Orthogonal Machining (OM)

Aim
To study the orthogonal machining of different materials at different speeds and different depth of cuts. To formulate the shear angle .

Theory of Operation
Machining can be defined as the process of removing material from a work piece by the shearing action. Machining is characterized by chip formation. As the chip is removed, a new surface is exposed. In orthogonal machining the cutting edge is perpendicular to cutting velocity vector. The process is a two-dimensional process. The cutting occurs by shearing of work piece material.

Orthogonal Machining There are many theories which can be associated with orthogonal machining. Few of the important being Ernst-Merchants model, Lee-Shafers model, Hills model and Static Equilibrium model. We are going to consider Ernst-Merchants model for explaining the chip formation. For the purpose of modeling chip formation, assumption is made that the shear process takes place on a single narrow plane rather than on the set of shear fronts that actually comprise a narrow shear zone. Further, it is assumed that the tool's cutting edge is perfectly sharp and no contact is being made between the flank of the tool and the new surface.

ME-311, IIT Gandhinagar

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The figure below shows the schematics of orthogonal machining.

Orthogonal Machining In the above fig. t1, t2, , , , Fc, Ft, Fn, FF, FN, Fs and R are depth of cut, chip thickness, rake angle, shear angle, friction angle, cutting force, thrust force, force normal to shear surface, contact force between chip and tool tip, normal force on tool tip by chip, shear force and resultant force respectively. Tool geometry has also been incorporated into the figure. Relation between chip thickness and various angles can be derived from the geometry of the machining. i.e. Equation 1. Where, = 2 1 =
r c cos 1r c sin

Procedure Mount the Aluminum work piece on table and adjust cutting edge such that it is in
working plane of work piece.
Using the power feed of the lathe, cut the tube and collect the chips separately for three different speed and depth of cut Repeat the procedure for mild steel and plastic Estimate the value of shear angle .

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Observation Table(Rake angle of tool()= 17.83 degree)

Table 1:Plastic S.No. Ram stroke, strokes/min 1 20 2 3 4 36 5 6 7 50 8 9 Table 2: Aluminum S.No. Ram stroke, strokes/min 1 20 2 3 4 36 5 6 7 50 8 9 t1 (mm) 0.25 0.75 1.25 0.25 0.75 1.25 0.25 0.75 1.25 t2(mm) 0.11 0.19 0.34 0.09 0.20 0.33 0.14 0.20 0.32 rc 2.27 3.95 3.68 2.78 3.75 3.79 1.79 3.75 3.91 (Degrees) 82.00 -86.82 -87.94 86.77 -87.62 -87.46 75.07 -87.62 -86.98

t1 (mm) 0.25 0.75 1.25 0.25 0.75 1.25 0.25 0.75 1.25

t2(mm) 0.78 0.90 1.78 0.49 1.09 1.42 0.41 1.18 1.99

rc 0.32 0.83 0.70 0.51 0.69 0.88 0.61 0.64 0.63

(Degrees) 18.69 46.80 40.42 29.93 39.69 48.92 35.52 36.92 36.52

Table 3: Mild steel S.No. Ram stroke, strokes/min 1 20 2 3 4 36 5 6 7 50 8 9

t1 (mm) 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.25 0.50 0.75

t2(mm) 0.50 0.92 0.92 0.33 0.66 0.68 0.32 0.68 0.75

rc 0.50 0.54 0.82 0.76 0.76 1.10 0.78 0.74 1.00

(Degrees) 29.34 31.83 45.96 43.20 43.20 57.76 44.35 42.09 53.92

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Advantages
Orthogonal machining is the most easiest way to learn machining. Its results can then be used for other higher levels of machining.

Disadvantages
Material removal rate and efficiency of orthogonal machining are very low. Thus can be used only for experimental purpose.

Possible Errors
The chip ratio was found to be greater than one in many cases. This is because of segmented chips at higher RAM , the chip thickness could not be measured accurately. Built up edges in aluminum made it difficult to measure the actual chip thickness.

Conclusion
Discontinuous chips were obtained both at very high or very low RAM stroke. This is because there is shear localization. In the case of plastics continuous chips were obtained at all speeds. Thickness of the chip increased with depth of cut.

-Vrushiket Patil(09003044) Mechanical Btech 2009 Date: 16 / 9 / 2011

ME-311, IIT Gandhinagar

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