Overview of Greenhouse

Gas Inventory

By: Ms. Sandee G. Recabar

DENR-Climate Change Service
sgrecabar@denr.gov.ph
31 January 2023 | DENR Reprogramming Workshop
1
 Objective
To introduce the greenhouse gas inventory / accounting as
an important tool for environmental management and climate
action

Background
Key concepts, sources, basic calculation, benefits

Presentation Philippine Initiatives on National

Outline GHG
GHG inventories, institutional arrangements, reporting

2022 NGHGI Preparation and

DENR Institutionalization
Timeline, data requirements, key DENR offices,
ways forward
2
 Objective
To introduce the greenhouse gas inventory / accounting as
an important tool for environmental management and climate
action

Background
Key concepts, sources, basic calculation, benefits

Presentation Philippine Initiatives on National

Outline GHG
GHG inventories, institutional arrangements, reporting

2022 NGHGI Preparation and

DENR Institutionalization
Timeline, data requirements, key DENR offices,
ways forward
3
 Key Concepts

GREENHOUSE GLOBAL
GAS ACTIVITY EMISSION WARMING
M I T I G AT I O N
INVENTORY DATA FACTOR POTENTIAL

Human intervention Summary of sources Quantifies a GHG Coefficient to Ability of a

to reduce of emissions and emitting activity in convert activity data greenhouse gas to
greenhouse gas sinks and their units that help into GHG emissions. trap heat in the
emissions or corresponding calculate the Average emission atmosphere over
enhance sinks quantities emissions generated rate of a given time (typically 100
through source relative to years) relative to
sequestration units of activity carbon dioxide

4
 Greenhouse Effect

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other

greenhouse gases (GHG) have always
been present in the atmosphere, keeping
the Earth hospitable to life by trapping
heat.

The heat coming from the sunlight is trapped

in the atmosphere to keep our planet warm
and some are reflected back to space. The
more GHGs that are present in our
atmosphere, the more heat is trapped/

SOURCE: https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-3.html 5
 Greenhouse Gases

CO2 N2 O PFCs
Perfluorocarbons
Nitrous Oxide

Carbon Dioxide HFCs

Hydrofluorocarbons

SF6
CH4 NF3
Methane
Sulfur Nitrogen Trifluoride
Hexafluoride

6
Global Warming Potential

7
 Sources and Removals of GHG Emissions

Agriculture Waste Industrial Transport Forestry and Energy

Processes Other Land
and Product Uses
Use
8
 Basic Calculation of GHG Emissions

Activity data Emission factor Global warming potential GHG emissions in CO2e

Quantitative measure Coefficient or Ability of a

of level of activity greenhouse gas to
factor that trap heat in the
converts activity atmosphere over
time (typically 100
data into GHG years) relative to
emission data carbon dioxide
Example
2,602 kg CO2/ton 1 2,602 kg CO2e
1 ton of coal
0.276 kg CH4/ton 28 7.728 kg CO2e

0.04 kg N2O/ton 265 10.6 kg CO2e

Total Emissions: 2,620.328 kg CO2e

9
 GHG Inventory Frameworks

Community /
Global National
Sub-national

Entity /
Sectoral Product
Institutional

Project Facility Individual

10
 GHG Inventory Benefits

Baseline Planning Mitigation Progress

Information Tool Strategies Tracker

Can serve as Guide for identifying Track progress to

Fundamental initial
baseline information mitigation strategies meet emissions
step towards
to monitor to address climate reduction targets
managing emissions
increases or change
decreases of
emissions over time
11
 Objective
To introduce the greenhouse gas inventory / accounting as
an important tool for environmental management and climate
action

Background
Key concepts, sources, basic calculation, benefits

Presentation Philippine Initiatives on National

Outline GHG
GHG inventories, institutional arrangements, reporting

2022 NGHGI Preparation and

DENR Institutionalization
Timeline, data requirements, key DENR offices,
ways forward
12
 Timeline of Philippine Initiatives on GHG
Inventory

1999 2014 2017 2021 2024

• 2nd NC • Sectoral Philippine Target
Initial National
Communication with 2000 GHG teams NDC to completion
(NC) to UNFCCC GHGI UNFCCC of 2022 GHG
• Paris and PA
with 1994 as the • Executive and
first inventory year
Agreement
Order ratification submission
No. 174 of Biennial
Transparency
Report (BTR)

2009 2015 2018 2023

• Climate Change Act • Philippine INDC to • NICCDIES (Online 2015 and
was legislated the UNFCCC Domestic MRV) launched 2020 GHGI
• 2000 National GHG • Capacity Building completed
• 2010 National GHG
Inventory year activities intensified Inventory year completed 13
completed
Legal Bases

• Climate Change Act, as amended: Mandates the CCC to

formulate strategies to mitigate GHG emissions

• Executive Order No. 174, s.2014: Institutionalizes the GHG

inventory management and reporting system

• CCC Resolution 2018: Guidance Document Provides

guidance to agencies in preparing and submitting GHGI

• CCC Resolution 2023: Adopting the 2015 and 2020 GHG

Inventory with instructions to commence the 2022 cycle

14
Sectoral Institutional Arrangements
AGRICULTURE WASTE & IPPU ENERGY
PSA SO 2017-10-NS1499* EMB SO 2016-297* DOE Special Order 2021-09-0043

TRANSPORT
DOTr DO SO 2018-001* FOLU
FMB Special Order No. 2021-55

15
 E.O. 174: Philippine GHG Inventory Management
and Reporting System
CCC as Overall lead
Climate Change Commission
• Provide direction and guidance
• Develop archiving reporting
monitoring and evaluating GHGI
• Provide continuous capacity building

Department of Environment
& Department of Energy Department of Transportation Department of Agriculture & Lead Agencies:
Philippine Statistics Authority
Natural Resources • Conduct and monitor sector specific
GHG inventory
• Report GHGI to CCC based on agreed
waste, IPPU, FOLU energy transport agriculture reporting scheme

Philippine Statistics local government units academe Support Institutions

Authority
private sector public institutions
• assist in data collection and • participate, complement, and assist in the implementation of the
analysis PGHGIMRS
16
 Methodology

1996 IPCC Guidelines for

National GHG Inventory
● Used in the 1994 and 2000
NGHGI of the Philippines
● Should be used for GHGI
(pre-ETF regime)
17
Methodology

2006 IPCC Guidelines, 2013

Supplement and 2019 Refinement for
National GHG Inventory
● Used in the 2010, 2015, and
2020 NGHGI of the Philippines
● Mandatory for ETF
18
 Methodology
Tiers: A tier represents a level of methodological complexity.
Usually three tiers are provided:
● Tier 1 - default emission factors
● Tier 2 - country data
● Tier 3 - models

Tiers 2 and 3 are sometimes referred to as higher tier methods and are generally
considered to be more accurate
● By identifying these key categories in a systematic and objective manner,
inventory compilers can prioritize their efforts and improve their overall
estimates
● In general, more detailed higher tier methods should be selected for key
categories.
19
 Tools Used
Excel UNFCCC Inventory Software LEAP

ALU Software
Upcoming: ETF Reporting Tools
IPCC 2006 Inventory Software

20
 CCC Issued the following documents

2015 and 2020 Reference Manual Data Collection Matrices

Commencement letter To guide agencies on the needed
To provide protocols and reporting QA/QC Stocktake tool AR5 GWP Guidance
for general guidance data
templates To collect info on the QA/QC To provide guidance on the
(customized per sector)
procedures available, GWP to be used for the
planned or inventory cycle
needed by the agencies

Critical Fixes Tool

To provide information on what needs
to be addressed based on the 2010 GHGI
findings

21
 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Profile
GHGI Year 1994 2000 2010 2015 2020

Methodology 1996 IPCC 1996 IPCCf 2006 IPCC 2006 IPCC 2006 IPCC

GWP SAR SAR AR4 AR5 AR5

Sector GHG Emissions (MtCO2e)

Energy 50.038 69.667 77.279 106.143 129.286

Industry/IPPU 10.603 8.610 8.363 15.297 16.772

Agriculture 33.130 37.003 43.152 52.704 54.080

FOLU/LULUCF –0.126 –105.111 –37.007 35.668 –25.935

Waste 7.094 11.559 15.559 23.176 30.122

Total (without FOLU) 100.864 126.879 144.352 197.319 230.260
Total (with FOLU) 100.738 21.767 107.345 232.988 204.325

Source: Climate Change Commission; Figures converted by DENR from gigagrams of CO2 equivalent (GgCO2e) to million metric tons of CO2e ( MtCO2e).

22
 Basic Concepts/Overview of the IPPU Sector

Industrial Processes (IP) Product Use (PU)

Greenhouse gas emitted during Release of greenhouse gases
industrial processes that (HFCs, PFCs) by using products
chemically or physically Refrigerants in
transform materials Airconditioning
Chemical and Physical Transformation:
(under cement production)
Units
CaCO3 + (Heat) = CaO + CO2↑
ODS substitute in
Aerosols

23
 Basic Concepts/Overview of the IPPU Sector
Eight (8) Main Categories Six (6) Greenhouse Gases

2A Mineral Industry Greenhouse Gas Global Warming

2B Chemical Industry Potential (AR5;
CO2e)
2C Metal Industry
CO₂ Carbon Dioxide 1
2D Non-energy Use of Energy Products
CH₄ Methane 28
2E Electronics Industry
N₂O Nitrous Oxide 265
2F ODS Substitute
HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons 4 – 12,400
2G Other Product Manufacture and Use
PFCs Perfluorocarbons 6,300 – 23,500
2H Other SF₆ Sulfur Hexafluoride 23,500

Source:https://www.ipcc- Source:https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2
nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol3.html 018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf 24
 Basic Concepts/Overview of the IPPU Sector
Overview of the IPPU sector
Legend
Green – Product Use
Red – Industrial
processes sectors
Orange – No
methodological
guidance in the 2006
IPCC Guidelines
Source: https://www.ipcc-
nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol3.h
tml
25
 IPPU Sector Data Collection and Estimation
Process

01 02 03 04

Data Provider Data Collector Data Consolidator GHG Calculation

Industries / EMB Regional EMB Central DENR-CCS

Plants Offices Office

26
 2020 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Profile for IPPU

IPPU Subsectors In MtCO2e

Mineral Industry 11.780
Chemical Industry .581
Metal Industry 1.288
Non-energy .046
Products from
Fuels and Solvent
Use
Product Use as 3.078
substitute for ODS
Total 16.772

27
 FOLU: Emissions and its Sources
Key GHGs of concern:
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Photosynthesis Oxidation
• Methane (CH4)
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Sources:
Oxidation
• Deforestation
• Burning of forests/Forest Fires
• Wood and wood product
Harvesting
• Land Use Change from FL 28
 Removals
• Protection Forests (Old Growth, Carbon Pools:
Mossy, Pine, or Mangrove) 1.Above-ground Biomass
• Secondary Forests 2.Below-ground Biomass
• Brushlands
3.Dead Wood
• Grasslands
4.Litter
• Tree Plantations
• Land use change to Forestland
5.Soil Organic Matter

29
LULUCF Sector Categories

30
FOLU Sector Data Collection and Estimation
Process

01 02
Data GHG Sectoral
Collection and Consolidator
Calculation
CCS
FMB

31
 2015 and 2020 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Profile for
FOLU

FOLU 2015 2020 2015 and 2020 FOLU Emissions and Removals
Subsectors In MtCO2e In MtCO2e 80

60
Forest lands -65.299 -71.355
40
Croplands 31.208 11.247
20
Grasslands 66.645 31.302
0
Forest lands Croplands Grasslands Settlements Other lands Total
-20
Settlements 2.178 2.126
Other lands 0.937 0.745 -40

Total 35.668 -25.935 -60

-80
2015 2020

32
Waste Emission Source Categories
 Waste Sector Data Collection and Estimation
Process

01 02 03 04

Data Provider Data Collector Data Consolidator GHG Calculation

Industries / EMB Regional EMB Central DENR-CCS

LGUs Offices Office

34
 YES Complete YES
Data Collection Matrix Submitted?
data?
Use data in the calculations.

Data Collection NO NO

For Solid Waste Check Regional Reports (RSOBERs,

EMB Regional Reports submitted to Get usable data for the
Check for missing data.
EMB Central and CCS) and EMB- calculations.
SWMD Database

YES
With data?

NO

Check/communicate with the EMB YES YES

Submitted? Complete
Regional Offices ( CC Focal Points) data?

NO NO

Use the findings of the

NO
Complete Check (approved or not)
National Strategy for SLCP data ready Get usable data for the
for 10-year Provincial SWM Check for missing data.
reduction in MSW in the calculations.
calculation? Plans
Philippines (2019)

35
 2020 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Profile for Waste

Waste Subsectors In MtCO2e

Solid Waste 11.690
Disposal
Biological .614
Treatment of Solid
Waste
Incineration and .002
Open Burning
Wastewater 17.817
Treatment and
Discharge
Total 30.122

36
 Objective
To introduce the greenhouse gas inventory / accounting as
an important tool for environmental management and climate
action

Background
Key concepts, sources, basic calculation, benefits

Presentation Philippine Initiatives on National

Outline GHG
GHG inventories, institutional arrangements, reporting

2022 NGHGI Preparation and

DENR Institutionalization
Timeline, data requirements, key DENR offices,
ways forward
37
SOURCE: EO-174 SECRETARIAT (CCC)

38
 IPPU Sector Data Requirements
MINERAL INDUSTRY (Industrial Process)
Cement Production (Option 1/Tier 2)
• Activity Data: Annual cement production, clinker import, clinker
export, clinker fraction/type of cement
• Data Source: Individual Plants
Cement Production (Option 2/Tier 1)
• Activity Data: Annual clinker production
• Data Source: Individual Plants
39
 IPPU Sector Data Requirements
MINERAL INDUSTRY (Industrial Process)
Lime Production (Option 1/Tier 1)
• Activity Data: Annual aggregated lime production
• Data Source: Individual Plants
Lime Production (Option 2/Tier 2)
• Activity Data: Annual lime production for (a) High-calcium lime,
(b) dolomitic lime, and (c) Hydraulic lime
• Data Source: Individual Plants
40
 IPPU Sector Data Requirements
MINERAL INDUSTRY (Industrial Process)
Glass Production (Option 1/Tier 1)
• Activity Data: Annual aggregated glass production, and
cullet/recycled glass ratio
• Data Source: Individual Plants
Glass Production (Option 2/Tier 2)
• Activity Data: Annual glass production per type - (a) float, (b)
Container, (c) Fiberglass – E-glass, (d) Fiberglass – Insulation,
(e) Specialty glass - TV Panel, (f) Specialty glass - TV Panel, (g)
Specialty glass - TV Funnel, (h) Specialty glass - TV Panel
• Data Source: Individual Plants
41
 IPPU Sector Data Requirements
METAL INDUSTRY (Industrial Process)
Iron Production
• Activity Data: Annual production of (a) sinter, (b) pig iron, (c)
Direct reduced iron (DRI) and energy use for DRI
• Data Source: Individual Plants
Steel Production
• Activity Data: Annual steel production from [a] basic oxygen
steelmaking furnaces (BOF) [b] electric arc furnaces (EAFs), [c]
open hearth furnaces
• Data Source: Individual Plants 42
 IPPU Sector Data Requirements
NON-ENERGY USE OF ENERGY PRODUCTS (Product Use)
Lubricant Use/Grease
• Activity Data: Annual consumption/use of lubricants* and grease*
• Data Source: Household Surveys, car service center, gas stations
(for lubricants)
Paraffin Waxes
• Activity Data: Annual consumption/use of paraffin waxes*
• Data Source: Household Surveys or Sales
*Data can be inferred from sales of lubricants and waxes of
companies
43
 IPPU Sector Data Requirements
OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTACES SUBSTITUTE(Product
Use)
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (Option 1: Top-down)
• Activity Data: Type of refrigerant used for refrigeration and air-
conditioning. Aggregate amount of refrigerant purchased or used.
• Data Source: Refrigerator and Air-conditioner Service Centers, Car
Aircon Service Centers
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (Option 2: Bottom-up)
• Activity Data: Number of unit used per appliance type, and number
of units disposed per appliance type,
• Data Source: Household Surveys 44
 IPPU Sector: Data Requirements
OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTACES
SUBSTITUTE(Product Use)
Fire Extinguishers
• Activity Data:
• Type of GHG contained in fire suppressants (Not all fire suppressants
use GHGs)
• Amount of GHG contained in the units.
• Number of fire suppressants units used.
• Number of fire suppressants units expired/disposed.
• Data Source: Household Surveys
45
 IPPU Sector Data Collection and Estimation
Process

01 02 03 04

Data Provider Data Collector Data Consolidator GHG Calculation

Industries / EMB Regional EMB Central Office DENR-CCS

Plants Offices (EIAD, EQMD, ODS)

46
LULUCF Sector Categories

47
 FOLU Sector Data Requirements
3B Land
3B1 Forestland
3B1a Forestland Remaining Forestland
3B1b Land Converted to Forestland
3B2 Cropland
3B2a Cropland Remaining Cropland
3B2b Land Converted to Cropland
3B3 Grassland
3B3a Grassland Remaining Grassland
3B3b Land Converted to Grassland
3B4 Wetlands
3B3a Wetlands Remaining Wetlands
3B3b Land Converted to Grassland
3B5 Settlements
3B5a Settlement Remaining Settlement
3B5b Land Converted to Settlement
3B6 Other Land Use
3B6a Other land Remaining Other land
3B6b Land Converted to Other land
Data Needed:
● Area (remaining as similar land use)
● Area (changed to other land use)
● Biomass stock present/Above ground
biomass on land (per land use)
● Reference soil organic carbon (per land use)
● Carbon fraction of dry matter (per land use)
● Climate type (per land use)
● Tropical ecological zone (per land use)
● Soil type (per land use): high activity clay
mineral
● Disturbances :
○ annual wood removal in cubic meter per
year
○ fuelwood removal in cubic meter per year
○ area affected by wildfire
48
 FOLU Sector Data Collection and Estimation
Process

01 02 03

Data Provider Data Collector and Data Consolidator

Calculation
ERDB, CCS
FMB, BMB
NAMRIA, LMB

49
 Waste Sector Data Requirements
4A Solid Waste Disposal (SWDs)
4A1 Managed Waste Disposal Sites (Municipal and Industrial)
4A2 Unmanaged Waste Disposal Sites
4A3 Uncategorized Waste Disposal Sites

Data Needed:
● Population (1950-present)
● Per capita waste generation (1950-present)
● % of generated municipal waste going to SWDs (1950-present)
● Amounts (tons) of industrial waste generation (1950-present)
● % of generated industrial waste going to SWDs (1950-present)
● Type SWD treatment used (Managed - Anaerobic, Managed - Aerobic,
Unmanaged - Deep, Unmanaged - Shallow
● Oxidation factor (status of soil or eco-efficient soil cover)
 Waste Sector Data Requirements
4B Biological Treatment of Solid Waste
Composting
Data Needed:
● Amount (tons) waste composted
● Fractions of waste composted
Anaerobic Digestion
● Amount (tons) waste digested
● Fractions of waste digested
● Amount (tons) biogas/methane recovered/flared
 Waste Sector Data Requirements
4C Incineration and Open Burning of Waste
4C1 Waste Incineration
Data Needed:
● Amount (tons) waste incinerated
● Fractions of waste incinerated
● Other waste (e.g. healthcare) incinerated
● Liquid fossil incinerated
4C2 Opening Burning of Waste
Data Needed:
● Amount (tons) waste open-burned
● Fraction of population practicing open-burning
● Fractions of waste digested
● Other waste (e.g. healthcare) open-burned
 Waste Sector Data Requirements
4D Wastewater Treatment and Discharge
4D1 Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Discharge
Data Needed:
● Domestic wastewtaer treatment pathway utilized (direct discharge,
septic tank, etc.,)
● Number of population using the identified treatment method for
domestic wastewater
● kg BOD/capita/year
● kg protein consumption/capita/year
● Sludge removed (BOD and N in sludge)
● Methane flared from STP
 Waste Sector Data Requirements
4D Wastewater Treatment and Discharge
4D2 Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Discharge
Data Needed:
● Total production (tons) per major industry with major industrial
wastewater sources (i.e. pulp and paper manufacturing, meal and
poultry processing, sugar refinery, etc.)
● Type of industrial wastewater treatment method utilized
● Wastewater generated (m3/ton product) per industry type
● Chemical oxygen demand (COD) of influent
● Sludge removed (COD in sludge)
● Methane recovered/flared
 Waste Sector Data Collection and Estimation
Process

01 02 03 04

Data Provider Data Collector Data Consolidator GHG Calculation

Industries / EMB Regional EMB Central Office DENR-CCS

LGUs Offices (SWMD, EQD)

55
 Proposed Ways Forward

Update DENR Institutional Develop

Arrangement Monitoring System
GHG Inventory Teams for
Establish a QA/QC and monitoring
IPPU, FOLU and Waste by
system
March 2024 and the DAO by
June 2024

Mainstream Data Recalculate GHGI

Collection Process Revisit and recalculate previous
Include in the planning and inventories to improve time series
annual budget

56
Thank You

57