Chapter 7

Carburetion and Carburetors

Definition of Carburetion
The process of formation of a combustion fuel air mixture by
mixing the proper amount of fuel with air before admission to engine
cylinder is called carburetion and the device which does this job is called
a carburetor
 γ−1
Velocity of venturi P2 γ
C2 = 2Cp T1 (1 − )
P1

γ−1
P2 γ
C2 = Vc 2Cp T1 (1 −
P1

Where, Vc =Velocity coefficient

Cp=1.005kJ/kg.K=1005 J/kg.K

Mass flow of air, 𝑚𝑎° = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝐶1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝐶2

When the air considered as incompressible,

𝑚𝑎° = 𝜌𝑎 𝐴2 𝐶2
 m°a,actual = Cda A2 2ρa (P1 − P2 )

Where, A2 =the cross-sectional area of the nozzle

𝜌𝑎 =density of air
𝐶𝑑𝑎 = discharge coefficient for air
P1=pressure of air at point 1, N/m2
P2=pressure of air at point 2, N/m2
When the air considered as incompressible,

Mass flow of fuel, 𝑚𝑓° = 𝜌𝑓 𝐴𝑓 𝐶𝑓

°
𝑚𝑓,𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑑𝑓 𝐴𝑓 2𝜌𝑓 (𝑃1 − 𝑃2 − 𝑔𝑧𝜌𝑓 )

Where, Af =the cross-sectional area of the nozzle

𝜌𝑓 =density of fuel
𝐶𝑑𝑓 = discharge coefficient for fuel nozzle
g= acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
z= heigh of the nozzle exist above the level of fuel
If z= 0,

°
𝑚𝑓,𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑑𝑓 𝐴𝑓 2𝜌𝑓 (𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )

𝐴 m°a,actual 𝐶𝑑𝑎 𝐴2 𝜌𝑎
= ° = × ×
𝐹 𝑚𝑓,𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑑𝑓 𝐴𝑓 𝜌𝑓
 𝑘𝑔ሶ 𝜌𝑓
Given: 𝑚ሶ𝑎 =5kg/min, 𝑚ሶ𝑓 = 0.5 , 𝑆. 𝐺 = = 0.75
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝜌𝑤

P1=1 bar , T1=300K, C2=100 m/s, Vc=0.8,

∆𝑃𝑓 = 0.8 ∆𝑃𝑎 , Cdf = 0.6, 𝛾 = 1.4
To find: throat diameter d2,
orifice diameter, df
Solution
𝛾−1
𝑃
Vel. At throat, 𝐶2 = 𝑉𝑐 2𝐶𝑝 𝑇1 (1 − ( 2) 𝛾
𝑃1

𝑃
100 = 0.8 × 2 × 1005 × 300 × 1 − ( 2 )0.286
𝑃1

𝑃2
= 0.912
𝑃1
𝑃2 = 0.912 bar
0.287𝑘𝐽
𝑅𝑇1 ×300𝐾
= =
𝑘𝑔.𝐾
𝑣1
𝑃1 1×102 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
= 0.861 𝑚3 /kg

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝛾 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝛾
 1
𝑃
𝑉2 = 𝑉1 ( 1)𝛾
𝑃2
1
1
= 0.861 × ( )1.4
0.912
= 0.919 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝑚ሶ𝑎 ×𝑣2
throat area 𝐴2 =
𝐶2

5 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 1
= × 0.919 ×
60 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 100 𝑚/𝑠
=7.658 x 10-4 m2= 7.658 𝑐𝑚2

𝜋×𝑑22
𝐴2 =
4

d2=3.12 cm
∆𝑃𝑎 = 1 – 0.912 = 0.088 bar
∆𝑃𝑓 = 0.80 × 0.088 = 0.07 bar
 𝜌𝑓
𝑆. 𝐺 =
𝜌𝑤
𝜌𝑓 = 𝜌𝑤 × 𝑆. 𝐺 = 1000 × 0.75 = 750𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑚𝑓ሶ = 𝐴𝑓 𝐶𝑓 2𝜌𝑓 ∆𝑃𝑓

0.5
= 𝐴𝑓 × 0.6 × 2 × 750 × 0.07 × 105
60

0.5×104
𝐴𝑓 = =4.286 x 10-6m2= 0.0428 𝑐𝑚2
60×0.6×3.24×103

𝜋 × 𝑑𝑓2
𝐴𝑓 =
4
𝑑𝑓 = 2.34 mm
swept volume, 𝑉𝑠 A× 𝐿 × 𝑁

Actual air volume sucked/s = 𝜂𝑣 × 𝑉𝑠 × 𝑛

Given: N=4, n=40 rev/s, 𝑑2 = 3 𝑐𝑚, 𝐿 ሶ = 𝑑 = 10 𝑐𝑚
𝜂𝑣 = 0.75, 𝜌𝑎 = 1.15 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3, Cda = 0.75
To find : Δ𝑃𝑎

Solution
𝜋
swept volume, 𝑉𝑠 = × 102 × 10 × 10−6 × 4
4

= 0.00314 𝑚3
actual air volume sucked/s = 𝜂𝑣 × 𝑉𝑠 × 𝑛
40
= 0.75 × 0.00314 × = 0.047 𝑚3 /𝑠
2

𝑚ሶ𝑎 = 𝜌𝑎 𝑉1 = 0.047 ×1.15 = 0.054 kg/s

Since the initial temperature and pressure is not given, the problem is solved by
neglecting compressibility of the air.

𝑚ሶ𝑎 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴2 2𝜌𝑎 ∆𝑃𝑎

𝜋(3×10−3 )2
0.054 = 0.75 × 2 × 1.15 × ∆𝑃𝑎
4

∆𝑃𝑎 = 4511 Pa = 0.04511 bar.

Given: t = ts– 0.0065h, A/F=15:1, T1= 300 K, P1=1 bar, h=5000 m
1
h= 19200 log( )
𝑝
To Find: A/F variation with respect to altitude in steps of 1000 m
show graph
Example 4
Solution

t = 300 – 0.0065h
= 300 – 0.0065 × 0= 300 K, Temperature at 0 m
= 300 – 0.0065 × 1000= 293.5 K, Temperature at1000m
= 300 – 0.0065 × 2000= 287 K, Temperature at 2000 m
= 300 – 0.0065 × 3000= 280.5 K, Temperature at 3000 m
= 300 – 0.0065 × 4000= 274 K, Temperature at 4000 m
= 300 – 0.0065 × 5000= 267.5 K, Temperature at 5000 m
 1
h = 19200 log( )
𝑝

P=1 bar, Pressure at 0 m

P=0.886 bar, Pressure at 1000 m
P=0.786 bar, Pressure at 2000 m
P=0.697 bar, Pressure at 3000 m
P=0.618 bar, Pressure at 4000 m
P=0.549 bar, Pressure at 5000 m

𝜌
𝑠𝑙=
𝑃𝑠𝑙
𝑅𝑇𝑠𝑙
1×102
𝜌𝑠𝑙 = = = 1.161 kg/m3
0.287×300
 𝑃𝑎𝑙 1×102
𝜌𝑎𝑙 = = = 1.161 kg/m3, Density at 0 m
𝑅𝑇𝑎𝑙 0.287×300

𝑃𝑎𝑙 0.886×102
𝜌𝑎𝑙 = = = 1.051kg/m3, Density at 1000 m
𝑅𝑇𝑎𝑙 0.287×293.5

𝑃𝑎𝑙 0.786×102
𝜌𝑎𝑙 = = = 0.954 kg/m3, Density at 2000 m
𝑅𝑇𝑎𝑙 0.287×287
𝑃𝑎𝑙 0.697×102
𝜌𝑎𝑙 = = = 0.865 kg/m3, Density at 3000 m
𝑅𝑇𝑎𝑙 0.287×280.5

𝑃𝑎𝑙 0.618×102
𝜌𝑎𝑙 = = = 0.785 kg/m3 Density at 4000 m
𝑅𝑇𝑎𝑙 0.287×274

𝑃𝑎𝑙 0.5490×102
𝜌𝑎𝑙 = = = 0.715 kg/m3, Density at 5000 m
𝑅𝑇𝑎𝑙 0.287×267.5
 𝑚𝑎° Cda A2 2ρaL (P1 − P2 )
𝐴
𝐹𝑙 𝑚𝑓° Cd𝑓 Af 2ρ𝑓𝐿 (P1 − P2 )
1
= ° =
𝐴 𝑚𝑎 Cda A2 2ρa𝑠𝑙 (P1 − P2 )
𝐹 𝑠𝑙 𝑚°
𝑓 𝑠1 Cda A2 2ρ𝑓𝑠𝑙 (P1 − P2 )

𝑚𝑎° 2ρaL (P1 − P2 )

𝐴
𝐹𝑙 𝑚𝑓° 2ρ𝑓𝐿 (P1 − P2 )
= °1 =
𝐴 𝑚𝑎 2ρa𝑠𝑙 (P1 − P2 )
𝐹 𝑠𝑙 𝑚°
𝑓 𝑠1 2ρ𝑓𝑠𝑙 (P1 − P2 )

𝑚𝑎° ρaL
𝐴
𝐹𝑙 𝑚𝑓° ρ𝑓𝐿
= °1 =
𝐴 𝑚𝑎 ρa𝑠𝑙
𝐹 𝑠𝑙 𝑚° ρ𝑓𝑠/
𝑓 𝑠1
 𝑚𝑎°
𝐴
𝐹𝑙 𝑚𝑓° 𝜌𝑎𝑙 A/𝐹𝑎𝑙 = A/𝐹𝑠𝑙 ×
𝜌𝑎𝑙
1 𝜌𝑠𝑙
= ° =
𝐴 𝑚𝑎 𝜌𝑎𝑠𝑙
1.16
𝐹 𝑠𝑙 𝑚° = 15 × = 15, A/F)a at 0 m
𝑓
𝑠1 1.16
1.051
= 15 × = 14.277, A/F)a at 1000 m
1.16

0.954
= 15 × = 13.603, A/F)a at 2000 m
1.16

0.865
= 15 × = 12.952, A/F)a at 3000 m
1.16

0.785
= 15 × = 12.339, A/F)a at 4000 m
1.16

0.715
= 15 × = 11.776, A/F)a at 5000 m
1.16
 Similarly we can calculate A/F for various altitudes. The results are given in the table below.
h 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A/F 15 14.283 13.603 12.959 12.348 11.77

The variation is shown in the graph below.

16

14

A/F ratio
12

10
0 2000 4000 6000
h
It is seen from the graph that with increase in altitude the mixture becomes richer and richer.
Therefore some altitude compensating device should be incorporated. Otherwise proper combustion will not
take place.
 𝐴
Given:Swept volume, 𝑉𝑠 = 1.7 × 10−3 𝑚3 , n = 5000 rpm, 𝜂𝑣 =0.75, =
𝐹
𝐷
14, 𝐶2 = 100 𝑚/𝑠, 𝐶𝑑𝑓 = 0.8, 𝐶𝑑𝑎 = 0.65, 𝑑 = , z=6 mm, S.G=0.75, Pa= 1
2
bar, Ta=300K
To find: D, df
Solution
Actual volume of air sucked per second
𝑟𝑝𝑚 1
= 𝜂𝑣 × 𝑉𝑠 × ×
2 60
5000 1
= 0.75 × 1.7 × 10−3 × ×
2 60
= 0.053125 𝑚3 /𝑠
Solution
Air flow through each carburetor at atmospheric conditions, 𝑉1 .
0.053125
𝑉1 = = 0.0265 𝑚3 /𝑠
2
𝑃𝑎 1×102
𝜌𝑎 = =
𝑅𝑇𝑎 0.287×300
= 1.16 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑚ሶ𝑎 = 𝜌𝑎 𝑉1 = 1.16 × 0.0265= 0.0308 kg/s
The velocity of air at throat, 𝐶2 .
ሶ 𝛾−1
𝑃2 𝛾
𝐶2 = 2𝐶𝑝 𝑇1 (1 − ( ) )
𝑃1
𝑃2
1002 = 2 × 1005 × 300 × [1 − 0.286
]
𝑃1

𝑃2
= 0.943
𝑃1
 Pressure at throat = 0.934 bar
𝑃1 1/𝛾
Volume flow at choke, 𝑉2 = 𝑉1 ( )
𝑃2
1
= 0.0265( )1/1.4
0.943
= 0.0276 𝑚3 /𝑠
The nominal choke area,
𝑉2
𝐴2 =
𝐶2 ×𝐶𝑑𝑎
0.0276
= = 3.445 × 10−4 𝑚2 = 3.445 𝑐𝑚2
100×0.80
If D is the diameter of choke tube and d is the diameter of the
emulsion tube,
𝜋
𝐴2 = (𝐷2 − 𝑑2 )
4
 𝐷 𝜋 𝐷 2
Since, d = , , 𝐷2 − = 3.445 𝑐𝑚2
3 4 3

D = 2.22 cm

𝑚ሶ 𝑎 0.0308
𝑚ሶ𝑓 = = = 0.0022 kg/s
14 14

For gasoline, the pressure difference across the main jet is given by

𝑚ሶ𝑓 = 𝐶𝑑𝑓 𝐴𝑓 2𝜌𝑓 (𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃𝑓 − 𝑔ℎ𝜌𝑓 )

6
0.0022 = 0.65 × 𝐴𝑓 2 × 750[105 1 − 0.943 − 9.81 × × 750]
103

𝐴𝑓 = 1.162 × 10−6 𝑚2 = 0.01162 𝑐𝑚2

𝜋×𝑑𝑓2
𝐴𝑓 =
4
df = 0.122 cm
= 1.22 mm
Given: d2=20 mm, df=1.14mm, z = 5 mm, Cda =0.8, Cdf =0.65, ρa =1.2 kg/ m3,
ρf =750 kg/ m3, Δpa, =0.08 bar ,

To find: (i)A/F, When the nozzle tip is neglected

(ii) A/F, When the nozzle tip is taken into account
(iii) the minimum velocity of air

(i) When the nozzle tip is neglected

𝑚ሶ𝑎 = 𝐶𝑑𝑎 𝐴𝑎 2𝜌𝑎 ∆𝑃

𝑚ሶ𝑓 = 𝐶𝑑𝑓 𝐴𝑓 2𝜌𝑓 (∆𝑃 − ρf𝑔𝑧)

𝑚ሶ𝑓 = 𝐶𝑑𝑓 𝐴𝑓 2𝜌𝑓 (∆𝑃)

Solution
°
𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑑𝑎 𝐴𝑎 2𝜌𝑎 ∆𝑃 𝐶𝑑𝑎 𝐴𝑎 𝜌𝑎
A/F = ° = = ×
𝑚𝑓 𝐶𝑑𝑓 𝐴𝑓 𝜌𝑓
𝑚ሶ 𝑓 = 𝐶𝑑𝑓 𝐴𝑓 2𝜌𝑓 (∆𝑃)

0.80 20 1.20
= × ( )2 ×
0.65 1.14 750

= 15.15
(ii) When the nozzle tip is taken into account.
𝑚ሶ𝑎 will remain the same. But,
𝑚𝑓ሶ =𝐶𝑑𝑓 𝐴𝑓 2𝜌𝑓 (∆𝑃 − 𝜌𝑓 𝑔ℎ𝑓 )
5
𝜌𝑓 𝑔ℎ𝑓 = × 9.81 × 750
1000
= 36.79 kg/ms2 = 36.79 kg.m/m2s2
=36.79kg.m/s2*1/m2=36.79N/𝑚2
= 36.79× 10−5 = 0.00037 bar
∆𝑃 − 𝜌𝑓 𝑔ℎ𝑓 = 0.08-0.00037 = 0.0796 bar
 𝐶𝑑𝑎 𝐴𝑎 𝜌𝑎 (∆𝑃)
A/F =
𝐶𝑑𝑓 𝐴𝑓 𝜌𝑓 (∆𝑃−𝜌𝑓 𝑔ℎ𝑓)
𝜋
0.8 4 20 2 1.2 0.08
A/F = × 𝜋 ( ) × ×
0.65 1.14 750 0.0796
4

= 15.19
the minimum velocity of air.
𝜌𝑓
Therefore, 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑔𝑧𝑓
𝜌𝑎

5 750
= 2 × 9.81 × ×
1000 1.2

= 7.83 m/s