Plan:

1. Introduction.
2. Idea 1.
3. Idea 2.
4. Idea 3 (optional)
5. Conclusion.
Connectors and conjunctions:
- Starting: I’m going to talk about, I’d like to talk about, the main focus of this
presentation is, First of all, Firstly, Then, Secondly, Next, Finally, Lastly, To sum up,
In conclusion,
- Adding: In addition, furthermore, What’s more, Also, Added to this, Therefore
- Contrasting: However, On the other hand, Then again,
- For exampling: Such as, For one thing, For instance, For example, That is,
Specifically, Illustrated by, In particular
- Comparisoning: Equally, A similar, Likewise, Similarly, Comparable, As with,
Another... like, In the same way,
- Summarizing: In short, In other word, Anyway, In brief, It seems, Clearly, In sum,
After all, In general
- Placing: There, Here, In the back, Adjacent to, Next to, Nearby, Beyond, Opposite to,
At that point,
- Timing: Meanwhile, Finally, At last, Presently, Currently, In the past, In the meantime,
Eventually, Immediately,
Do:
- Use the planning time to prepare what you’re going to say.
- If you are allowed to have a note card, write short notes in point form.
- Use more formal language.
- Use short, simple sentences to express your ideas clearly.
- Pause from time to time and don’t speak too quickly. This allows the listener to
understand your
- ideas. Include a short pause after each idea.
- Speak clearly and at the right volume.
- Have your notes ready in case you forget anything.
- Practise your presentation. If possible record yourself and listen to your presentation.
If you can’t record yourself, ask a friend to listen to you. Does your friend understand
you?
- Make your opinions very clear. Use expressions to give your opinion.
- Look at the people who are listening to you.

Don’t:
- Write out the whole presentation and learn every word by heart.
- Write out the whole presentation and read it aloud.
- Use very informal language.
- Only look at your note card. It’s important to look up at your listeners when you are
speaking.

Coordinating Conjunctions
A coordinating conjunction joins words, phrases, and clauses that have equal grammatical
weight in a sentence. A coordinating conjunction is also used to join two independent
clauses.

- For – shows a reason

- And – means in addition and is used to join or add words together in the sentence
- Nor – gives a negative alternative
- But – shows contrast and is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas in the
sentence
- Or – shows an alternative and is used to show choice or possibilities in the sentence
- Yet – shows unexpected contrast
- So – shows a result and is used to show result in the sentence

Both coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions can join clauses.

EXAMPLES:
- My sister drives a truck, and she smokes cigars. (Two clauses joined by a
coordinating conjunction form a compound sentence.)
- Some people do not like Cecil because he never listens. (Two clauses joined by a
subordinating conjunction form a complex sentence.)
- Although Milly is terrified of heights, she is an airline pilot, and she lives in a
penthouse. (Clauses joined by a combination of coordinating and subordinating
conjunctions form a compound-complex sentence.)

Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a
sentence.
- both...and
- either...or
- just as...so
- neither...nor
- not only...but also
- whether...or

Example: Neither Tom nor Sue passed the algebra final.

Subordinating Conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction is a word or expression that joins two independent clauses so
that one is grammatically dependent on the other.

- after
- although
- as
- as though
- because
- before
- even though
 - if
- in order that
- now that
- once
- rather than
- since
- so
- than
- that
- though
- unless
- until
- when
- whenever
- where
- whereas
- wherever
- while

A subordinating conjunction can appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.

EXAMPLES:
- After the movie started, more people came in. (Notice the comma separating the
clauses)
- More people came in after the movie started.

A subordinating conjunction causes the clause that it appears in to become dependent. In

other words, it will be a sentence fragment unless it is joined to an independent clause.
EXAMPLES:
- You are my favorite brother. (sentence)
- Even though you are my favorite brother. (fragment)
- Even though you are my favorite brother, I am going to tell Mom. (sentence)
- The owner is bigger than you. (sentence)
- Unless the owner is bigger than you. (fragment)
- You can sit on that car unless the owner is bigger than you. (sentence)

Conjunctive Adverbs
A conjunctive adverb is a transitional expression used to join two independent clauses.
Conjunctive Adverbs must be preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma.

- again
- also
- besides
- consequently
- further
- furthermore
- hence
 - however
- indeed
- instead
- likewise
- moreover
- nevertheless
- nonetheless
- otherwise
- similarly
- still
- then
- therefore
- thus

They are not conjunctions and cannot be used to join two sentences. These
words and phrases are often useful to show the logical transitions between paragraphs.
- You are a fool, moreover, you dress badly. (comma splice)
- You are a fool. Moreover, you dress badly. (corrected)
- You are a fool; moreover, you dress badly. (corrected)
- We ate our meal then, we had dessert. (run-on)
- We ate our meal, and then we had dessert. (corrected)
- We ate our meal; then we had dessert. (corrected)
- We ate our meal. Then we had dessert. (corrected)
- Bessie always sleeps on the subway, however, she has never been robbed. (comma
splice)
- Bessie always sleeps on the subway. However, she has never been robbed.
(corrected)
- Bessie always sleeps on the subway; however, she has never been robbed.
(corrected)
Notice that often conjunctive adverbs, unlike conjunctions, often can move almost anywhere
in a sentence.
EXAMPLES:
- I like frozen pizza pockets. Also, I like bouillabaisse.
- I like frozen pizza pockets. I also like bouillabaisse.
- I like frozen pizza pockets. I like bouillabaisse also.

The fall of the House of Usher:

Marionettes Inc:
The story is about a man called Braling who is desperate to find a solution to his problem of
“excessive-love” from his wife. He tells his friend about a secret company which produces
high-technology marionettes for people to get out of any bounds they are attached to: social,
cultural, emotional, etc. Marionettes Inc. gives people an opportunity to be free, to continue
doing what they appear to be doing. Braling has a friend, Smith, and he finds out about
Braling’s marionette, Braling Two, and starts planning on buying a marionette to escape a
little bit from his wife. As Smith looks for his money, Braling Two manages to catch Braling
and keep him away from his wife, so he can become the “real” Braling and give his wife the
love she deserves from the right person (or marionette?), not somebody who hates their
marriage and wishes to rest from her. This is a story that aims to beware people about
pretending but not being, to raise awareness about being a fake and hoping everything will
be fine. “Be true to yourself and the ones who surround you, or else things go wrong” could
be a very good phrase to summarize the story, emphasizing the part when Braling’s life ends
and Braling Two’s life blossoms.