Analytic Geometry & Calculus1

(MATH 001)

Conic Sections: Ellipse and Hyperbola

• Standard Equations of an Ellipse and Hyperbola

• Sketching an ellipse and Hyperbola

1
 Ellipse

The plane that intersects the cone neither parallel or

perpendicular to the axis of symmetry of the cone
results in the curve of the ellipse.

2
 Ellipse: Definition

How to draw an ellipse?

𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚)
d2
d1 + d2 = constant d1

Foci
(plural of Focus)
Definition An ellipse is the set of points in the plane
whose distances from two fixed points (foci) have a
constant positive sum.
3
 Definitions: Foci, Vertices, Major and Minor Axes
Major axis= 𝟐𝒂

Focus 𝒄 𝒄 Focus

Minor axis
// //
𝑽𝟐 (−𝒂, 𝟎) 𝑭𝟐 (−𝒄, 𝟎) Center 𝑭𝟏 (𝒄, 𝟎) 𝑽𝟏 (𝒂, 𝟎)

Vertices

• The midpoint of the major axis is the center of the ellipse.

• The major axis is the line segment passing through the foci with endpoints
(vertices) on the ellipse.
• The minor axis is the line segment perpendicular to the major axis and
passing through the center of the ellipse.

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 Deriving the Equation of an Ellipse with a
Horizontal Major Axis
Major axis = 𝟐𝒂
d1 + d2 = constant
𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝑷𝑭𝟏 + 𝑷𝑭𝟐 = constant
d1
Focus d2 Focus

Minor axis
// //
𝑽𝟐 (−𝒂, 𝟎) 𝑭𝟐 (−𝒄, 𝟎) 𝑭𝟏 (𝒄, 𝟎) 𝑽𝟏 (𝒂, 𝟎)
𝑽𝟏 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑽𝟏 𝑭𝟐 = constant
𝟐𝒂
𝑷𝑭𝟏 + 𝑷𝑭𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂

(𝒙 − 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 + (𝒙 + 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂

..
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 (𝒂𝟐 −𝒄𝟐 )
5
 Deriving the Equation of an Ellipse with a
Horizontal Major Axis
Major axis = 𝟐𝒂

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝑷
+ =𝟏 𝒂
𝒂𝟐 (𝒂𝟐 −𝒄𝟐 ) 𝒃
Focus Focus
𝒄

Minor axis
// //
𝑽𝟐 (−𝒂, 𝟎) 𝑭𝟐 (−𝒄, 𝟎) 𝑭𝟏 (𝒄, 𝟎) 𝑽𝟏 (𝒂, 𝟎)
𝑷𝑭𝟏 + 𝑷𝑭𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂

𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 −𝒄𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐=𝟏 𝒂>𝒃
𝒂 𝒃

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 7

The equation of an ellipse with a horizontal major axis

The standard form for the equation of an ellipse with center at the
origin and a horizontal major axis

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 y
(0, b)
𝑎>𝑏 a b
c a x
(– a, 0) (–c, 0) (0, 0) (c, 0) (a, 0)

Vertices (−𝒂, 𝟎), (𝒂,0) (0, – b)

Foci −𝒄, 𝟎 , 𝒄, 𝟎 , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝒆 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐

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 8

The equation of an ellipse with a vertical major axis

The standard form for the equation of an ellipse with center at the
origin and a vertical major axis

𝑥2 𝑦2 y (0, a)
+ =1
𝑏2 𝑎2

𝑎>𝑏 (0, c)
a
c
(0, 0) x
(– b, 0) b b (b, 0)
Vertices (𝟎, −𝒂), (0, 𝒂) a
(0, -c)
Foci 𝟎, −𝒄 , 𝟎, 𝒄 , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐
(0, – a)

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The ellipse: Example

Example Sketch the ellipse, 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎, and find its vertices
and foci.
y

• Put the equation in a standard form (0, 5)

(0, 3)
𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎, Divide by 400 5
3 (4, 0)
𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 x
+ =𝟏→ + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏 →So, a = 5 and b = 4.
𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟔 (–4, 0) 4

• The denominator of the 𝒚𝟐 term is larger than the

denominator of the 𝒙𝟐 term → The major axis is vertical (0, –5) (0, –3)

• Vertices (0, –5), (0, 5)

• The minor axis is horizontal and intersects the ellipse at (–4, 0), and (4, 0)
• Foci: c2 = a2 – b2 → (5)2 – (4)2 = 9 → c = 3 → Foci: (0, –3), (0,3)

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The ellipse: Example(try)

Example Sketch the ellipse, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 4 , and find its vertices and
foci.
 The Ellipse: Example

Find the equation of the horizontal ellipse that is centered at ( 0 , 0 ) ,

passes through the point ( 0 , 3 ) and the length of the major axis is 10.

Find the equation of the ellipse that is centered at ( 0 , 0 ) , passes

through the points ( 0 , 2 ) and ( 4 , 0 )

Try to solve!!
 12

The equation of an ellipse with a center (h,k)

Translations of Ellipses :
Standard Forms of Equations of Ellipse Centered at (ℎ, 𝑘)
𝑥 − ℎ 2 𝑦 − 𝑘 2
Major axis is parallel Center ℎ, 𝑘 ,
to the x-axis 2
+ 2
= 1
(Horizontal)
𝑎 𝑏
(ℎ, 𝑘)

The Vertices are 𝒂 units right and The Foci are 𝒄 units right and 𝒄 units left
𝒂 units left of center (𝒉 − 𝒂, 𝒌), (𝒉 of center (𝒉 − 𝒄, 𝒌), (𝒉 + 𝒄, 𝒌)
+ 𝒂, 𝒌)
 13

The equation of an ellipse with a center (h,k)

Translations of Ellipse :
Standard Forms of Equations Major axis is parallel to
of Ellipse Centered at (ℎ,𝑘) the y-axis (Vertical)

𝑦−𝑘 2 𝑥−ℎ 2
2
+ 2
=1
𝑎 𝑏
Center ℎ, 𝑘 , (ℎ, 𝑘)

The Foci are 𝒄 units right and 𝒄 units left

of center (𝒉, 𝒌 − 𝒄), (𝒉, 𝒌 + 𝒄)

The Vertices are 𝒂 units right and 𝒂 units

left of center (𝒉, 𝒌 − 𝒂), (𝒉, 𝒌 + 𝒂)
 14

The Ellipse: Example

Example Write 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 in a standard form,

then find the coordinates of the center, the foci, and the
ends of the major and minor axes.

𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 Center (1, 2)

Completing Perfect Square The major axis is parallel to y-axis.
𝟒(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙) + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 End points of the major axis: (1, 4), (1, 0)
𝟐
𝟒( 𝒙 − 𝟏 − 𝟏) + (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 −𝟒 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 The minor axis is the x-axis.
𝟐 𝟐
𝟒 𝒙−𝟏 −𝟒+ 𝒚−𝟐 =𝟎 End points of the minor axis: (2, 2), (0,2)
𝟐 𝟐
𝟒 𝒙−𝟏 + 𝒚−𝟐 =𝟒 Verices (1, 4), (1, 0)
Divide by 4 Foci (1,2+ 𝟑) and (1,2- 𝟑)
𝟐
𝒚−𝟐
𝒙−𝟏 𝟐+ =𝟏
𝟒
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 15

The Ellipse: Example

Example Plot the following ellipses showing their properties

i. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 1 = 0

Try to solve!!

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 The Ellipse: Example

Find the equation of the horizontal ellipse that is centered at ( 18 , 12 ) ,

passes through the point ( 18 , 18 ) and the length of the major axis is 24.

Try to solve!!
 17

Conic Sections: Hyperbola

The plane that intersects both halves of a right circular
cone results in a hyperbola

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 Definitions: Foci, Vertices, Center, Transverse Axis
• The graph of a hyperbola has
two disconnected parts called
the branches.
Transverse axis
• The line through the foci Focus Focus
intersects the hyperbola at two
points, called the vertices. Center

• The line segment that joins the

vertices is the transverse axis.

• The midpoint of the transverse

axis is the center of the
hyperbola Vertices

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Definitions: Foci, Vertices, Center, Transverse Axis

Focus

Center
Vertices

Transverse axis

Focus

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 20

Hyperbola: Definition
Definiton A hyperbola is the set of all points in the plane for which the difference of
the distances to two fixed points, called the foci, is a positive constant (𝟐𝒂).

d1 − d2 = constant = 𝟐𝒂

𝒚
d1
𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚)
d2
d2 d1
𝑭𝟐 (−𝒄, 𝟎) 𝑭𝟏 (𝒄, 𝟎)
𝒙
Focus (𝟎, 𝟎) 𝟐𝒂 Focus

PF1 − PF2 = constant = 𝟐𝒂

 Deriving the equation of a hyperbola with a
horizontal real axis
𝒚
d1 − d2 = constant Real axis 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚)
d2
𝑷𝑭𝟏 − 𝑷𝑭𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂 d1
𝑭𝟐 (−𝒄, 𝟎) 𝑭𝟏 (𝒄, 𝟎)
// //
Center 𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 − (𝒙 + 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂 (𝟎, 𝟎)

(𝒙 − 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 − 𝒙+𝒄 𝟐 + 𝒚−𝟎 𝟐 = ±𝟐𝒂

.. Vertices

. 𝒄>𝒂
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− 𝟐 =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃

21 1
 22

Hyperbola: Definition
Definiton A hyperbola is the set of all points in the plane for which the difference of
the distances to two fixed points, called the foci, is a positive constant (𝟐𝒂).

d1 − d2 = constant = 𝟐𝒂

𝒚
𝟐 𝟐
𝒚 𝒙 Focus
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝑭𝟏 (𝟎, 𝒄)

d1
, 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐

𝟐𝒂
𝒙

𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚)
Focus
d2
𝑭𝟐 (𝟎, −𝒄)

PF1 − PF2 = constant = 𝟐𝒂

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 23

The Standard Form of the Equation of a Hyperbola with a

Horizontal Transverse Axis

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 Ellipse Equation
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟐
𝑦 = 0 → 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 + =𝟏 𝒚
𝒂 𝟐 𝒃𝟐
→ 𝑥 = ±𝑎
Transverse
2 2
𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 = −𝑏 axis
𝑭𝟐 (−𝒄, 𝟎) 𝒄 𝒂 𝒂 𝒄 𝑭𝟏 (𝒄, 𝟎)

𝑽𝟐 (−𝒂, 𝟎) Center (𝟎, 𝟎) 𝑽𝟏 (𝒂, 𝟎) 𝒙

The vertices are 𝒂 units from the
center and the foci are 𝒄 units
from the center.

Ellipse 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐

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 24

The Standard Form of the Equation of a Hyperbola with a

Vertical Transverse Axis

𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
− =𝟏 𝒚
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝑭𝟏 (𝟎, 𝒄)
𝑽𝟏 (𝟎, 𝒂)

Transverse
//
The vertices are 𝒂 units from the Center

axis
𝒙
(𝟎, 𝟎)
center and the foci are 𝒄 units

//
from the center.

𝒄
𝑽𝟐 (𝟎, −𝒂)
𝑭𝟐 (𝟎, −𝒄)
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐

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 25

Sketching a Hyperbola: Example

Example Find the vertices and locate the foci for the hyperbola
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
with the given equation − =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔

𝒚
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔

𝑎2 = 25 → 𝑎 = 5 Transverse
𝑭𝟐 (−𝒄, 𝟎) 𝒄 𝑎 axis 𝑎 𝒄 𝑭𝟏 (𝒄, 𝟎)
Vertices 𝑽𝟐 (−𝟓, 𝟎) , 𝑽𝟏 𝟓, 𝟎 Center (𝟎, 𝟎) 𝑽𝟏 (𝒂, 𝟎) 𝒙
𝑽𝟐 (−𝒂, 𝟎)
𝑏 2 = 16
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 25 + 16 = 41
𝑐 = 41

Foci 𝑭𝟐 − 𝟒𝟏, 𝟎 , 𝑭𝟏 ( 𝟒𝟏, 𝟎)

25
 Sketching a Hyperbola: Example

Example Find the vertices and locate the foci for the hyperbola
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
with the given equation − =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔 𝒚
𝑭𝟏 (𝟎, 𝒄)
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
− =𝟏

𝒄
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔
𝑽𝟏 (𝟎, 𝒂)
𝑎2 = 25 → 𝑎 = 5

𝑎
Transverse
Center

axis
Vertices 𝑽𝟐 (𝟎, −𝟓) , 𝑽𝟏 𝟎, 𝟓 𝒙
(𝟎, 𝟎)

𝑎
𝑏 2 = 16
𝑽𝟐 (𝟎, −𝒂)
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 25 + 16 = 41

𝒄
𝑐 = 41 𝑭𝟐 (𝟎, −𝒄)

Foci 𝑭𝟐 𝟎, − 𝟒𝟏 , 𝑭𝟏 (𝟎, 𝟒𝟏)

26
 27

Finding the Equation of a Hyperbola: Example

Example Find the standard form of the equation of a hyperbola with foci at
(𝟎, – 𝟓) and 𝟎, 𝟓 , and vertices (𝟎, – 𝟑) and (𝟎, 𝟑).
𝒚

Foci are located at (0, –5) and (0, 5) 𝑭𝟏 (𝟎, 𝟓)

𝒄
Vertical Transverse Axis
𝑽𝟏 (𝟎, 𝟑)

𝑎
Transverse
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
− =𝟏 Center

axis
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒙
(𝟎, 𝟎)

𝑎
The center to vertex distance is 3 → 𝒂 = 𝟑. 𝑽𝟐 (𝟎, −𝟑)

𝒄
The center to focus distance is 5 → 𝒄 = 𝟓. 𝑭𝟐 (𝟎, −𝟓)
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 → 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟗 + 𝒃𝟐 → 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
− =𝟏
𝟗 𝟏𝟔
27
 28

The Asymptotes of a Hyperbola with a Horizontal

Transverse Axis

As x and y get larger, the two branches of the graph of a hyperbola

approach a pair of intersecting straight lines, called asymptotes
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
− 𝟐=𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
𝒚
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
= −𝟏 𝒃 (𝟎, 𝒃)
𝒃𝟐 𝒂 𝟐 𝒚=− 𝒙 𝒃
𝒂 𝑏 𝒚= 𝒙
𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒂
𝟐
𝒚 = 𝟐 𝟏− 𝟐 𝑎 𝑎 (𝒂, 𝟎)
𝒂 𝒙 (−𝒂, 𝟎) 𝒙
Center
𝒃𝒙 𝒂𝟐 𝑏 (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒚=± 𝟏− 𝟐
𝒂 𝒙
𝒃𝒙 𝒂𝟐 (𝟎, 𝒃)
𝐀𝐬 𝒙 → ±∞, 𝒚=± 𝟏− 𝟐
𝒂 𝒙
Asymptotes
𝒃𝒙
becomes dominant zero 𝒚=±
𝒂

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 29

The Asymptotes of a Hyperbola with a Vertical Axis

As x and y get larger, the two branches of the graph of a hyperbola

approach a pair of intersecting straight lines, called asymptotes
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝒚

(𝟎, 𝒂)
𝒂 𝒂
𝒚=− 𝒙 𝒚= 𝒙
𝒃 𝒃
𝑎
//
(−𝒃, 𝟎) 𝑏 𝑏 (𝒃, 𝟎) 𝒙
Center
(𝟎, 𝟎)
//
𝑎

(𝟎, −𝒂)

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 30

Graphing Hyperbolas Centered at the Origin

1) Locate the vertices.

2) Use dashed lines to draw the rectangle centered at

the origin with sides parallel to the axes, crossing
one axis at ±𝒂, and the other at ±𝒃.

3) Use dashed lines to draw the diagonals of this

rectangle and extend them to obtain the asymptotes.

4) Draw the two branches of the hyperbola by starting at

each vertex and approaching the asymptotes.

30
 31

Graphing the hyperbola: Example

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Example Graph and locate the foci of the hyperbola, − = 𝟏,
𝟑𝟔 𝟗
What are the equations of the asymptotes?

1 Locate the vertices

The given equation is in the form:

𝑥2 𝑦2 (−𝟔, 𝟎)
− =1 (𝟔, 𝟎)
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝒂𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔 and 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟗
The vertices are (–6, 0) and (6, 0).

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 32

Graphing the hyperbola: Example Continued

2 Draw a rectangle

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔, 𝒂 = 𝟔.
𝒃𝟐 = 𝟗, 𝒃 = 𝟑.
(𝟎, 𝟑)

(−𝟔, 𝟎) 𝑏 (𝟔, 𝟎)

𝑎 𝑎
𝑏

(𝟎, −𝟑)
The rectangle passes through the points
– 𝟔, 𝟎 , 𝟔, 𝟎 , 𝟎, – 𝟑 , (𝟎, 𝟑).

32
 33
33

Graphing the hyperbola: Example Continued

Draw extended diagonals for the rectangle to obtain

3
the asymptotes.

𝑏 3 1
= =
𝑎 6 2
(𝟎, 𝟑)
The equations for the asymptotes are 𝑏
(−𝟔, 𝟎) (𝟔, 𝟎)
1 1
𝑦= 𝑥 𝑦=− 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
2 2 𝑏
(𝟎, −𝟑)

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 34

Graphing the hyperbola: Example Continued

4 Draw the two branches of the hyperbola starting at

each vertex and approaching the asymptotes.

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 36 + 9 = 45
(𝟎, 𝟑)
𝑐 = ± 45
(−𝟔, 𝟎) (𝟔, 𝟎)

Foci − 45, 0 ( 45, 0)

(𝟎, −𝟑)

34
 35

Graphing a Hyperbola Centered at (h,k) and Having a

Horizontal Transverse Axis
Translations of Hyperbolas :
Standard Forms of Equations of Hyperbolas Centered at (ℎ, 𝑘)
𝑥 − ℎ 2 𝑦 − 𝑘 2
Transverse axis is
2 − 2 =1
parallel to the x- 𝑎 𝑏 Center ℎ, 𝑘 ,
axis (Horizontal)
(ℎ, 𝑘)

The foci are 𝒄 units right and 𝒄 Vertices are 𝒂 units right and 𝒂 units left
units left of center (𝒉 − 𝒄, 𝒌), (𝒉 of center (𝒉 − 𝒂, 𝒌), (𝒉 + 𝒂, 𝒌)
+ 𝒄, 𝒌)
 36
Graphing a Hyperbola Centered at (h,k) and Having a
Horizontal Transverse Axis

2 2
𝑥−ℎ 𝑦−𝑘
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

b
(ℎ, 𝑘)

b
 37
Graphing a hyperbola Centered at (h,k) and having a
Vertical Transverse Axis

Translations of Hyperbolas :
Transverse axis is parallel
Standard Forms of Equations to the y-axis (Vertical)
of Hyperbolas Centered at
(ℎ,𝑘)
𝑦−𝑘 2 𝑥−ℎ 2
2
− 2
=1
𝑎 𝑏 (ℎ, 𝑘) Center ℎ, 𝑘 ,

Vertices are 𝒂 units above and 𝒂 units

below the center 𝒉, 𝒌 − 𝒂 , (𝒉, 𝒌 + 𝒂)

The foci are 𝒄 units above and 𝒄

units below the center (𝒉, 𝒌 − 𝒄),
(𝒉, 𝒌 + 𝒄)
 38
Graphing a hyperbola Centered at (h,k) and having a
Vertical Transverse Axis

2 2
(ℎ, 𝑘)
𝑦−𝑘 𝑥−ℎ
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
b 𝒃
 39

Graphing a shifted hyperbola: Example

Example Graph the hyperbola 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒙 − 𝟗𝒚𝟐 − 𝟗𝟎𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓𝟑 = 𝟎

Completing perfect square

𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒙 − 𝟗𝒚𝟐 − 𝟗𝟎𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒙 − 𝟗𝒚𝟐 + 𝟗𝟎𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟒 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟗 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑
𝟒( 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝟐 −𝟗) − 𝟗( 𝒚 + 𝟓 𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓) = 𝟏𝟓𝟑
𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟗 𝒚 + 𝟓 𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑
𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝟐 − 𝟗 𝒚 + 𝟓 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑 + 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟐𝟐𝟓 = −𝟑𝟔
𝟒 𝒙−𝟑 𝟐 𝟗 𝒚+𝟓 𝟐 𝟑𝟔
− =−
−𝟑𝟔 −𝟑𝟔 −𝟑𝟔
𝒚+𝟓 𝟐 𝒙−𝟑 𝟐
− =𝟏
𝟒 𝟗
39
 40

Graphing a shifted hyperbola: Example Continued

𝟐 𝟐
𝒚+𝟓 𝒙−𝟑 Vertical Transverse Axis
− =𝟏
𝟒 𝟗
𝑦

1 Locate the vertices

𝑎2 = 4 → 𝑎 = 2
𝑥
The vertices are 2 units above 𝑥
(𝟑, – 𝟓 + 𝒂)
and below the center.

𝑎
Center
2 units above (3, – 5 + 2) = (𝟑, – 𝟑) (𝟑, – 𝟓)

𝑎
2 units below (3, – 5 – 2) = (𝟑, – 𝟕) (𝟑, – 𝟓 − 𝒂)

40
 41

Graphing a shifted hyperbola: Example Continued

𝒚+𝟓 𝟐 𝒙−𝟑 𝟐
𝒂=𝟐
2 Draw a rectangle − =𝟏
𝟒 𝟗 𝒃=𝟑

The rectangle passes through the 𝑦

vertices: (3, – 3) and (3, – 7)

𝑥
The rectangle passes through the
(𝟑, – 𝟑)
points that are 3 units to the right and
left of the center.

𝑎
(𝟑 − 𝒃, – 𝟓) (𝟑 + 𝒃, – 𝟓)
Center
3 units right (3 + 𝑏, – 5) = (6, – 5)

𝑎
(𝟑, – 𝟓)
3 units left (3 – 𝑏, – 5) = (0, – 5)
(𝟑, – 𝟕)

41
 Graphing a shifted hyperbola: Example Continued

𝒚+𝟓 𝟐 𝒙−𝟑 𝟐
Draw extended diagonals of the 𝒂=𝟐
3 − =𝟏
rectangle to obtain the asymptotes 𝟒 𝟗 𝒃=𝟑

𝑦
𝒂 𝟐
The slope of the asymptotes = ± = ±
𝒃 𝟑

The asymptotes pass by the center (𝟑, – 𝟓) 𝑥

Equations of the Asymptotes (𝟑, – 𝟑)

𝑎
𝒚 + 𝟓 = ± (𝒙 − 𝟑)
𝟑 (𝟎, – 𝟓) (𝟔, – 𝟓)
𝟐 Center
𝒚= 𝐱−𝟕

𝑎
(𝟑, – 𝟓)
𝟑
𝟐
𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑
(𝟑, – 𝟕)

42
 Graphing a shifted hyperbola: Example Continued

𝒚+𝟓 𝟐 𝒙−𝟑 𝟐
Draw the two branches of the 𝒂=𝟐
4 − =𝟏
hyperbola by starting at each vertex 𝟒 𝟗 𝒃=𝟑
and approaching the asymptotes 𝑦

(𝟑, – 𝟓 + 𝒄) 𝑥
𝒄𝟐 = 𝟒 + 𝟗 = 𝟏𝟑
(𝟑, – 𝟑)
𝒄 = ± 𝟏𝟑

𝑎
(𝟎, – 𝟓) (𝟔, – 𝟓)
Foci 𝟑, −𝟓 + 𝒄 , (𝟑, −𝟓 − 𝒄)
Center

𝑎
𝟑, −𝟓 + 𝟏𝟑 , (𝟑, −𝟓 − 𝟏𝟑) (𝟑, – 𝟓)

(𝟑, – 𝟕)

(𝟑, – 𝟓 − 𝒄)

43
 44

Graphing a shifted hyperbola: Extra Problems

𝒙−𝟏 𝟐 𝒚−𝟐 𝟐
Graph the hyperbola − = 𝟏.
𝟒 𝟗

Try to solve!

44
 Deriving the equation of a hyperbola with a
horizontal real axis
𝒚
d1 − d2 = constant Real axis 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚)
d2
𝑷𝑭𝟏 − 𝑷𝑭𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂 d1
𝑭𝟐 (−𝒄, 𝟎) 𝑭𝟏 (𝒄, 𝟎)
// //
Center 𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 − (𝒙 + 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂 (𝟎, 𝟎)

(𝒙 − 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 − 𝒙+𝒄 𝟐 + 𝒚−𝟎 𝟐 = ±𝟐𝒂

Vertices

(𝒙 − 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 = ±𝟐𝒂 + (𝒙 + 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐

𝟐 𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 = ±𝟐𝒂 + (𝒙 + 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒄𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝟐 +𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟐𝒄𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 ± 𝟒𝒂 (𝒙 + 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐

−𝟒𝒄𝒙 − 𝟒𝒂𝟐 = ±𝟒𝒂 (𝒙 + 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐

45 1
Deriving the equation of a hyperbola with a horizontal
real axis
𝒚
Real axis 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚)
−𝟒𝒄𝒙 − 𝟒𝒂𝟐 = ±𝟒𝒂 (𝒙 + 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 d2
d1
𝑭𝟐 (−𝒄, 𝟎) 𝑭𝟏 (𝒄, 𝟎)
𝒄𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 = ±𝒂 (𝒙 + 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 // //
Center 𝒙
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒄𝒙 + 𝒂 = ±𝒂 (𝒙 + 𝒄)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐

𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒂𝟒 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟐𝒄𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 Vertices

𝒂𝟒 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝒄>𝒂
𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐 > 𝑷𝑭𝟏 − 𝑷𝑭𝟐

𝒂𝟐 −𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
+ 𝒚𝟐 =𝟏
𝒂𝟐
−
𝒄𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
=𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐 −𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐 −𝒄𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− 𝟐 =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃

46