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In that system, the release of the amoxicillin cargo was susceptible to being triggered by three
different stimuli: (i) the degradation of ZnO QDs in acid media characteristic of tumour
environments; (ii) the break of the GSSG linkers through amido bonds by proteases; or (iii) the break
of the GSSG linkers through disulphide bonds by the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH). Find
support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Journal of Functional
Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health (IJERPH). They synthesized MSN with amino groups inside the pores and carboxylic acid
groups outside and loaded them with DOX. Efficient quantum dots light?emitting devices using
polyvinyl pyrrolidone?capped ZnO nanoparticles with enhanced charge transport. The oppositely
charged ions produce positively charged (0001) Zn-polar and negatively charged (000?1) O-polar
surfaces, resulting in a normal dipole moment and spontaneous polarization along the c-axis. The
components of ? are defined as the coefficients in the Taylor series expansion of the energy in the
external electric field. However, there are other highly efficient methods for preparing nanomaterials
that are easy to work with and require no specialized equipment, making them relatively inexpensive
routes for synthesis. They found that the close coupling between these high-refractive-index ZnO
NWs indeed improved the SERS activity. This selectivity might be because of differences in the
action mechanisms in bacteria and mammal cells. To date our community has made over 100 million
downloads. It can be further demonstrated by simulating the distribution of the electric field for the
system of the silver foil deposited by ZnO nanofibers with the FDTD ( Figure 10 b). Evaporation
source powder is usually placed in a tungsten, alumina, or quartz boat in the upstream of a flowing
inert carrier gas such as argon gas, and the substrate is placed downstream near the evaporation
source. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Synthesis of ZnO
nanostructures and nanoparticles via chemical solutions: recent advances 4. Influence of dipole
moment of capping molecules on the optoelectronic properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Ceramics
International. 2016; 42:14721?14729. DOI. Additionally, microwave synthesis is considered as a
green process and coheres perfectly to the principles formulated by Anastas et al. Journal of Alloys
and Compounds. 2016; 684:151?161. DOI. An example of this was the research carried out by A.A.
Al-Khedhairy et al. about the effect of ZnO QDs against bacterial strain Pseudomonas. A general
overview of each process is also presented for ease of readability. The effect of light on increasing
ROS production for the treatment of bacteria had also been studied. J. Gupta and D. Bahadur
reported the antibacterial and anticancer activity effect of visible light irradiation on Cu substituted
ZnO nanoassemblies (Cu-ZnO NAs). Among all of them, zinc ions and ZnO QDs were able to
efficiently reduce P. Ramesh S, Karthikeyan C, Hajahameed AS, Afsar N, Sivasamy A, Lee Y-J, Kim
J-H, Kim HS. It was observed that those treated with ZnO showed greater antidiabetic activity
compared to ZnSO 4. The crystal structure of these materials is the hexagonal wurtzite structure.
EDS analysis proved the chemical composition of the synthesized samples via different chemical
approaches. The first-order hyperpolarizability value of the pure Zn 8 O 8 clusters was decreased
compared with that of the Zn 8 O 8:4DB clusters due to the effect of the total energy. The optimized
time for the evolution of full bloom flowers were observed to be 12 hours in each case shown in Fig.
In the meantime, the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of ZnO NRs can also be adjusted by the
plasma treatment. Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA). Further, some
progress should also be made in chemical enhancement due to its non-negligible contributions to the
Raman enhancement. 2.1.1. Theoretical Basis for Improving the Electromagnetic Enhancement of
Semiconductor ZnO Here a pivotal issue should be raised: why is the electromagnetic enhancement
of noble metals much larger than that of semiconductors. Content Alerts Brief introduction to this
section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective How it Works Manage
preferences Contact Want to get in touch. Martinez-Carmona, Marina, Yurii Gun’ko, and Maria
Vallet-Regi. In the two-stage thermal decomposition method of the precursor, the first stage is mixing
and vigorously stirring the NaOH and zinc acetate (Zn(Ac) 2 ) solution to produce the Zn(OH) 2
precipitates, and then the NH 4 HCO 3 powder is added to form the precursor of a small crystallite
of Zn 5 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 6. ZnO nanoparticles were characterized with XRD analysis, which
confirmed the presence of a hexagonal wurtzite structure with different crystalline sizes.
Nevertheless, Au NPs are always coated with a layer of chemical substance, which can help to avoid
their aggregation and provide them with a functional surface chemistry. According to the recorded
absorption spectra, absorption peaks were found at 341 nm for the pure ZnO NPs and 338 nm for the
4DB-added ZnO NPs, which can be attributed to the photoexcitation of electron from the valence
band to the conduction band. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
ZnO film can be grown by this method using ZnO powder as the evaporation source. The previous
two steps can also be replaced by a magnetron sputtering or atomic layer deposition method to coat a
layer of ZnO seeds on the substrates. Thermal sensor based zinc oxide diode for low temperature
applications. It has been considered as a promising approach to obtain novel nanomaterials in organic
and inorganic fields. Firstly, the ZnO NR arrays need to be grown on the substrates by the three-step
seeded growth process. Since the costs associated with research and industry is always an important
consideration, it becomes necessary to use inexpensive and efficient methods to obtain the desired
novel nanostructured materials with applications in different fields such as optoelectronics, solar
cells, piezoelectric and sometimes in biological materials. Certainly, it is also helpful to tune the
LSPR peak location to the VIS region by decreasing QD sizes and increasing QD numbers according
to the Figure 1. Mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCNs) present similar characteristics to those
described for MSNs in terms of mechanical and structural properties. Sol?gel derived oriented
multilayer ZnO thin films with memristive response. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications
and newsletters from MDPI journals. It is conventionally performed at a low temperature with the
available inexpensive equipment. Fabrication of Semiconductor ZnO Nanostructures for Versatile
SERS Application. That is why X. Du et al. reported a new carboxylated MCNs were ZnO QDs
were covalently linked via dual amide bonds to minimize premature release of mitoxantrone (MIT)
drug. In recent years, a novel microfluidic technology has been on the rise and is rapidly becoming a
new platform for sample preparation. Effect of Ca?doping on microstructure and photocatalytic
activity of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by sol gel method. HMTA: hexamethylenetetramine; NW:
nanowire; PEI: ethylene imine polymer. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as
one view. Microwave?assisted preparation, characterization and photocatalytic properties of a
dumbbell?shaped ZnO photocatalyst. The least expensive routes are those that are classified as
solution?based techniques such as colloidal, sol?gel and microwave?assisted synthesis. Journal of
Alloys and Compounds. 2016; 683:513e526. DOI.
Results showed that these nanocomposite bandages presented antibacterial activity and great effects
on enhancing blood clotting and swelling capacity. Which found that only the nano-sized coating was
able to reduce biofilm formation. They found that the size-dependence of ZnO nanostructure
substrates was subsistent and the optimum particle size for the ZnO nanocrystals was nearly 28 nm.
Next Article in Journal Synthesis of Sandwiched Composite Nanomagnets by Epitaxial Growth of
Fe 3 O 4 Layers on SrFe 10 Cr 2 O 19 Nanoplates in High-Boiling Organic Solvent. Open Access is
an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. The least expensive routes
are those that are classified as solution?based techniques such as colloidal, sol?gel and
microwave?assisted synthesis. At present, it is difficult and controversial to adopt a uniform EF to
evaluate the performance of SERS substrates. Authors modified the surface of two commonly used
implant materials (titanium and tantalum) with NHS and each of the structures separately and
studied their antibacterial capacity against E. coli and S. aureus under different times. Because the
SMEF can greatly change from site to site due to the strong spatial locality of “hot spots”, the SMEF
is usually used to accurately evaluate the contribution of one single molecule to the Raman
enhancement. Microwave assisted fast synthesis of various ZnO morphologies for selective detection
of CO, CH4 and ethanol. Yang, L.; Yang, Y.; Ma, Y.; Li, S.; Wei, Y.; Huang, Z.; Long, N.V. Powder
X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns were recorded with a Rigaku Ultima IV diffractometer as
described earlier. 36 The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on JEOL JEM
F200 equipped with a field emission gun operate at 200 kV with 1 mg sample well dispersed in
MeOH (10 mL) using a sonicator for 2 minutes and then put on the copper grid, which was allowed
to dry using a lamp for 30 minutes. First-order hyperpolarizability is a third-rank tensor that can be
described by 3 ? 3 ? 3 matrices. Efficient quantum dots light?emitting devices using polyvinyl
pyrrolidone?capped ZnO nanoparticles with enhanced charge transport. Since the costs associated
with research and industry is always an important consideration, it becomes necessary to use
inexpensive and efficient methods to obtain the desired novel nanostructured materials with
applications in different fields such as optoelectronics, solar cells, piezoelectric and sometimes in
biological materials. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions
of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( ). HOMO represents the ability to donate an
electron, and LUMO represents the ability to obtain an electron. Probing Single Molecules and
Single Nanoparticles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. In 2017, two research groups reported
two different composites based on chitosan and containing ZnO QDs to combine antibacterial and
wound healing properties in the same material. Local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) frequency
dependence on the free electron density for semiconductors, and number of free carriers per quantum
dot (QD) required for nanosphere diameter ranging from 2 to 12 nm to achieve a free carrier density
between 10 17 and 10 23 cm ?3. Conclusions and future directions References DOWNLOAD FOR
FREE Share Cite Cite this chapter There are two ways to cite this chapter: 1. They found that the
precise number of graphene layers was critical to the performance of SERS and photocatalysis. Zinc
oxide nanocubes as a destructive nanoadsorbent for the neutralization chemistry of 2?chloroethyl
phenyl sulfide: A sulfur mustard simulant. For various required morphologies of the noble metal,
different additives are added to this solution. The blue band emissions that were observed at 458,
478, and 493 nm and at 440, 475, and 493 nm may have been due to surface defects in the ZnO NPs
corresponding to oxygen vacancies and oxygen interstitial defects, respectively. Microwave?assisted
preparation, characterization and photocatalytic properties of a dumbbell?shaped ZnO photocatalyst.
A similar study where water was used as the solvent gave varied ZnO nanostructures on changing the
amount of water, particularly 3D microflowers in 2 mL water. 36 Therefore, the above results clearly
indicated the role of saturated vapor pressure of the solvent in producing the ZnO nanostructures
with different morphologies as shown in Table 1. The document then discusses photoluminescence of
ZnO nanostructures, including UV emission from excitonic recombination and visible emissions
from defects. All recent advances made for the treatment of bacterial infection with ZnO
nanoplatforms are summarized in Table 2. 4. Antifungal Capacity of ZnO Nanoplatforms The
antimicrobial power of the ZnO QDs is not limited to bacteria but also to other types of
microorganisms such as fungi. The nanoparticles aggregated by clustering together to reduce the
overall surface energy.
Cell membranes were stained in green, cell nuclei were stained in blue and released drugs wre
presented red. Karthikeyan, A. S. Hajahameed, N. Afsar, Arumugam Sivasamy, Young-Jun Lee, Joo-
Hyung Kim, and Heung Soo Kim. Dual-modal detection of a single Hela cell. ( a ) SERS spectrum
of a single Hela cell attaching on the underneath electrode with Au nanostructure; ( b ) Comparison
of cellular impedances before and after its attachment. International Journal of Turbomachinery,
Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). Karthikeyan, A. S. Hajahameed, N. Afsar, Arumugam Sivasamy,
Young-Jun Lee, Joo-Hyung Kim, and Heung Soo Kim. The 4DB-added ZnO NPs’ band gap rose
from 3.26 to 3.285 eV. The photoluminescence spectra revealed that all of the peaks were in the
visible area and that the deep level emission (DLE) of the ZnO NPs with the addition of 4DB was
also reduced. HOMO represents the ability to donate an electron, and LUMO represents the ability
to obtain an electron. Further, some progress should also be made in chemical enhancement due to its
non-negligible contributions to the Raman enhancement. 2.1.1. Theoretical Basis for Improving the
Electromagnetic Enhancement of Semiconductor ZnO Here a pivotal issue should be raised: why is
the electromagnetic enhancement of noble metals much larger than that of semiconductors.
Additionally, slight variations in precursors or process parameters can produce different
morphologies that can be applied in different technological fields. Results proved that ZnO
nanoslices rapidly released (48 h) allowing to kill bacteria in early stages. Note that from the first
issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. SEM images of the ( a )
ZnO NPs and ( b ) ZnO:4DB NPs; EDX spectra of the ( c ) ZnO NPs and ( d ) ZnO:4DB NPs.
Here, the dipole moment of the Zn 8 O 8 clusters was found to be 7.4989 Debye, whereas that of the
Zn 8 O 8:4DB clusters was found to be 5.3239 Debye. The difference in the dipole moment was due
to the effect of charge density, which was unequally shared in the Zn 8 O 8:4DB clusters. Open
Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. On the other hand,
when the solvents such as toluene and THF were used, which have relatively low saturated vapor
pressures, anisotropic growth was favored to yield ZnO nanorods. A clear solution, which was found
to be stable at ambient conditions, was then obtained. This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (
). Scheme 1 shows a schematic of the synthesis of the ZnO:4DB nanoparticles. 2.4. Materials
Characterization ZnO NPs were characterized with X-ray diffractometry (X’PERT PRO
PANalytical). All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an
open access license. No special. Colloidal instability can be prevented through steric stabilization
which usually requires a surfactant to maintain the colloidal suspension. Journal of
Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM). There has been a wide range of
organic and inorganic particles that have been synthesized and applied in different fields through
these techniques. Depending on the processing conditions, single crystal or preferential growth can
occur in thin films that result in different relative peak intensities or missing peaks compared to the
reference pattern. Furthermore, the length and the diameter of the rods increased on extending the
growth time from 6 hours to 12 hours ( Fig. 8 ). The length and diameter of the rods continued to
increase up to 18 hours ( Table 2 ). Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA). In
addition, in vitro and in vivo experiments showed no adverse effect or toxicity on blood stream.
Room temperature synthesis and multiferroic response of Li co?doped (Zn, Co)O nanocrystallites.
Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be
particularly. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by ZnO?reduced graphene
oxide composite synthesized via microwave?assisted reaction.
New insights in the structural and morphological properties of sol?gel deposited ZnO multilayer
films. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 2016; 95:43?55. DOI. Besides transition energy
and the transition dipole moment, the dipole moment difference between the ground and excited
states is also important in the calculation of ? tot. Many researchers have made a contribution to the
design and fabrication of ZnO nanostructures with high SERS activities. Firstly, ZnO NRs were
grown on a gold-coated glass slide when focused by a continuous laser beam in the microfluidic
channel containing Zn(NO 3 ) 2 and HMTA solution as precursors. ZnO NHS, which combined both
elements presented a two-stage antibacterial effect. Synthesis and physico?chemical studies of
vanadium doped zinc oxide nanoparticles and its photocatalysis. The SMEF is used to calculate the
SERS enhancement of a given molecule in a specific position, so it is usually difficult to calculate the
SMEF due to its precise definition. Currently, researchers are mostly focusing their efforts on the
design of new materials for wound healing that incorporate the antibacterial and healing effects of
ZnO QDs. R. Jayakumar et al. synthesized a microporous chitosan hydrogel based on ZnO
composite bandages (CZBs) that presented great flexibility. Photoluminescent properties of the ( a )
ZnO NPs and ( b ) 4DB:ZnO NPs. Grain size disposed structural, optical and polarization tuning in
ZnO. A controllable optical property and LSPR peak location can also be achieved by adjusting the
size of metallic nanoparticles. “Hot spots” may generate when the metallic nanocrystals are
aggregated, and it is critical to control the space between the nanoparticles to create “hot spots”. It is
conventionally performed at a low temperature with the available inexpensive equipment. A
systematic growth of the formation of these flowers up to 12 hours has been demonstrated.
Structures of ( a ) Zn 8 O 8 and ( b ) Zn 8 O 8:4DB clusters and energy gaps of frontier molecular
orbitals of the Zn 8 O 8 and Zn 8 O 8:4DB clusters. European Journal of Investigation in Health,
Psychology and Education (EJIHPE). The 2 ? values of diffraction peaks obtained are in good
agreement with the standard JCPDS data for ZnO (JCPDS 06-2151). Dual-modal detection of a
single Hela cell. ( a ) SERS spectrum of a single Hela cell attaching on the underneath electrode with
Au nanostructure; ( b ) Comparison of cellular impedances before and after its attachment. When the
probed molecules are chemisorbed on the ZnO nanostructures, surface defects which are introduced
by the elemental doping will promote the formation of surface defects energy level, and make the CT
process easier to process between the surface defects energy levels and the LUMO of the probed
molecules with a relatively lower laser energy. Manipulating electron transfer in hybrid ZnO?Au
nanostructures: Size of gold matters. The green emission peaks observed at 520 and 551 nm and at
519, 530, and 560 nm were assigned to a deep level emission that is usually caused by the presence
of an ionized charged state of the defects in zinc oxide. Results proved that ZnO nanoslices rapidly
released (48 h) allowing to kill bacteria in early stages. Cell membranes were stained in green, cell
nuclei were stained in blue and released drugs wre presented red. Multiple requests from the same IP
address are counted as one view. The components of ? are defined as the coefficients in the Taylor
series expansion of the energy in the external electric field. Visit our dedicated information section to
learn more about MDPI. This indicated that the band gap of ZnO NPs increased with the addition of
4DB to the ZnO NPs. All processing conditions involved in the system can be fixed to control
nucleation and growth of the materials. Effect of cobalt doping on ZnO thin films deposited by
sol?gel method. The standard diffraction peaks showed that the crystal structure of the ZnO NPs was
a hexagonal wurtzite structure (space group P63mc, JCPDS data Card No: 36-1451) with preferred
orientation along the (101) plane. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. 2016; 54:36?41.
DOI.
Effect of cobalt doping on ZnO thin films deposited by sol?gel method. Our Authors and Editors We
are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160
countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Lattice
parameter values of the pure ZnO and ZnO:4DB NPs. As in the case of cancer, the use of ZnO
nanosystems for the treatment of bacterial infections is not only limited to QDs themselves, but ZnO
QDs can also be used as a component of more complex systems. In 2015, Parkin et al. Journal of
Alloys and Compounds. 2016; 673:138?143. DOI. Journal of Functional Morphology and
Kinesiology (JFMK). Figure 2 shows a representative XRD pattern of ZnO. EMA-PCR experiments
were carried out and a clear reduction on DNA amplification was observed for the samples treated
with ZnO QDs. Fortunately, this phenomenon is of little importance outside the cells, where the
concentration of ROS is small, but once internalized higher levels of ROS resulting in cell death. The
growth time controls the length of the nanorods. 43 A longer rod is produced with longer growth
duration up to a certain time. The single molecule enhancement factor is defined as the following.
Therefore, a low-cost and simplified hydrothermal route has been adopted for the synthesis of ZnO
nanostructures which offers several advantages in terms of operational simplicity, reliability,
repeatability, low temperature, scalability, low cost, ease of composition control and complex
procedures restrict further development in actual applications. Furthermore, authors wanted to test
the efficacy of the nanosystem against antibiotic resistant bacteria. Firstly, ZnO NRs were grown on
a gold-coated glass slide when focused by a continuous laser beam in the microfluidic channel
containing Zn(NO 3 ) 2 and HMTA solution as precursors. After the oxygen in the furnace is
thoroughly exhausted, the evaporation source will be heated at a temperature higher than the
vaporization temperature, and the substrate is always maintained at a lower temperature for the
growth of the film. These interactions can contribute to agglomeration and subsequently precipitation
of the particles. ZnO NHS, which combined both elements presented a two-stage antibacterial effect.
Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles via aqueous solution, sol. In the meantime, the
photoluminescence (PL) intensity of ZnO NRs can also be adjusted by the plasma treatment. On the
one hand, it was noteworthy that there was a strong interfacial electronic coupling between the
neighboring ZnO NWs and Ag NPs. For instance, there are transversal and longitudinal LSPR for
Au nanorods (NRs). The EDAX analysis revealed that the required phase was present in the samples.
These ZnO nanostructures can be utilized in optoelectronics and high performance devices.
Comparison of the antimicrobial activity of ZnO and 4DB:ZnO nanoparticles vs. Journal of Alloys
and Compounds. 2016; 683:513e526. DOI. The wound healing capacity of the system was evaluated
in rat models with full-thickness excision. Stability of ZnO quantum dots tuned by controlled
addition of ethylene glycol during their growth. Clinical observations and experimental studies
clearly indicate that a treatment exclusively based in the administration of antibiotics is usually
insufficient to eliminate the biofilm. HMTA and methenamine can play the same role as the
diethylenetriamine. Particular ZnO nanostructures can solve these problems to a certain extent thanks
to their easily available steady nanostructures with crossings and junctions as well as their large
plasmon-active surface to deposit and anchor noble metals.