Linear Algebra for Undergraduates

Dr. Krishnendra Shekhawat

BITS PILANI
Department of Mathematics
lecturesks@gmail.com

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

 Vector Spaces Examples

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Vector Space: Definition

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Vector Space: Definition

Let V be an arbitrary nonempty set of objects, together

with two operations namely vector addition (denoted
as ⊕) and scalar multiplication(denoted as ), is said
to be a vector space (denoted as V(F)) if for every u, v, w
in V (known as vectors) and for every a, b ∈ F (known as
scalars), the following properties hold:

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

1 u ⊕ v ∈ V (Closed under vector addition)
2 u ⊕ v = v ⊕ u (Commutativity)
3 (u ⊕ v) ⊕ w = u ⊕ (v ⊕ w) (Associativity)
4 There exists an element 0 ∈ V, called a zero vector,
such that u ⊕ 0 = u (Existence of additive identity)
5 For each u ∈ V, there is an element −u ∈ V such that
u ⊕ (−u) = 0 (Existence of additive inverse)
6 a u ∈ V (Closed under scalar multiplication)
7 a (u ⊕ v) = (a u) ⊕ (a v) (Distributivity)
8 (a + b) u = (a u) ⊕ (b u) (Distributivity)
9 (ab) u = a (b u)
10 1 u = u.
Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra
Example

The set of all ordered pair of real numbers denoted by R2

i.e. R2 = {(a, b) | a, b ∈ R} forms a vector space where
vector addition ⊕ and scalar multiplication are defined
as follows:

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example

The set of all ordered pair of real numbers denoted by R2

i.e. R2 = {(a, b) | a, b ∈ R} forms a vector space where
vector addition ⊕ and scalar multiplication are defined
as follows:
(x1, x2) ⊕ (y1, y2) = (x1 + y1, x2 + y2)
a (x1, x2) = (ax1, ax2)
for all a ∈ R and (x1, x2), (y1, y2) ∈ R2.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example

Does R2 form a vector space under the above defined

vector addition and the following scalar multiplication
a (x1, x2) = (0, ax2)
for all a ∈ R and (x1, x2) ∈ R2.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example

Does the set R+ of positive real numbers form a vector

space under the usual addition and scalar multiplication?

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example

Does the set of all 2 × 2 invertible matrices form a vector

space under the standard matrix addition and scalar
multiplication?

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example

Does the set of real numbers with usual scalar

multiplication but with addition given as x ⊕ y = 2(x + y)
form a vector space?

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example

Consider the set R2 = {(x1, x2) | x1, x2 ∈ R} with respect

to the following vector addition ⊕ and scalar
multiplication :
(x1, x2) ⊕ (y1, y2) = (x1 + y1 − 1, x2 + y2 − 1)
a (x1, x2) = (ax1, ax2)
for all a ∈ R and (x1, x2), (y1, y2) ∈ R2.
i. Compute zero vector and additive inverse.
ii. Prove or disprove: R2 is a vector space for defined
vector addition and scalar multiplication.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra
Example

The set R of real numbers is a vector space with respect

to the following operations:
u ⊕ v = u + v (vector addition)
a u = au (scalar multiplication)
for all a, u, v ∈ R.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example

Consider the set

Rn = {(x1, x2, . . . , xn) : xi ∈ R}.
For any u, v ∈ Rn and a ∈ R, define

u ⊕ v = (x1, x2, . . . , xn) ⊕ (y1, y2, . . . , yn)

= (x1 + y1, x2 + y2, . . . , xn + yn)
a u = (ax1, ax2, . . . , axn).

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example

Consider the set

Rn = {(x1, x2, . . . , xn) : xi ∈ R}.
For any u, v ∈ Rn and a ∈ R, define

u ⊕ v = (x1, x2, . . . , xn) ⊕ (y1, y2, . . . , yn)

= (x1 + y1, x2 + y2, . . . , xn + yn)
a u = (ax1, ax2, . . . , axn).
Then Rn is a vector space with respect to ⊕ and .
Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra
Example

The set n o
Mmn = [ai j]m×n | ai j ∈ R
of all m × n matrices with real entries is a vector space
with respect to the following operations:

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example

The set n o
Mmn = [ai j]m×n | ai j ∈ R
of all m × n matrices with real entries is a vector space
with respect to the following operations:
[ai j]m×n ⊕ [bi j]m×n = [ai j + bi j]m×n (vector addition)

a [ai j]m×n = [aai j]m×n (scalar multiplication)

for all a ∈ R and [ai j]m×n, [bi j]m×n ∈ Mmn.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example

Let F(−∞, ∞) = { f | f : (−∞, ∞) → R} be the set of

real-valued functions defined on (−∞, ∞). For any
f, g ∈ F(−∞, ∞) and a ∈ R, define
f ⊕ g = f + g (vector addition),
where ( f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) for all x ∈ (−∞, ∞)
and a f = a f (scalar multiplication),
where (a f )(x) = a f (x) for all x ∈ (−∞, ∞).

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example

Let F(−∞, ∞) = { f | f : (−∞, ∞) → R} be the set of

real-valued functions defined on (−∞, ∞). For any
f, g ∈ F(−∞, ∞) and a ∈ R, define
f ⊕ g = f + g (vector addition),
where ( f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) for all x ∈ (−∞, ∞)
and a f = a f (scalar multiplication),
where (a f )(x) = a f (x) for all x ∈ (−∞, ∞).
Then F(−∞, ∞) is a vector space with respect to above
defined operations.
Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra
Homework

Prove or disprove: The set R2 = {(x1, x2) | x1, x2 ∈ R} is a

vector space with respect to the following vector addition
⊕ and scalar multiplication :
(x1, x2) ⊕ (y1, y2) = (x1 + y1 − 2, x2 + y2 + 3)
a (x1, x2) = (ax1 − 2a + 2, ax2 + 3a − 3)
for all a ∈ R and (x1, x2), (y1, y2) ∈ R2.
If it forms a vector space, compute additive identity and
additive inverse.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Homework

Consider the set V of all polynomials with positive real

coefficients and degree equal to two. The vector addition
⊕ and scalar multiplication are defined as
   
a0 + a1 x + a2 x ⊕ b0 + b1 x + b2 x = a0b0 + a1b1 x + a2b2 x2
2 2

α a0 + a1 x + a2 x = aα0 + aα1 x + aα2 x2, where α ∈ R

 
2

Compute zero vector and additive inverse.

Prove or disprove: V is a vector space for defined
vector addition and scalar multiplication.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

About the Next Class

In the next class, we will discuss a very interesting

theorem related to vector spaces.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

 Thank You
Write me at lecturesks@gmail.com

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra