studies.
Authors communicate their own findings directly to the
readers like in joumal of researches.)
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 * Certain Considerations in Selecting the Related Guidelines in Writing Chapter
Literature and Studies
1.
In the course of one's readings, the researcher will face an
enorrnous number of materials. Not every surveyed material should be
included in chapter II. There are certain considerations in selecting
materials that will be integrated to one's research paper and these are
as follows:
2.
l. The materials must be as recent as possible.
Due to rapid changes in our society, outdated materials
have little value today. The research to be chosen must not be 3.
older than five (5) years. The conceptual literature must not be
older than 10 years. The more recent it is, the better, especially
ifit is a research literature.
4.
) Materials must be objective.
One sided/ highly opinionated materials should be avoided.
There should be objectivity in the presentation, analysis and
interpretation of relevant findings. Materials must not manifest
biases against any particular religion, goup of people, sex, race, 5.
institution, profession, certain philosophy or creed.
3. The literature and studies to be selected must be relevant
to the studl'.
II
Only literature and studies which are related in purpose,
method, or findings to the current study should be included.
Careful reading and analysis of literature and studies are
necessary to deternrine whether or not the materials are
related to the study,
The discussion of such litemture and studies should be in the
form of a brief critical analysis of the purposes. method of
study, main frndings, and conclusions.
Studies containing the same set of variables as your study 'f
should be a priority and essential to the review of literature ,.l
,l,l
and studies.
:|il
In the text, only the last names of the authors and the years {
ofpublication are given and enclosed in parertheses. In the iii,tI
case of citations of different works by persons with the
same surnames, initials should be included with the last rffi
names for proper identification.
These literature and studies should be plesented properly and
logically in summarized forms containing only relevant ideas.
Surnames of the author or authors and the year(s) of
publication must be included in parentheses for proper
credits.

The materials to be chosen must help in the understanding
of the research. The materials may or may not agree with the
findings of the researcher's own study but such agreement or
disagreement are relevant in enhancing the value of one's
research \4 orri.
6. Presentation should be orderly by arranging the materials by
variatrles. Arrangement of variables should be based on the
research paradigm.

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 7. The researcher must provicle at least five (5) materials for 2. The researcher can paraphrase or restate in his own words
each of the following: (for a minimum total of 20 materials the most essential points expounded by other authors/
for Chapter II). researchers. Long citations, for instance, from other people'
works must be paraphrased.
a. l.ocal Literature
b. Foreign Literature 3. The reseacher can make a logical evaluation or interpretation
c. Local Studies of another person's work and put this evaluation in writing.
d. Foreign Studies
4. The researcher can, whenever appropriate, copr verbatim,
8, It is customary to present the local literature first before the important words of another researcher or author, by using
foreign literature and the local studies before the foreign quotation marks. Direct quotations require indicating in
studies. parenthesis, not only the author's sumalne and the year of
publication but also the page number(s) where the exact
9. Present the related studies by citing, in summary form, the words can be found.
research methodologies used, the sampling technique, the
respondents, the statistical treatment of data and the major 5. Giving proper credits by acknowledging the author's or
findings. researcher's surname, the year of publication, and the page
number(s) for direct quotations, should be observed at all ii,,t0
times.
* Additional Guidelines in Presenting the Related I

Materials in ChaPter II
* Sample Entry of a Local Related Literature
Voluminous related literature and studies cannot all be included
in its entirety in chapter IL The researcher must exercise discemment
Chapter II
in choosing which parts of the materials should be presented and how
these can be presented ploperly and systematically in chapter II. This chapter contains the review or related literature and
studiesfrom both local andforeign soarces.
The following are some guidelines to help the researcher
in presenting his surveyed and selected materials:
I Literature
l. The researcher can summarize or condense the contents ol'
a material by including only the most essential ideas ot Hemandez (2003) said that one at the most important concem
findings of a literaftrre or studY. the need to make an employee work force more proficient both in
en and written English. Their command of English has to be
ior if they are to make themselves competitive in an indushy that

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is becoming more and more selective in its job recruitment. There is
also the need to align coarse content and training progpms with achral
industry job requirements and new recruits are trained for the right
skills and that the company improves on its job matching performance.
Another thing is that call'center will have to link up with other
companies who offer other form of cosfltmes contact service'
The customers it serves generally live in the US or in some other
Western country thousands of miles across the equator. The agent
tasked to deal with these customers handle all sorts of calls, from
answering questions about a certain product, noting down complaints,
or troubleshooting or crafting solutions when a specific service center
in the Philippines, the call center agent will find himself dealing with
foreign clients, again most of whom are Americans. That means that
he does not just need to have firm knowledge of the product or
service he is handling, he must also be able to communicate in a way
that American customers understand. (Quiason and Aquino-Quiason,
200s)
* Sample Entry of a Related Local Study
tn the study conducted by Cordova et.al (2004), they investigated
whether there is a significant relationship between absenteeism and
bumout profile of the respondents. The respondents used were college
full time faculty members in the IAS Department. The researchers used
convenience sampling technique for the respondents. The researchers
used a standardized test named Burnout Potential Inventory Checklist
by Beverly A. Potter. tn regard of Absenteeism the researchers madc
use of the list of absences from June 2003 to December 2003 of the
respondents at the Human Resource Development Department. Chi
Square was used in order to determine the significant differences
between bumout profile and demographic variables of the respondenls.
Significant erElsures may ask important difference with specific domains
of self-concept contributing to self-esteem. Pearson r was sued to
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determine the significant relationship between burnout profile and
absenteeism ofthe respondents. The researcher arrived at the result of
r = .99(A where Ho is being rejected. There is significant relationship
between bumout profile and absenteeism of the responclents.
* The Synthesis
The last part of Chapter II is the synthesis of the review of
related literature and studies. The synthesis is usually one of the
shortest subparts in a research paper but often one of the most
difficult to write.
The synthesis of the related literature and studies must rogicaily
summarize and combine into a coherent whole the surveyed findings
and ideas of other researchers and authors through the researcherus r ,.1
own words and logical views. .J
li,tS
In other words, the synthesis is not a summary of chapter II. It
is a part that puts the surveyed materials in a logical perspective, vis rdil
a vis the researchens study. The researcher will do weil if, in his own
words, he will synthesize or bring together the surueyed major findings
Bnd conclusions by pointing out the similarities as well as the
ifl'erences between his study and those of others.
Guidelines in Writing the Synthesis
1. The synthesis is written after the surveyed and chosen
materials have been thoroughly read and examined by the
researcher in terms of major findings, conclusions and
recommendations of the other authors and researchers.
2. The synthesis should be concisel,v written and should not be
more than two pages. A one-page synthesis is usually enough
for most research papers.
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 J. Very lengthy or cornplex sentences should be avoided in
writing the synthesis.
4. Brief citations of ideas or finclings of other researchers/
authors can be done to enhance the researcherls own logical
views of the entire materials in chapter II'
7. The synthesis pttts the present study in the context or in
the
to where school, peers, community, and the most is family are involved,
can help to rcduce the aggressive behavior of an individual particularly
adolescents and able to manage and handle the behavior well. The
present study also proposed an intervention program, which will greatly
help in minimizing the aggressive behavior of an individual in clealing with
the opposite sex. (frorn the thesis of Manigbas, Seno and Esteban,
2006).

light of other stuclies by other researchers. Both similar and

contradictory findings can be placed irt the synthesis in very

concise citations.

'!
I

* Sample SYnthesis

The studies presented in this chapter justify that aggresslon ls

study
evident almost to everyone especially in males. According the
of Graham and wells (2001), males were much more likely to report ,il,8
ag_eression than females, the same approach why the researchers
of
diJpresent study chose males as to be the respondents in the study' |ffi
The present study, which deals on aggression of the respondents
to*uid, their opposite sex, has also with similar approach to the study
that the
conducted by Mussweiler and Forster (2000). They suggest
association of sex-ag-eression Iink does exist on earth both for
males

and females. In the prcsent study. the interaction of the respondents

with their opposite sex does contribute to their aggrcssion behavior.
which the researchers measured.

In addition, the environment and the persons to which an individual

is exposed also added to the aggressive behavior of a person'
Particularly in school, adolescents tend to imitate what he observes
catt
ar-ound hirn and the behavior others manifest. However. aggression
also be reduced, just what the stucly conducted by Metropolitan Areil
Child Study Research Group suggested. The combinations ot ptogralns

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)