Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MEE Unit 5
MEE Unit 5
MEE Unit 5
https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S05/is.8504.3.1994.pdf
https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S05/is.1271.2012.pdf
Class Y : 90° C: Paper, cotton, silk, natural rubber, polyvinyl chloride, etc. without impregnation,
(formerly O)
Class A : 105° C: Same as class Y but impregnated, plus nylon.
Class E : 120° C: Polyethylene terephthalate (terylene fibre, melinex film), cellulose triacetate,
polyvinyl acetate enamel.
Class B : 130° C: Mica, fiberglass (alkali free alumino borosilicate), bituminized asbestos, bakelite,
polyester enamel.
Class F : 155° C: As class B but with alkyd and epoxy based resins, polyurethane.
Class H : 180° C: As class B with silicone resin binder, silicone rubber, aromatic polyamide
(nomex paper and fiber), polyamide film (enamel, varnish and film) and estermide enamel.
Class C : Above 180° C: As class B but with suitable non-organic binders; (Teflon, Mica,
Micanite, Glass, Ceramics, Poly tetra fluoroe thylene)
State the classification of insulating materials as per IS 1271- 1985. With maximum
operating temperature and with two examples of each
9. Improper handling.
10. Oxidation.
11. Atmosphere.
12. Impurities.
13. Light.
14. Chemical reaction.
15. Effect of oxygen & humidity.
The insulation resistance test is performed using a megohmmeter or an insulation tester. The test
involves applying a high voltage DC current to the insulation and measuring the resulting current
flow through the insulation. The insulation resistance is calculated as the ratio of the applied voltage
to the measured current.
The results of the insulation resistance test are typically given in ohms or megohms. The minimum
acceptable insulation resistance varies depending on the type of equipment being tested, its operating
voltage, and the environmental conditions in which it is used. As a general rule, an insulation
resistance reading of less than 1 megohm is considered unacceptable for most electrical equipment.
Interpreting the condition of insulation based on the insulation resistance measurement can be done
using the following guidelines:
If the insulation resistance is very high (greater than 100 megohms), this indicates that the insulation
is in excellent condition and is not deteriorating.
If the insulation resistance is high (between 10 and 100 megohms), this indicates that the insulation
is in good condition, but there may be some minor issues that need to be monitored.
If the insulation resistance is low (between 1 and 10 megohms), this indicates that the insulation is
starting to deteriorate and may require further investigation.
If the insulation resistance is very low (less than 1 megohm), this indicates that the insulation is in a
critical condition and needs urgent attention. The equipment may need to be taken out of service until
the insulation can be repaired or replaced.
It is an important component of power transformers and other electrical equipment. It serves multiple
purposes, including providing electrical insulation, cooling the transformer, and protecting the solid
insulation. Here are some of the properties, contaminating agents, and tests associated with
transformer oil:
Contaminating agents:
Water: Water can enter the transformer oil through leaks or condensation. It can reduce the dielectric
strength of the oil and lead to corrosion of the transformer components.
Particulate matter: Particles such as dust, dirt, and metal debris can enter the transformer oil and cause
abrasion or other types of damage to the transformer components.
Oxidation: Transformer oil can oxidize over time, forming acids that can corrode the transformer
components.
Electrical discharge: Electrical discharge can cause arcing or sparking in the transformer, which can
lead to the formation of gases and other contaminants in the oil.
Tests:
Dielectric strength test: This test measures the ability of the oil to withstand electrical stress. The oil
is placed in a test cell and a voltage is applied. The voltage is increased until the oil breaks down and
a spark jumps across the gap in the cell.
Dissolved gas analysis: This test measures the levels of various gases dissolved in the oil. The
presence of certain gases, such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide, can indicate the presence of arcing
or other types of electrical discharge in the transformer.
Moisture content test: This test measures the amount of water in the oil. Excessive moisture can
reduce the dielectric strength of the oil and lead to corrosion of the transformer components.
Acidity test: This test measures the acidity of the oil. The presence of acids can indicate the presence
of oxidation or other types of degradation in the oil.
Particle count test: This test measures the number and size of particles in the oil. Excessive particulate
matter can cause abrasion or other types of damage to the transformer components.
Generally, dust particles are removed by the use of mechanical filters, spray, electrostatic filters, also
by centrifuging and distillation.
Particles can also be removed by chemical treatment like adding ion-exchange materials such as
"Alumina".
Moisture/water vapour can be removed by the use of drying agents or by vacuum drying.
1.Cloudiness in oil: This is due to suspended moisture or sediments such as iron oxide or sludge.
2. Very dark colour of oil: This is due to its contamination for example, with "bituminous
compound". This may also be due to oxidation to a point where sludge formation is imminent.
3.Green colour of oil: This is due to dissolved copper compounds and a rapid deterioration of the
oil.
4. Oder/smell: Acrid acid smell indicates the presence of volatile acids. This causes corrosion. This
may render the oil unsuitable for treatment at site.
State of oil can be judged by inspection-like sensing its order and seeing its colour
The failure of insulation takes place due to absorption of moisture. Oil, dust, dirt, excessive
heat, vibration, over voltage and aging are the main reasons for failure of insulation.
Removal of loose dust : The loose dust accumulated over the surface of winding, in the ventilating
duct can be removed by applying compressed air at a pressure about 2.1 to 2.8 kg / C2 from a portable
vacuum cleaner. For this work the person should use mask, safety goggle etc.
Cleaning with water : Cleaning of electrical machinery with fresh water and detergent. It is the
recommended procedure for cleaning H class insulation. The cleaning should be done as rapidly as
possible. The machine should be rinsed with fresh water, excess moisture wiped off with clean dry
cloth and the machine should be baked in dry oven.
Drying of Insulation:
External heat
It is the method of drying insulation most frequently used. The various methods of
applying external heat are:
(a) Baking in the oven: It is conveniently carried out by placing the machine, having winding. The
winding of machine with varnish is dried in baking oven at constant temperature. The temperature is
kept constant with the help of thermostatic control.
(b) By using boiler: The steam from the boiler heats up the top of machine. The heat raises the
windings and dries the windings. The temperature of the windings is measured by thermometers
attached to the coils temperature of the should not exceed 90 C.
(c) By electric lamps, heaters: Electric heaters are kept surrounding the machine to dry the insulation.
Sometimes the heat of 200 watt, 500 watt lamp is used to dry the insulation. The drying takes place
through radiation of heat. Hot air furnace can be used for bring the insulation.
Internal heat
Revarnishing of Insulation
The windings, cores and other parts are revarnished to fill air pockets, voids, gaps for
perfect insulation.
1. Air dry varnish by brush: Revarnishing for winding, small machines are carried out by using air
dry varnish applied by brushes.
2. Air dry varnish by spray: Air dry varnish is applied by spray so that it goes into air pockets,
slot gaps, voids.
3. Hot-Dip method using baking varnish
(i) The wound armature, stator, rotor etc are heated in the baking oven at about 100°C for at least one
hour so that the moisture present in it will get evaporated.
(ii) It is completely immersed in varnish tank and is kept in immersed condition for at least half an
hour, so that air is filled in all the air pockets in winding and slots etc.
4. After wards it is taken out and kept on iron grill for some time so that excess varnish gets drained
out.
5. It is kept in a baking oven at a temperature of 100℃ to 110℃ for about four to 8 (Eight) hours so
that varnish will become bone dry.
Define the term 'Polarization Index'. How is it used for interpreting the condition of
insulation?
(R600 = 600 sec. reading of insulation resistance & R6o = 60 sec. reading of insulation resistance)
Draw a neat diagram of vacuum impregnation plant and write stepwise procedure of
revarnishing the insulation.
Step 7 After that vacuum is released and desired pressure is applied into the processing tank above
the varnish level using compressed air/nitrogen for better penetration.
Step 8 After desired amount of time, the pressure is released and the varnish is drained back into
the varnish storage tank with the help of pump.
Step 9 The winding is taken out from the processing chamber and kept on iron grill tray to drain out
the excess varnish Then coil/winding is removed and applies finishing gel (varnishes) by brushing
or spraying to job for additional protection.
Step 10 It is then kept in a baking oven till it gets set properly and become dry up to 10 to 20
minutes or in some case 1 to 2 hours.
State the necessity of drying out of transformers. Give the procedure of drying out of
transformers both by external and internal heat methods.
drying out of transformer can be carried out by applying heat by any of the following methods.
Procedure of drying out:-
1. Arrange the set-up, measurement equipment’s etc. with including the fire extinguisher for use in
the event of an emergency
2. Heat is applied gradually by any suitable method as stated below for prolong period.
External heat methods:-
a. By Circulating hot oil through suitable purifying plant (Stream line filter machine).
6. After drying out varnish is applied on the winding surface immediately to prevent absorption of
moisture.
8. Even if drying out for prolong period, if there is no improvement in the value of IR, than it
means insulation is wear or detoriated. At that time replace it by new one.
OR
➢ With the tank dry (i.e. with the core and windings in position but without oil) or
➢ With the tank filled with oil.
MEE 22625 Unit 5 SKBPP EE DRN 8.5.2023
MEE Unit- V Maintenance of Electrical Machine Insulation 10 mark
1 . With the tank dry:- The heat required for drying may be produced in two ways:
(i) By blowing in hot air through the transformer tank. The inlet air should be at a temperature
not less than 85°nor more than 100°C. The air is blown into the tank through a suitable
opening at the bottom of the tank (such as the drain pipe or radiator pipe outlet.) An air
outlet should be left at the top by removing the explosion vent or manhole cover.
(ii) By short circuiting the LV winding and applying a reduced voltage on the HV winding,
as in the heat nin test. The top cover should be kept open for free flow of air.
2. With the tank filled with oil:- Heat could be produced in three different ways:
i) By short-circuit method
ii) By circulating hot oil through a suitable purifying plant (Streamline filter machine).
iii) By connecting several immersion type heaters and letting them into the transformer tank.
History sheets of transformers and induction motors are documents that contain important
information about the equipment, such as its specifications, maintenance history, and any repairs or
modifications that have been made. These sheets are typically used by maintenance personnel and
engineers to keep track of the equipment's performance and to ensure that it is operating within its
design parameters.
The information contained in a history sheet for a transformer may include details such as its rated
voltage and current, its impedance and efficiency, and any insulation class or temperature rise limits.
It may also include information about any repairs or maintenance that has been performed on the
transformer, such as oil changes or winding replacements.
Similarly, the information contained in a history sheet for an induction motor may include details
such as its rated power and speed, its efficiency and power factor, and any insulation class or
temperature rise limits. It may also include information about any repairs or maintenance that has
been performed on the motor, such as bearing replacements or rotor balancing.
Keeping accurate and up-to-date history sheets for transformers and induction motors can help ensure
that the equipment is maintained properly and operates reliably. It can also provide valuable
information for troubleshooting and diagnosing problems, and for making informed decisions about
repairs and upgrades.
Generally the supplier / manufacturing industry gives a sheet along with the m/c bill or a separate
metallic plate is fitted on the front side of the machine history.
➢ The specification details on the machine plates generally describe all the details of the
machine.
For transformer: Following are the contents on the plate Part (A)
Capacity/ type /: Squirrel Cage/Slipring/Single - 3- phase winding insulation class, No. of poles,
speed, type of starter etc.
Methods of Purification and Filtration of Insulating Oil (To keep insulation Health)
The transformer oil gets contaminated due to impurities, temperature, ageing etc. There are three
main methods of purifying or conditioning, filtering of oil.
To remove all contaminants such as water, carbon deposits, dirt-dust, sludge dissolved
moisture and gases so that dielectric strength of oil increases so also the other properties are
improved and oil again becomes usable safely. Best results are obtained from centrifugal purifier.
Centrifugal Purifier
1. Transformer
2. Regulating valve
3. Strainer
4. Input pump
5. Heater chamber
6. Spray chamber
7.Centrifugal bowl
8. Drain valve
9. Vacuum tank
10. Vacuum pump 11. Discharge pump 12. Outlet valve
The purpose of oil purification is to remove from it all the impurities or all contaminations such as
water, carbon deposits, dirt, sludge, dissolved moisture and gases so as to improve its dielectric
strength and give other properties required. Out of the above the centrifugal purifier gives the best
result. So, it is explained on the basis of flow diagram. The specific gravity of such impurities is more
than the oil. In this method the oil is admitted into the centre of a bowl having number of conical
shaped separating vanes fixed on the vertical shaft. The shaft is coupled to a electric motor, which
moves at very high speed 6000 to 8000 rpm. This causes high centrifugal forces on the heavier
particles in comparison with oil particles This force is thousand times greater than the force of gravity
and they are thrown outwards directly to the bowl wall and gets separated from oil.
When oil is centrifugal at high speeds it leaves the bowl in the form of extremely fine spray due to
which evaporation of moisture takes placed and dissolved gases are released. If high vacuum is
maintained in the spray chamber and oil at high temperature is circulated in the chamber the process
is accelerated and can be carried out at high rates.
Filtering process
➢ Through inlet pipe (1), the impure oil is taken in the heating chamber (2),
➢ In this chamber heater units (3) are provided by which the oil is heated to a temperature of
60° to 75° C.
➢ The advantage of heating is to make the oil thinner which facilitates separation of impurities
moreover it releases dissolved gases and moisture.
➢ This hot oil is pumped into the purifier chamber (4). In this chamber the oil is pressed under
a high pressure (See pressure tank pressure gauge and air pipe in the figure). The pressure is
about 6 kg/cm2.
➢ Oil then passes through several stocks of specially prepared thin paper discs which are kept
tightly packed and compressed by powerful springs. See no. (5).
➢ The interfaces between the surfaces of the filter paper are so fine that even microscopic
impurities cannot pass through.
➢ All such impurities are accumulated on the outer surfaces of the fitter packs.
➢ The purified oil is withdrawn from the central hole in the paper stack through which the
holding down bolt passes.
➢ This operation is continued for some time. During this period sufficient amount of sediments,
dust, dirt etc. is collected on the outer surface of filter pack.
➢ Compressed air is admitted in the central hole of the pack by operating the valve.
➢ Compressed air forces out and releases deposited sediments\dust and carbon deposits and all
the dirt oil, sludge and water are ejected out of the drain pipe.
➢ Process is restarted after flushing out the dirty oil from the chamber.
➢ The purified oil from the purifier enters the vacuum tank (6). Here it is dropped into the open
trays. The oil is thus exposed to dehydrating vacuum is maintained by electrically driven high
vacuum pump.
➢ The reduction of atmospheric pressure above liquid surface lowers its boiling point. Moisture
contained in oil is, therefore quickly liberated under reduced pressure. Hence, exposure to
vacuum the last traces of dissolved moisture air gas are removed, the oil becomes perfectly
dry with high dielectric strength. A float valve is provided in the tank outlet below the vacuum
pipe is collected back the purified oil outlet pipe, is refused for transformers etc.