Expansion of Function

𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
Problem 01: (i) Show that , lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 .
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

𝑥 𝑛 +𝑎𝑛
(ii) lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑑𝑑.
𝑥→− 𝑎 𝑥+𝑎

𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
Solution: (i) lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑛−3 𝑎2 + … … … + 𝑎𝑛−1 )

= lim
𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)

= lim (𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑛−3 𝑎2 + … … … + 𝑎𝑛−1 )

𝑥→𝑎

= 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑎2 + … … … + 𝑎𝑛−1

= 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1

𝑥 𝑛 +𝑎𝑛
(ii) lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑑𝑑.
𝑥→−𝑎 𝑥+𝑎

(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 𝑛−1 − 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑛−3 𝑎2 − … … … + 𝑎𝑛−1 )

= lim
𝑥→−𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑎)

= lim (𝑥 𝑛−1 − 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑛−3 𝑎2 − … … … + 𝑎𝑛−1 )

𝑥→−𝑎

= ((−𝑎)𝑛−1 − (−𝑎)𝑛−2 𝑎 + (−𝑎)𝑛−3 𝑎2 − … … … + 𝑎𝑛−1 )

= 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−1 + …. …. … . + 𝑎𝑛−1

= 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑛 − 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑜 (𝑛 − 2 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑

 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 1
Problem 02: Show that , lim = .
𝑥→0 𝑥4 2

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2
Solution: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥4

𝑥4 𝑥8
1 − (1 − + − ………….)
2! 4!
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥4
𝑥4 𝑥8
− + …………
= lim 2! 4!
𝑥→0 𝑥4
1 𝑥4
= lim ( − + … … … .. )
𝑥→0 2! 4!

1
=
2

x2 −sin 𝑥 2 1
Problem 03: Show that lim =
𝑥→0 x6 6

x2 −sin2 x
Solution: lim
𝑥→0 x6

2𝑥 6 𝑥 102
𝑥 − (𝑥 − + − … … … )
3! 5!
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥6
𝑥6 𝑥4
= lim ( − − … … … )
𝑥→0 3! 5!

1 𝑥4
= lim ( − − … … …. )
𝑥→0 3! 5!

1
=
6
 Indeterminate Form

0 ∞
Indeterminate Form: , , 0 × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 00 , 1∞ , ∞0
0 ∞

L’ Hospital Theorem: Let 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝜑(𝑥) be the function of 𝑥, which

can be expanded by Taylor’s theorem and also let 𝑓(𝑎) = 0, 𝜑(𝑎) = 0,

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′ (𝑥)
then lim 𝜑(𝑥) = lim 𝜑′(𝑥), provided the latter limit exist.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥)
Similarly, lim = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝜑𝑛 (𝑥)

𝟎
Form
𝟎

tan 𝑥 0
Problem 01: Find, lim 𝑥
;
0
form.
𝑥→0

tan 𝑥
Solution: Given, lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥
= lim , [using L’ Hospital theorem]
𝑥→0 1

sec 2 0
=
1

=1
 ln (1−𝑥 2 ) 0
Problem 02: lim ln(cos 𝑥) , 0 form
𝑥→0

ln (1−𝑥 2 )
Solution: Given, lim
𝑥→0 ln(cos 𝑥)

Using L’ Hospital Theorem, we get

−2x
= lim 1 1 − x2
𝑥→0
(− sin 𝑥)
cos 𝑥

2𝑥 0
= lim ( ; form
𝑥→0 1−𝑥2 ) tan 𝑥 0

2
= lim
𝑥→0 (1 − 𝑥2 )𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 + tan(−2𝑥)

2
=
(1 − 0)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 0 + 0

2
=
1

=2
tan 𝑥−𝑥 0
Problem 03: Find, lim 𝑥2 tan 𝑥 ; 0 form
𝑥→0

tan 𝑥−𝑥
Solution: Given, lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥

𝑥3 2
(𝑥 + + 𝑥5 + … … ) − 𝑥
3 15
= lim
𝑥→0 2 𝑥3 2 5
𝑥 (𝑥 + + 𝑥 + … … )
3 15
 1 2 2
𝑥3 ( + 𝑥 + … …. … )
3 15
= lim
𝑥→0 2 𝑥3 2 5
𝑥 (𝑥 + + 𝑥 + … … )
3 15

1
+ 0 + … … ….
= 3
1 = 0 + 0 + 0 + ⋯…..

1
=
3
sin 𝑥−sin 𝑥.cos 𝑥 0
Problem 04: Find lim 𝑥3
;
0
form
𝑥→0

sin 𝑥−sin 𝑥.cos 𝑥

Solution: Given, lim
𝑥→0 𝑥3

1
sin 𝑥− sin 2𝑥 0
= lim 2
; form
𝑥→0 𝑥3 0

Using L’ Hospital theorem

1
cos 𝑥− .2 cos 2𝑥 0
2
= lim ; form
𝑥→0 3𝑥 2 0

Again Using L’ Hospital theorem

− sin 𝑥+2 sin 2𝑥 0

= lim ; form
𝑥→0 6𝑥 0

Again Using L’ Hospital theorem

− cos 𝑥+4 cos 4𝑥

= lim
𝑥→0 6
 −1+4
=
6

3
=
6

1
=
2

𝑥−sin 𝑥 0
HW: Solve lim ; form
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 0

𝟏
Ans: .
𝟑

∞
Form
∞

ln (sin 2𝑥) ∞
Problem 04: lim ; form
𝑥→0 ln (sin 𝑥) ∞

ln (sin 2𝑥)
Solution: Given, lim
𝑥→0 ln (sin 𝑥)

Using L’ Hospital theorem

1
.2.cos 2𝑥
sin 2𝑥
= lim 1
𝑥→0 sin 𝑥.cos 𝑥

2 cot 2𝑥 ∞
= lim ; form
𝑥→0 cot 𝑥 ∞

2 tan 𝑥 0
= lim ; form
𝑥→0 tan 2𝑥 0
Again Using L’ Hospital theorem

2𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 2𝑠𝑒𝑐2 2𝑥

2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 0
=
2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 0

2
=
2

=1

0× ∞ Form

Problem 05: lim sin 𝑥 . 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ; (0 × ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)

𝑥→0

Solution: Given, lim sin 𝑥 . 𝑙𝑛𝑥

𝑥→0

𝑙𝑛𝑥 ∞
= lim ; form
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 ∞

Using L’ Hospital theorem

1
𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

− sin 𝑥.tan 𝑥 0
= lim ; form
𝑥→0 𝑥 0

Again Using L’ Hospital theorem

 sin 𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 . cos 𝑥
= −lim
𝑥→0 1

0+0
=
1

=0

2
Problem 06: Solve lim(cos 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ;1∞ form
𝑥→0

2𝑥
Solution: Given, lim (cos 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡
𝑥→0

2𝑥
Let, 𝑦 = lim (cos 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡
𝑥→0

Taking ln on both sides

2
ln 𝑦 = ln lim(cos 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 , (∞ × 0)
𝑥→0

1
= lim . ln(cos 𝑥)
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥

ln(cos 𝑥) 0
= lim ; form
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 0

1
(− sin 𝑥)
= lim cos 𝑥
; (Using L’ Hospital theorem)
𝑥→0 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥.𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥.𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

−1
= lim
𝑥→0 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
 1
=−
2

1
∴ ln 𝑦 = −
2
1
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑒− 2

∞ − ∞ Form

𝑥 1
Problem 06: lim { − } ; (∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 ln 𝑥

𝑥 1
Solution: Given, lim { − } ; (∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 ln 𝑥

𝑥 ln 𝑥 − (𝑥 − 1) 0
= lim { };
𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1) ln 𝑥 0

Using L’ Hospital theorem

1
𝑥. +ln 𝑥.1−1 0
𝑥
= lim 1 ;
𝑥→1 (𝑥−1).𝑥+ln 𝑥 0

ln 𝑥 0
= lim ;
1
1 − + ln 𝑥 0
𝑥→1
𝑥

Again Using L’ Hospital theorem

 1
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→1 1 1
+
𝑥2 𝑥

1
=
1+1
1

1
=
2

HW: lim𝜋(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥); (∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)

𝑥→
2

𝟎𝟎 , ∞𝟎 , 𝟏∞ Form

Problem 07: 𝑦 = lim𝑥 𝑥

𝑥→0

Solution:

Taking ln on both sides,

ln 𝑦 = lim𝑥. 𝑙𝑛𝑥, (0 × ∞)
𝑥→0

ln 𝑥 ∞
= lim ;( )
𝑥→0 1 ∞
𝑥

Using L’ Hospital theorem

1
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 1
− 2
𝑥
 = lim(−𝑥)
𝑥→0

=0

i.e. ln 𝑦 = 0

∴ 𝑦 = 𝑒0 = 1

𝑥(𝑎+𝑏 cos 𝑥)−𝑐 sin 𝑥

Problem 08: If lim = 1, find 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐.
𝑥→0 𝑥5

𝑥(𝑎+𝑏 cos 𝑥)−𝑐 sin 𝑥

Solution: Given, lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥5

𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑥 cos 𝑥−𝑐 sin 𝑥

= lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥5

𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥5
𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑥(1− + − ……… )−𝑐(𝑥− + − ……… )
2 4! 3 5!
= lim 5
=1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐
(𝑎+𝑏−𝑐)𝑥+(− + )𝑥 3 +( − )𝑥 5 + ……..
2 6 24 120
= lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥5

𝑎+𝑏−𝑐 =0
𝑏 𝑐
− + =0
⇒ 2 6
𝑏 𝑐
− =1
{ 24 120

𝑎+𝑏−𝑐 =0
⇒ { −3𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0
5𝑏 − 𝑐 = 120

𝑎 = 120
Solving, { 𝑏 = 60
𝑐 = 180