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Therefore D has a value between 0 ( that indicates S is never on) and 1 ( that indicates S is always
on). Todd, “UC3854 controlled power factor correction circuit design”. Power factor can also be
calculated by installing watt meter along with the Ampere meter and volt meter by using the power
factor basic formula. This image is not licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text
content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. Thus, it is compulsory to deliver
additional power on a smaller cost and size for the telecom and computer applications. SYSTEM
CAPACITY INCREASE By adding capacitors to the system, the power factor is improved and the
KW capacity of the system is increased. If the consumer improves the power factor, then there is a
reduction in his maximum kVA demand and consequently, there will be annual savings due to
maximum demand charges. You will also need to know what units each type of power is in. To settle
these concerns, it is desired to endorse the distributed power system (DPS). Furthermore 3-phase
unbalance can also be created within a housing scheme since different streets are supplied on
different phases. No:-0901223354 Roll No:-09EE055 Under the guidance of Ms. Samprati Mohanty
(Advisor). OUTLINE. DEFINITION CAUSES OF LOW POWER FACTOR POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION. Either peak current mode
control or average mode control may be used in these cases. To convert AC input voltage into DC
output voltage line frequency diode rectifiers are used. The better the power factor the better is the
degree of power utilization and lesser is the waste. Reactive loads, inductors and capacitors dissipate
zero power, yet they drop. Rectifier behaves as nonlinear load producing non-sinusoidal line current
due to the nonlinear input characteristic. This causes current pulses to be drawn from the ac network
during each half cycle of the supply waveform. By: Harvey Brown It is not trouble-free to be seen in
a market in which big businesses control and small-scale establishments continue sho. Drive of
Electrical Machines and modeling using Matlab. Also current of 10 A is flowing in the circuit but
only 7.5 A of that current is producing useful output. A common scheme has been proposed for
power factor correction and load balancing. Page 17. In fact, in current-mode converters perfect feed
forward is obtained only by a particular value of slope compensation. 3.3 Basics of Current Mode
Control It is a general fact that a constant voltage would be maintained when a constant current
flows through a fixed resistor. Y1 path is being followed, it the initial value is positive, whereas for
negative initial value of Y, path Y2 is being followed. So the state error function (Y) obeys the
equation. The magnetic components, are employed in converters is becoming reduced size because of
the high switching operations. The closer the power factor is to 1 the closer the current waveform
follows the voltage waveform. In this research, we seek to identify the effects of a low power factor
on Swaziland Electricity Company's power supply system and recommend possible solutions to the
problem. Since the voltage ripple is generated due to storage of reactive energy it is displaced by 90
degrees relative to the current waveform above it. The capacitor is connected in parallel with the loaf
to avoid an unwanted voltage drop. Reactive power is the power required to produce the magnetic
fields (lost power) to enable the real work to be done.
For 3-phase systems, even harmonics are canceled out; hence concern is the odd harmonics only. The
British Lighting Clauses Act of 1899 was first among these to prevent uncontrolled arc-lamps from
causing flicker on incandescent lamps. Understanding of the choices and their relevant costs for
balancing the real harmonic load in contradiction of the cost of the solution is the vital factor. On the
other front growth of consumer electronics has resulted in increase of mains driven electronic
devices. Requires voltage loops with lower bandwidths and with the slower transient response, due
to the higher percentage of bus voltage ripple in comparison to that the case of Boost converter. 6.
MOTIVATION Almost every electronic equipment are of distinct power rating and the amazing
demands of power sources for such equipment acts tense and great task to the power engineer.
Enhanced discharge resistors pre-mounted up to 690 V AC, external. The key principle of the
Dynamic Evolution Control technique is, “The Error State, i.e., the difference between the output
system and the reference input must be reduced to zero”, without loss of generality. Hence
synchronous condenser is nothing but an overexcited synchronous motor running without mechanical
load (at no load). I truly appreciate and value their esteemed guidance and encouragement from the
beginning to the end of this thesis. A voltage feedback compensating loop is used as the outer loop to
keep the bus voltage to a fixed DC (predefined reference) value. For power factor correction, the
input current in a boost regulator should be made proportional to the input voltage waveform by
some forcing technique or programming. Installing an SVC at one or more suitable points in the
network will increase transfer capability through enhanced voltage stability, while maintaining a
smooth voltage profile under different network conditions. Power factor correction allows to obtain
advantages also for cable sizing. This in turn results in the voltage difference between the substation
supplying power and the consumer point ( voltage being less at the consumer point ). First we have
considered a three phase grounded load system where the supply is a three phase balanced supply.
One can neglect the effect of a single low power nonlinear load on the network; however the
combined effect of a significant number of nonlinear loads cannot be looked over. The capacitor is
connected in parallel with the loaf to avoid an unwanted voltage drop. VOLTAGE
IMPROVEMENT AND POWER LOSS REDUCTION System losses are also reduced through
power factor correction by reducing the total current and power in the system. RL Series Circuit
Analysis Capacitors in Series and Capac. Compromising between the two factors the value is selected
as 100 KHz. 3. Inductor selection: The inductor is selected from the value of maximum peak current
which flows through it when the input voltage has minimum value. A. Maximum peak line current.
The closer the power factor is to 1 the closer the current waveform follows the voltage waveform.
This latter is obtained in the same way as in the peak current control. True power which is in the
units of a Watt is calculated by multiplying your current squared (1.414?) by the resistance (60?) in
your circuit. A current transformer can sense the switch current and thus losses due to the sensing
resistor can be avoided. The main distinguishing feature of ACMC, as compared with peak current
mode control, is that ACMC uses a high gain, wide bandwidth Current Error Amplifier (CEA) to
force the average of one current within the converter, typically the inductor current, to follow the
demanded current reference with very small error, as a controlled current source. For example, a
1,000 KVA transformer with a 70% power factor provides 700 KW of power to the main bus. There
isa small errorineach cycle of the programequal to 20 microsecondat most which is. These reactive
elements will carry phase currents Iac and Ibc in phases a and Page 14. There are two types of PFC’s.
1) Passive PFC, 2) Active PFC. Proposed Design 40 6.1 Design procedure for the Power Factor
Corrector 41 6.2 Inductor design for the Boost Converter 48 6.3 Circuit Diagram 50 7.
The Table 2 explains about the obtained power factor and THD for the Boost PFC converter with
constant R-Load, operating with different control schemes. However the high output voltage
required in a boost converter accounts as one of its disadvantage. There would be a lot of such
devices and they would be drawing reactive power from the same supply phase resulting in
significant amount of reactive current flow and generation of harmonics. We truly appreciate and
value his esteemed guidance and encouragement from the beginning to the end of this thesis. To
settle these concerns, it is desired to endorse the distributed power system (DPS). Easy calculations,
proficient designs and complete technical support options are available. By continuing to use our
site, you agree to our cookie policy. Advantages of Passive PFC: It has a simple structure. Buck PFC
Performance Advantages: Easy functional safety spacing and isolation and regulation stage. The
future work includes power factor and load balancing of the ungrounded load. The output of the
current error amplifier drives a PWM modulator. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION Power factor
decreases with the installation of non resistive loads such as induction motors, Transformers. Each
Fixed Capacitor Bank is designed for high reliability and long life. A current error amplifier is
desirable and its compensation network design must take into account the different converter
operating points during the line cycle. (a) Page 30. Three different schemes has been proposed for
this method and then a common scheme has been proposed for load balancing and power factor
correction. Page 8. Control more sensitive to commutation noises. Page 27. The objective is to
improve the power factor nearly unity with minimum Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). If the circuit
is capacitive, by adding in inductive loads. Some conventional control schemes are taken; Page 48.
The presence of nonlinear loads, make all the third harmonic exactly in phase and add, rather than
cancels in all the phases, therefore, current and heat is developed on the neutral conductor. When this
is applied in higher power applications, parallel connection is used for the power stages. The Active
PFC method proposed in this thesis deals with the continuous mode of operation for its simplicity
and easy design process. Page 35. Reactive loads, inductors and capacitors dissipate zero power, yet
they drop. The active power does useful work in driving the motor whereas the reactive power only
provides the magnetic field. Installing an SVC at one or more suitable points in the network will
increase transfer capability through enhanced voltage stability, while maintaining a smooth voltage
profile under different network conditions. The current carried away by neutral, Ineutral is given by
the summation of Ina, Inb, In0. Their adversative effects on the power system are acknowledged
healthy. Power conditioning; typically rectification is essential usually for electronics equipment.
CLASS C: Lightening (dimmer for incandescent lamp belongs to CLASS A) equipment are under
this CLASS. In 1982, the IEC-International Electro-technical Committee published standard IEC
555-2, was approved as EN 60555-2 European standard in 1987 by the European Committee for
Electro-technical Standardization-CENELEC.
Though a single apparatus (a domestic television for example) may not draw a lot of reactive power
or it cannot generate enough harmonics to affect the supply system significantly, but within a typical
phase connection there may exist 100s of such devices connected to the same supply phase resulting
in production of a significant amount of reactive current flow and current harmonics. Our main
objective is to first transform the system from three phase four wire unbalanced load to three phase
three wire unbalanced load and then carry out the necessary power factor and load balancing
calculations. Hence, the utilization of such equipment results high power consumption and small
power density which provided a large market to Distributed Power System (DPS). Vo(pk) must be
reduced to the ripple voltage allowed at the output of the voltage error amplifier. When design is
done for a particular voltage range, the output voltage is required to be greater than the highest
expected peak input voltage. ANUP KUMAR PANDA Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769008 2014 Page 3. Some form of ac to dc power
supply are used within the construction of most modern electrical and electronic apparatus and for
each half cycle of the supply these supplies take pulses of current. There are some major
conventional control techniques that are implemented for the thesis work, which are; 1) Peak
Current Control 2) Average Current Control 3) PI Control. In this thesis an active power factor
correction technique is proposed. Actually, the concept behind the power factor correction is the
Reactive power compensation technique, which can be done by using a capacitor bank and
synchronous condenser in parallel to the circuit. Also for improved dynamic response and large
stability range at high frequency the nonlinear controllers; 1) Dynamic Evolution Controller and 2)
Sliding Mode Controller are applied. After that the system becomes equivalent to ungrounded star
connected load. CLASS D: Personal Computers and monitors, television receivers etc. Sliding mode
current controller technique is implemented for PFC boost converter. Fig. 3.4 represents the basic
circuit diagram of PFC Boost converter governed by sliding mode controller. A current error
amplifier is desirable and its compensation network design must take into account the different
converter operating points during the line cycle. (a) Page 30. In this node of operation before the
switch in the circuit is opened the inductor current value reaches zero. Active switches are used in
association with reactive element for “Active PFC approach” as in fig. 1.7 for the improvement of
line current shape and to obtain controllable output voltage. Power conditioning; typically
rectification is essential usually for electronics equipment. The other cause is the harmonic distortion
which is due to presence of the non linear loads in the power system. Sense resistor is the least
expensive method and is suitable for low power applications. With the low power factor, increase in
the neutral currents in 3-phase system, transformers and induction motors heat increases in them and
hence, there is a need to continuous improvement of the PF and reduction of the input current
harmonics is necessary. The PFC power supplies with control loops implementation is employed to
achieve a stable system with a tolerable dynamic behavior irrespective of the system loading
conditions. For this to be done, the microcontroller will watch. In particular, the energy stored in the
inductor is given by: Page 32. As the horse gets closer to the barge, angle O1 increases and power is
wasted, but, as the horse is positioned further away, then angle O2 gets closer to zero and less power
is wasted. In this case any compensation ramp is not required. Power electronic equipment’s are
being used in injecting low order harmonics, power conversion. The right selection of step size and
number of steps plays a significant role in the performance as well as cost of the APFC panel. There
are certain things one looks for before selectin. This thesis would have been impossible if not for the
perpetual moral support from my family members, and my friends.
The inner current loop tends to reduce the error between the average input current, ig and its
reference. Some special suitable optimization technique can be employed to ensure the very high
dynamic stability and very wide stable operating range. Page 50. The active power does useful work
in driving the motor whereas the reactive power only provides the magnetic field. Then the PF will
be equal to cosin the phase shift in radial as in the equations. For this DC-DC converter is employed
and is operated at high frequency to shape the line current waveform as sinusoidal as possible. Also
current of 10 A is flowing in the circuit but only 7.5 A of that current is producing useful output.
Qiao, and K. M. Smedley, “A topology survey on single-stage power factor corrector with a boost
type input-current-shaper,? IEEE Trans. The magnetic components, are employed in converters is
becoming reduced size because of the high switching operations. You also have your adjacent side
which is your true power and you have your opposite side which is your reactive power. The
switching function for logic state of power switch S is; ?? ( ?????? (??)) (3.22) For SM operation,
three necessary conditions are namely the hitting, existence, and stability conditions. In this current
mode control scheme a current error amplifier is needed. Dynamic power factor compensation and
voltage stability to the rest of the plant by virtue of the leading power factor. Page 23. We would
like to thank all whose direct and indirect support helped us completing our thesis in time. Active
power capabilities include: Eliminating voltage and current harmonics Reactive power compensation
Regulating terminal voltage Compensating the voltage flickering Page 11. What value of capacitance
is needed to correct the power factor to 0.9. The research still in progress to accomplish better
efficiency and fast dynamic response and high power inflation with stiff regulatory standards, that
inspires to improve performance of the active PFC converters for DPS. There are several equations to
calculate these and all will be covered in the article. As the horse gets closer to the barge, angle O1
increases and power is wasted, but, as the horse is positioned further away, then angle O2 gets closer
to zero and less power is wasted. Due to the drawing of non-sinusoidal current there is further
reduction in the power factor. 1.3 NON-LINEAR LOAD: 1.3.1 Non-linear loads Generally, rectifiers
that are used in power supplies, or in certain arc discharge device like fluorescent lamps, electric
welding machines, arc furnaces constitute the non-linear load in a power system. Please log in with
your username or email to continue. Also, the hardware implementation can be realized practically
with suitable control technique. The more out of phase they become then the lower the Power Factor.
There isa functionatthe arduinocalled“micros()”,whichisabuiltintimerstartto count in. Sliding mode
current controller technique is implemented for PFC boost converter. Fig. 3.4 represents the basic
circuit diagram of PFC Boost converter governed by sliding mode controller. This requires a higher
capital expenditure and operational cost which usually result in the cost being passed to the
consumer. Across the PFC choke there is small difference in input-to-output voltage hence merit to
use a smaller value of inductor, comparatively. Reactive component of the current prevents the full
utilization of the installed. So if there isa newloadpowerfactor, the controllerwill make averyfast new
firingangle to. To settle these concerns, it is desired to endorse the distributed power system (DPS).
Thus the error state reaches to zero, (3.18) Page 39.
And obviously the output voltage cannot be controlled in this case. For power factor correction, the
input current in a boost regulator should be made proportional to the input voltage waveform by
some forcing technique or programming. BTech thesis. Preview PDF 2851Kb Abstract AC-DC
converter is a part of any power supply used in the any electronic equipment’s. Since the capacitor
takes leading reactive power, Overall reactive power taken from the source decreases. Please log in
with your username or email to continue. Qiao, and K. M. Smedley, “A topology survey on single-
stage power factor corrector with a boost type input-current-shaper,? IEEE Trans. The inductor
current is controlled by the inner current loop through sliding mode technique. It also reduces the
total line current drawn by load and hence the burden of an electrical system. Figure.5 shows the
current and voltage citation after correction. Triac can be triggered by both negative and positive
pulses. This is because of the continuity of the input current in a boost converter, production of best
input current waveform and the lower level of conducted. Qiao, and K. M. Smedley, “A topology
survey on single-stage power factor corrector with a boost type input-current-shaper,? IEEE Trans.
During those 20mSec, the waveform will cross the zero point two times, one at the. Anup Kumar
Panda, Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, for his constant motivation and support
during the course of my work in the last one year. Across the PFC choke there is small difference in
input-to-output voltage hence merit to use a smaller value of inductor, comparatively.
Standardization activities have been carried out since long days. Hence fore, in three-phase systems,
the neutral current magnitude increase and becomes the cause of overheating of transformers and
induction motors, as well as the dreadful conditions of system voltage waveforms. There are
numbers of international standards to limit the harmonic content, caused due to the line currents of
equipment coupled to electricity distribution networks. The output of the current error amplifier
drives a PWM modulator. Under this class balanced three phase equipment, household appliances
(shouldn’t be specified under CLASS D) are present. Page 16. The selection of appropriate switching
function gives satisfied hitting condition. Provisions can be made for clamping the output of the
voltage error amplifier at some value which would correspond to some maximum power level.
Although the design is developed for 200 W rating, the control circuit remains more or less the same
for output ranging from 50 W to 5000 W. The output of the voltage error amplifier, then, controls the
input power level of the power factor corrector. After that we carry out the power factor correction
and load balancing scheme. Page 36. Power conditioning; typically rectification is essential usually
for electronics equipment. The main distinguishing feature of ACMC, as compared with peak current
mode control, is that ACMC uses a high gain, wide bandwidth Current Error Amplifier (CEA) to
force the average of one current within the converter, typically the inductor current, to follow the
demanded current reference with very small error, as a controlled current source. For 3-phase
systems, even harmonics are canceled out; hence concern is the odd harmonics only. Design of a 3-
phase FC-TCR Static Var Compensator for Power factor correction. The use of an inductor on the
input side improves the performance of the power factor corrector. A near-unity power factor is
desired for optimal performance and cost-effectiveness in electrical systems, highlighting the
significance of understanding and managing power factors in industrial applications.