Title: The Challenge of Crafting a Fractal Antenna Thesis

Embarking on the journey of writing a thesis can be a daunting task, especially when delving into
complex topics like Fractal Antennas. As students and researchers grapple with the intricacies of this
specialized field, they often find themselves facing numerous challenges that can impact the quality
and success of their thesis.

The complexity of Fractal Antennas lies in their intricate design and application, requiring an in-
depth understanding of both theoretical concepts and practical implementations. From the initial
stages of literature review to the final touches of conclusion, the entire process demands meticulous
research, analysis, and presentation skills.

One of the primary challenges faced by thesis writers is the vast amount of literature available on
Fractal Antennas. Navigating through a sea of research papers, articles, and technical documents can
be overwhelming, making it difficult for individuals to identify key findings and establish a cohesive
argument.

Moreover, crafting a thesis on Fractal Antennas requires a strong foundation in electromagnetic

theory, signal processing, and communication systems. Researchers must not only comprehend the
theoretical aspects but also demonstrate the practical applications of Fractal Antennas in real-world
scenarios. This multifaceted approach adds an additional layer of complexity to the writing process.

In light of these challenges, many students and researchers turn to external assistance to ensure the
success of their Fractal Antenna thesis. Among the various options available, ⇒ HelpWriting.net
⇔ emerges as a reliable and effective platform for those seeking expert support.
⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔ specializes in providing tailored assistance to individuals navigating the
intricacies of thesis writing. With a team of experienced professionals well-versed in the field of
Fractal Antennas, the platform offers comprehensive support ranging from literature review and
research synthesis to data analysis and conclusion drafting.

By leveraging the expertise of ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔, individuals can alleviate the burden of thesis
writing and ensure that their work meets the highest standards of academic excellence. The platform's
commitment to quality, combined with its specialized focus on Fractal Antennas, makes it a go-to
resource for those seeking reliable and effective thesis writing assistance.

In conclusion, the journey of writing a Fractal Antenna thesis is undoubtedly challenging, given the
complexity of the subject matter. However, with the right support and guidance from ⇒
HelpWriting.net ⇔, individuals can navigate these challenges with confidence, ensuring the
successful completion of their thesis with a focus on quality and excellence.
In this geometry each consecutive iteration consists of previous four copies of iteration. Then, cut the
wire, making sure live wire is exposed out of the insulation. One of the serious setbacks with a small
loop antenna is that the input resistance is very small, building it hard to couple power to the antenna.
The following plot in figure 5.5 shows the return loss for fractal patch antenna. The generation of
these fractals is analysed by different statistical techniques. Microstrip Patch Antennas following are
the feeding techniques. We believe this may have been the result of self interference on the part of
the wires and the fractals. The value of VSWR should be less because higher the value, the greater is
the mismatch. In order to reduce the value of Q, thick dielectric substrates should be used. Step 19:
Possible Improvements If we were to do this project again, we would make thealuminum wire strips
thicker because it allows for better reception. They observed that this behaviour depends on the self-
similarity properties of this gasket, which may propose an alternative way for the designing of new
type of frequency independent and multiband antennas as shown in Fig. 5. The feeding methods in
Microstrip Patch antennas can be categorized as contacting and. Minkowski fractal can be generated
using an IFS as follows. Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques
or approaches, provides an outlook for. Step 4: In order to remove unwanted parts, chemical etching
is done. These slots provided good resonance along with good. I wish to express my deepest
gratitude to Er. Satbir. GHz), Surveillance RADAR, GPS, GLONASS L1, Satellite Based
Navigation, fixed. The convergence typically allows the points to move inward. Iteration function
process to generate the first stage of the classic Sierpinski gasket. Well-known fractals such as the
Sierpinski triangle or carpet are named after his contributions. Next, we drew an equilateral triangle
that has the middle segment from step 1 as its base and points outward. His main contributions to
fractals are the Sierpinski curve, which is a square filling curve discovered in 1912, and the
Sierpinski Triangle in 1915. In particular, antennas designs inspired in the following mathematicians
are reviewed: Mandelbrot, Sierpinski, Koch, Hilbert, Cantor, Minkowski, and Peano. When building
the Insulated Wire fractal antenna, it is reasonable to go up to four iterations in both fractal designs.
The base diameter also needed to be big enough to facilitate soldering if needed. Due to this an
antenna has many different resonances which can be chosen and adjusted by choosing the proper
fractal design. All I did was move it about 8 inches one way and it went from unwatchable to a
constant lock. Today’s communication requires an antenna that provides. As part of our testing, we
positioned the wires at different points on the fractals (Solder and Aluminum Fractal), and were met
with largely the same results.
Euclidean geometry is powerless to study and analyse abnormalities in these structures. Several
iterations of the Hilbert curve to generate a monopole: From the straight monopole (7 cm) to the 5th
iteration. Also by increasing the number of fractal iterations, perimeter of. Figure 2.3 Coaxial Probe
Feed for Microstrip Patch Antenna. The Kock snowflake is one of the most well-known fractals.
Various techniques are available to fabricate a fractal microstrip patch antenna. The number of
iterations is the amount of steps from the original shape of origin of the fractal. Apollonian shaped
fractal slot achieves maximum percentage of bandwidth. Moreover. The antenna that undergoes
number of iterations is called deterministic fractal antenna. Anguera J, Andujar A, Jayasinghe J,
Chakravarthy VVSSS, Chowdary PSR, Pijoan JL, Ali T, Cattani C. IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation. 2012; 60:3559-3567 33. In 1907, a German mathematician, Hermann Minkowski
devised a new fractal shape. Antenna designers are always looking to come up with new ideas to
push the envelope for antennas, using a smaller volume while. This type of antennas finds its
applications in mobiles where the. In order to implement the new standards it is essential. I took it
over to the in-laws and on their TV, I picked up CBC as well (depending on the antenna placement).
Figure 5.1 Simulated Return of basic Microstrip Patch Antenna. The value of Voltage Standing Wave
Ratio (VSWR) should be 3:1 or less than 3dB at. The designed antenna can be used for military
applications. The location of feed is selected after observations and. In particular, it is interesting to
know if those higher-order modes present radiation patterns in the broadside direction (normal to the
patch surface) with a high-directivity. The bandwidth also depends upon the thickness of the
substrate. The microstrip patch antenna uses the Koch island and has the particularity that is printed
on a hard foam. Again, this antenna works, depending on what stations are broadcasting in your area.
I should also mention to him to change that cable I loaned him. Frequency Structure Simulator
(HFSS) software will be used for designing and obtaining. The array antennas proposed in this work
can be defined as arrays of arrays, which means that the original counterpart of the array antennas
repeats again and again. Therefore the aim of the thesis is to design a fractal microstrip patch antenna
that has. This is to preserve the shape and self similarity of the fractal. The fractal geometry of
Pythagorean Tree Fractal is.
All I did was move it about 8 inches one way and it went from unwatchable to a constant lock.
Oloumi D, Ebadi S, Kordzadeh A, Semnani A, Mousavi P, Gong X. As stated with the Mandelbrot
and Sierpinski antenna, having a broadside radiation pattern with a high-directivity makes the
antenna design useful, since an array is not needed and the feeding is simple since no feeding
network is required, simplifying the mechanics of the antenna and also any alteration on the radiation
patterns due to the radiation from the feeding network. Much of this has been independently
verified post-invention, by university researchers across the globe. Mod-P Sierpinski Fractal Multi-
Band Antenna. In: Proc. Millennium Conference on Antennas and Propagation; 2000 19. The
antenna field patterns are associated with two types of energy: reactive energy and. Information
about your use of this site is shared with Google. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and
newsletters from MDPI journals. The simulated 3 D radiation pattern is obtained from the simulated
results and is shown. International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP).
Therefore variety of approaches need to developed in order to get the desirable features. It can be
easily deduced from this definition that the sierpinski gasket is an example of self-similar fractal. In
1899, because of his youngest son’s death, his depression increased, thus obliging him to seek
temporary retirement from teaching. Figure 5.12 Simulated VSWR plot of Multiband Fractal
Antenna. A historic overview of the most significant fractal mathematic pioneers is presented, at the
same time showing how the fractal patterns inspired engineers to design antennas. Following the
space-filling properties inspired in the Hilbert fractal, a small antenna for dual-band performance at
WiFi 2.5 GHz and 5 GHz shows a total volume of only 7 mm ? 3 mm ? 2 mm. Hardware is an
essential part of wireless communication systems. Therefore in this. The first step is to remove a
couple triangles, such. However, other quotidian objects, such as clouds, blood vessels, and irregular
shapes such as the coast couldn’t be described by Euclidean geometry. Besides B. Mandelbrot, other
great mathematicians contributed as well to the field of fractal geometry: W. The Koch island shown
on Figure 13 can be generated using an IFS as follows ( Table 1 ). Step 4: Choosing a Fractal Design
As Amelia and I worked throughout this project, we invested research into different types of fractals
to see what would work best.Our search narrowed down to the Koch Snowflake and the Sierpinski
Triangle. For example, you can start with a large triangle that has 16 triangles per side. This iterative
process is called the iterated function system (IFS), and. In 1952, he obtained the PhD in
Mathematical Science at the University of Paris while he was working at the French National Center
for Scientific Research (CNRS) from 1949 to 1958. Fractals can be used for biosensor interactions in
medical field. In these methods of generation, fractal structures are created on the source of scaling,
plan axis rotation and dislocation. The proposed antenna provides a gain of 4.9dB after first. As the
original triangle was six in. by six in. by six in., its iterated triangles were two in. by two in. by two in.
and so on. Step 8: How to Sketch the Sierpinski Triangle First, draw an equilateral triangle. The
antenna designed in the previous section was a wideband antenna with Koch fractal. This work
concentrated here is primarily aimed on the design of fractal array antennas using concentric elliptical
ring sub-array fractal geometric design methodology and the reduction of total number of antenna
elements at higher expansion factors of both conventional and proposed fractal array antennas.
Figure 5.12 Simulated VSWR plot of Multiband Fractal Antenna. This generates a set of points
which can diverge or converge over an orbit. This geometry is similar to sierpinski gasket, but it uses
squares in place of triangles. In. Figure 1.3 Radiation Pattern of Directional Antenna 7. He also
picked up a few others, but they were snowy he said. By incorporating 0.8mm air-gap in patch, the
shrinkage bandwidth has been enhanced. The generation of these fractals is analysed by different
statistical techniques. On one hand, miniaturization is achieved thanks to the fractal-based patterns.
They have a higher bandwidth than conventional periodic planar arrays with square or rectangular
cells and regular boundary contours. Next, we drew an equilateral triangle that has the middle
segment from step 1 as its base and points outward. The gain determines the efficiency of the
antenna and is important figure of merit of. Apollonian shaped fractal slot achieves maximum
percentage of bandwidth. Moreover. Unzip and use this plot-file along with our downloadable 3D
plotting software HERE. Miniaturized reflectarray unit cell using fractal-shaped patch-slot
configuration. Make sure that the exposed end of wire is securely attached to your antenna (tape will
work), and turn on your television. Table 4.1 Detailed Dimensions of Proposed Microstrip Patch
Antenna. For this, he is considered the founder of a fundamental branch of mathematical research.
The general array factor of fractal nature is defined in Eq. (1), which is based on the definition of
self-similar nature. A parasitic patch can be defined as a patch that is placed close to the feed patch.
The. Design of v slotted microstrip patch antenna for yielding improved gain bandw. In regards to
even the amount of wires used, at times the reception was better when only one wire was placed on
the fractal at one time instead of two. Due to this an antenna has many different resonances which
can be chosen and adjusted by choosing the proper fractal design. Edited by Kok Yeow You From
the Edited Volume Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food
Processing Edited by Kok Yeow You Book Details Order Print. Antennas with fractal geometries are
quiet attractive due to their low weight, compact. Find support for a specific problem in the support
section of our website. Finally, in Section 5, the conclusions are drawn. 2. About the Fractal
Geometry What is a fractal. I suspect that if the cable is replaced, he should be able to get a few
more analog stations in the clear. Figure 5.12 Simulated VSWR plot of Multiband Fractal Antenna
60. This is also known as escape-time method of generating fractals. Moreover this antenna must be
able to operate in various.
The radiation pattern of small loop antenna is different from that of large loop antenna. It. I quickly
built it (put a F connector on the one end), and I wasn't really happy about the installation. Place:
Guru Nanak Dev University, Regional Campus, Gurdaspur. In these methods of generation, fractal
structures are created on the source of scaling, plan axis rotation and dislocation. Now your fractal
antenna is complete as it does not need to cool down. GHz is obtained after introduction of slots on
the ground plane. This iterative process is called the iterated function system (IFS), and. I should also
mention to him to change that cable I loaned him. Thanks to the high-speed computers of these
laboratories, he could easily visualize complex geometric objects named after him (Mandelbrot sets).
I used the template that can be downloaded here: which aided in making all my bends. Since then,
he moved to New York, became an American citizen, and was appointed at the IBM Thomas J. For
dual band WLAN application, two different patches are electromagnetically coupled having stacked
structure and operating at two frequencies 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz. According to Fractal CEO Nathan
Cohen, “We have outgrown our existing manufacturing facilities due to strong customer demand for
public safety and telecom antennas. The gain determines the efficiency of the antenna and is
important figure of merit of. Figure 4.3 3D View in HFSS (a) First iteration (b) Second iteration.
Naveen Kumar, Director, Elixir Publications, Chandigarh for his. The metamaterial structure was
inserted between the four interconnected Y-shaped slots. The obvious advantage of inherent
multiband characteristics due to self-repetitive and self-complementary features of the Cantor set are
well utilized to cover three GSM bands. Step 10: Start Soldering Your Design Place the fractal
design you chose under the Plexiglas, and place the solder metal close to the iron but not touching it
directly. To the best of our knowledge, this thesis has not been submitted to any University or. GHz
and 18.2 GHz with return loss -8.27, -6.95, -10.59, -5.87, -13.59, -23.93, -13.86, -. The number of
iterations is the amount of steps from the original shape of origin of the fractal. This process is
repeated infinite times in order to get next. The proposed antenna consists of a ground plane,
substrate and a radiating patch as. The PCB is pre-heated in an oven at 90 degree celcius. Figure
5.10 Simulated 3D radiation pattern of Multiband Fractal. It is observed that after each iteration, the
antenna. Fractals describe a family of complex shapes that possess an inherent self-similarity in their
geometrical structure. The Sierpinski triangle is one of the most known self-similar fractals. It took 1
hour to construct the solder fractal, a half hour to construct the aluminum fractal, and 45 minutes to
construct the wire fractal.
Before settling on Plexiglas, we attempted to solder on wood, duck tape, and manila folder. In this
field radiation fields dominate while reactive. Now, Fractal Antenna Systems (FRACTAL) reports a
new approach with invention of batteries that have greater performance through geometry, using
fractals and self-complementarity. By Gennadiy Churyumov and Tetyana Frolova 1745 downloads
Home News Contact Careers Climate Change Hub About Our Authors and Editors Scientific
Advisors Team Events Advertising Memberships and Partnerships Publish About Open Access How
it Works OA Publishing Fees Open Access Funding Peer Review Editorial Policies. Figure 5.16
Fractal Patch Antenna mounted on Network Analyzer 65. Step 3: Prep: Solder Fractal Antenna In
order to build this fractal antenna, you will require the soldering iron, solder, Plexiglas, graph paper,
and a pencil. Tree is a good example to show fractal geometry in nature. Step 2: According to the
design, mask of fractal geometry and slots on the ground plane. This geometry is also known as
Space Filling Curve since it fills the area it occupies. Microstrip Patch Antenna with Fractal designs is
used for aerospace navigation. Both are very simple in their construction, but still fascinating and
amazing examples of fractals. The plot shown in figure 5.9 shows the return loss of the proposed
antenna. From 1945 to 1947, he studied at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris under the guidance of
Gaston Julia and Paul Levy. Heat dissipation and power transfer are two of many, key new uses,
which also has the broad ’source patent’ independent claim. This was the amount paid for the screws
and the solder. Step 4: Choosing a Fractal Design As Amelia and I worked throughout this project,
we invested research into different types of fractals to see what would work best.Our search
narrowed down to the Koch Snowflake and the Sierpinski Triangle. We did the same thing for the
Insulated Wire Fractal. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most
importantly, scientific progression. Horn antennas are widely used in microwave regions where
waveguides are used as feed. Figure 4.6 shows the detailed dimensions of proposed antenna with
two rectangular and. Calculating the backscattering, it is possible to determine if a high-directive
mode is supported. As far as the Solder Fractal, we used scotch tape to hold the wires in place, and
we held the wires against the fractal with our hands, allowing us to experiment with the angle
positioning of the fractal. At home, I picked up CHCH 11-1, SunTV 15-1, and CTS 36-1 with it
sitting facing out my livingroom window. Anguera J, Andujar A, Jayasinghe J, Chakravarthy
VVSSS, Chowdary PSR, Pijoan JL, Ali T, Cattani C. Step 12: Prep Work: Aluminum Foil Antenna
In order to build this fractal, you will need aluminum foil, manila folder, graph paper, a pencil, and
the stapler. The new fractal metamaterial technology offers a superior alternative to Yagi-Uda
antennas. His attempts to define an international scientific language (1890-93) lead him to define the
fundamentals of the modern mathematical logic and set theory. For example, for a fun way to make
the aluminum foil fractals at home, all you would need is a roll of aluminum foil, manila folders, and
a stapler. We are there, as always, for them. ”In addition to the firm’s fractal technology advantages,
FRACTAL uses its patented proprietary 3D printing technology to leverage their American based
production capabilities. “FRACTAL uses the next generation in antenna production, and our
customers see those benefits today.”. The black arrows (intentionally added) indicate the main flow
of the current on the antenna surface.
The main advantage of such feeding technique is that it can be placed anywhere inside. Authors are
requested to submit articles directly to Online Manuscript Submission System of respective journal.
Transmission (WPT) systems in Solar Power Satellites. The gain determines the efficiency of the
antenna and is important figure of merit of. Figure 1.6 Bandwidth from the plot of reflection
coefficient 12. Figure 2.3 Coaxial Probe Feed for Microstrip Patch Antenna 24. The Hilbert curve is
one example of a space-filling curve which has been used to design small antennas. Journal of
Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). We would also go to a place outside of school to
further test coverage. Antennas” because their geometry resembles natural occurring phenomena
such as. The first step is designing and simulation of microstrip patch antenna using HFSS. Fractals
can be used for biosensor interactions in medical field. If you choose to try some of the projects that I
have done, I take no responsibility to your lose of personal health or property. Certified that the
thesis entitled “Design of Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna for. Nevertheless the main disadvantage
is that it produces. HF Communication (2.1-2.8 GHz), NAVAID (7.5 GHz), Air Router Surveillance
Radar. A peak gain of 7.36 dB is obtained at frequency 13.4 GHz. The unusual behavior of
metamaterial (such as negative permeability, permittivity, etc.) when combined with fractal geometry
results in various antenna property improvements such as size miniaturization, multiband operation,
isolation enhancement between the antenna elements, etc. We use cookies on our website to ensure
you get the best experience. From 1945 to 1947, he studied at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris under
the guidance of Gaston Julia and Paul Levy. However, when the circumference of the helix is same
as. Mittag-Leffler and received the P.D. in Uppsala (1892). He taught pure mathematics at the KTH
1905 (succeeding Ivar Bendixon) and at the Stockholm University (since 1911). If you're making the
solder fractals, you require only the soldering iron, the roll of solder, and the sheets of Plexiglas.
Generation of fractals: The process of generation of fractals can be explained by the following
procedures. 2.1. Recursive Relation Based In the spatial domain, a recurrence relation is defined to
produce these types of fractals in a complex plane. It is a great little antenna that is very good at
picking up local stations that are no more than 15 miles out. The simulated 3D radiation pattern at 2.5
GHz can be obtained from the simulation. In order to connect the individual strips of foil, staple at
their junctions. The value of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) should be 3:1 or less than 3dB
at. Microstrip antennas are widely used in wireless applications due to their compact. If you have
some spare 14AWG electrical wire kicking around, you should be able to assemble this antenna in
under 1 hour.