THREE PHASE

MOTOR
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A
THREE-PHASE MOTOR

When three-phase voltages are applied to three phase

stator coils. A revolving magnetic field is produce. The speed
of this revolving magnetic field is synchronized with the line
frequency and is called synchronous speed. The revolving
field induces voltage to the rotor winding to produce starting
torque.
Three phase motor stator are wound in a coil group. The
minimum number of coil group is three, producing one pair
of magnetic poles per phase.
CUT AWAY VIEW OF THREE PHASE
MOTOR
INDUSTRIAL THREE – PHASE
MOTOR
 STATOR WINDING AND WIRING
CONNECTION OF THREE-PHASE MOTOR
T1
120 Electrical
WINDING DIAGRAM OF Degrees
AC INDUCTION MOTOR

T2
Star
Point One pole

Coil
36 slots/ 36 coils/ 3 Group

coils per pole per

phase Series
Y-Connection
T3
STATOR WINDING CONNECTION OF A
THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

LAP WINDING CONCENTRIC WINDING

 TYPES OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTORS
1. Squirrel - Cage type – rotor winding is practically self-contained
and its not connected either mechanically or electrically with the
outside power supply or control circuit. It consist of a number of
straight bar uniformly distributed around the peripheral of the rotor
and skewed and short circuited at the both ends by end ring to which
they are integrally joined.

Speed Characteristic: nearly constant speed

Torque Characteristic: starting torque depends on the
resistance of the rotor winding.
Application: constant speed service as in fans, blower,
compressor, pumps etc.
 SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR INDUCTION
MOTOR

Non-drive end Laminated steel core Drive side

with aluminium bar
 TYPES OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTORS
2. Wound Rotor type – wound rotor winding instead of
squirrel-cage rotor, the terminals of which are connected to
three slip-ring, brushes rides these slips deliver the current to
an external three-phase rheostat or variable resistor to vary
the characteristics of the motor. At start, all the resistances
are in the circuit, as the motor picks-up speed. The resistance
are gradually decrease until finally slip rings are short
circuited.
Speed Characteristic: Variable speed
Torque Characteristic: By inserting variable resistances in
the rotor winding through slip ring a variety of
toque develop (high or low) are obtainable
Application: Where high starting toque with low starting
current or where the limited speed control is
required, as in plunger pumps, compressor, hoist
and over head crane
 WOUND ROTOR INDUCTION
MOTOR

Laminated Rotor core

Fan side Shafting

Slip ring Wound copper wire Drive side

 Synchronous motor are not used because of their constant-speed characteristic, they are
preferred because they posses the following advantages:

1. They can be made to operate at leading power factor and thereby improve the
power factor of an industrial plant from one lagging to close to unity.

2. They are less costly in certain horse power and speed ranges (50 –
500 Hp rating at operating speed less than 500 rpm and for horse power
rating greater than 500 but operating at speeds that are more than 450
rpm).

3. They can be constructed with wider air gaps than induction motor
which make them better mechanically.

4. They usually operate at higher efficiency, especially in low speed unity

power factor ranges.

The Synchronous Condenser when this motor operated without an external mechanical load, it
still takes power for its own rotational losses (example friction, windage and iron losses)
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FUNDAMENTAL FORMULA
OF INDUCTION MOTOR
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A
THREE-PHASE MOTOR

When three-phase voltages are applied to three phase

stator coils. A revolving magnetic field is produce. The speed
of this revolving magnetic field is synchronized with the line
frequency and is called synchronous speed. The revolving
field induces voltage to the rotor winding to produce starting
torque.
Three phase motor stator are wound in a coil group. The
minimum number of coil group is three, producing one pair
of magnetic poles per phase.
 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF INDUCTION MOTOR
R1 X1 R2/S X2
L1
I1 Io I1 I2

V1 Rm X E1 E2
m
SCRI
M WRIM
N/L2
Where:
V1 = Applied voltage per phase I2 = Rotor current per phase
E1 = Rotor Induced emf per phase I1 = Stator current per phase
E2 = Stand still rotor induced emf per phase Io = No load current per phase
R2 = Rotor Resistance per phase S = Slip
X2 = stand still reactance per phase f = frequency
X1 = stator reactance per phase fr = rotor frequency
R1 = stator resistance per phase R2 = rotor resistance per phase
Rm = resistance correspond to iron losses Xm = magnetizing reactance
and windage losses.
 POWER FLOW DIAGRAM OF THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR (POWER STAGES)

SPI = RPI +SCL +SIL RPI = RCL + RPD RPD = RPO + ML

RPD RPO
ROTOR POWER DEVELOP ROTOR POWER
RPI OUTPUT
SPI ROTOR POWER INPUT
STATOR POWER INPUT
ML
MECH’L LOSS

RCL
ROTOR CU LOSS

SCL + SIL
STATOR CU & IRON LOSS

WHERE: WHERE:
Pin = SPI=power drawn by the motor Pr = RPI = power input of the rotor
Pout= RPO =output power drawn by the Pcur = RCL = rotor copper losses
motor Pm = RPD = mechanical power
Pcus = SCL = stator copper loss develop
Pco = SIL = stator core/iron loss Pfw = ML = friction and windage
Pout = Pin - PTL losses
 POWER FORMULA
Rotor power input, ² watts/phase

Rotor Copper Loss, ² watts/phase

Rotor Power Develop, ² ² watts/phase

POWER STAGES IN AN INDUCTION

MOTOR
SPI = RPI +SCL +SIL RPI = RCL + RPD RPD = RPO + ML

RPD RPO
ROTOR POWER DEVELOP

RPI ROTOR POWER

SPI ROTOR POWER INPUT
OUTPUT

STATOR POWER INPUT

ML
MECH’L LOSS

RCL
ROTOR CU LOSS

SCL + SIL
STATOR CU & IRON LOSS
Vector diagram of induced voltage of an induction motor
 THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Induction motor is one in which the magnetic field in the rotor is induced by
currents flowing in the stator winding. The rotor has no connection whatsoever to
the line. It differs from the synchronous motor, the rotor of the induction motor
does not rotate as fast as the rotating field in the armature. The armature
difference in speed is called the slip. The slip is usually expressed as a percentage
of a synchronous speed.

Slip is also the measure of the rotor winding losses

Slip is also connected with rotor efficiency, the higher the

slip, the lower the efficiency
 INDUCTION MOTOR FUNDAMENTAL FORMULA

1. Synchronous speed 5. No load power

Pnl = Pco + Pfw

2. % Slip 6. Rotor copper and windage loss

Pco + Pfw = Pnl - 3(INL )² Res

3. Slip speed 7. Torque develop

HP
= 9.55 --------
NR
4. Rotor frequency 8. Mechanical power develop

Pm = Prd - Pcur = RPD - RCL

HP x 746
9. I FL= ---------------------------
√3 (VL) x pf x Eff
 SAMPLE PROBLEM IN THREE-PHASE
MOTOR
1. A 3-phase, 4 pole, 60Hz Induction motor has full 6. A 3-phase, 10 pole, 60Hz Induction motor has full load
load speed of 1750 rpm. What is the slip speed? slip of 0.075.What is the slip speed of the rotor relative to the
a. 50 rpm c. 54 rpm revolving field and the revolving field relative to the stator.
b. 1746 rpm d. 1800 rpm a. 720 rpm and 54 rpm
2. A three phase induction motor rotates at 3510 rpm b. 1750 rpm and 740 rpm
at normal voltage and frequency of 60 HZ. What is c. 1150 rpm and 920 rpm
the motor slip in per cent? d. 720 rpm and 450 rpm
a. 3.5 % c. 2.5 %
b. 4 % d. 3 % 7. A 30 HP, 6 pole, 440-volt 60 Hz, three phase induction
3. A 3phase, induction motor running with 2.5 % slip, motor operates at full load with an efficiency of 92 %, a
takes 100 KW from the mains. If the stator copper power factor of 90 % and a slip of 2.5 %.Calculate the torque
loss amounts to 1.8 KW. Determine the mechanical at full load in lb.ft.
power loss. a. 134 c. 1702
a. 90.745 KW c. 98.20 KW b. 155 d. 165
b. 95.745 KW d. 97.50 KW
4. A 50 HP, 440-Volt three phase, 60 Hz induction 8. A 440-volt, 3-phase 50 HP, 1750 rpm SCRIM is
motor has a power factor of 87.2% and efficiency connected to 440-volt bus through a feeder which the voltage
of 90.6%. What is the power input HP? drop of 10 % of bus voltage when the motor is drawing rated
a. 50 c. 47 current. The maximum continuous power the motor can
b. 45 d. 55.2 safety deliver to its load is nearly equal to
5. A 3-phase motor rated 50HP, 220-volts, 75 % a. 40 HP c. 42 HP
power factor and 95 % efficiency. What is the b. 45 HP d. 48 HP
current at 210-volts
a. 144 Amps c. 238 Amps
b. 137 Ampsd. 79 Amps
 Solution of sample problem of three-phase motor

1. A 3-phase, 4 pole, 60Hz Induction motor 2. A three phase induction motor rotates at
has full load speed of 1750 rpm. What is 3510 rpm at normal voltage and frequency
the slip? of 60 HZ. What is the motor slip in per
cent?
GIVEN:
Nr = 1750 RPM 3 - phase GIVEN:
F = 60 Hz Nr = 3510 RPM 3 - phase
Pole = 4 F = 60 Hz
Pole = 4
Solution:
Solution:
120 f 120(60) 120 f 120 (60)
Ns = ----- = ----------= 1800 RPM Ns = ------- = --------= 3600 RPM
P 4 P 2
Ns – Nr
Slip = Ns–Nr = 1800–1750 %Slip = -------------- x 100%
Ns
= 50 RPM 3600 - 3510
% Slip = ---------- x100% = 2.5%
3600
 Solution of sample problem of three-phase motor

3. A 3phase, induction motor running with 4. A 50 HP, 440-Volt three phase, 60 Hz

2.5 % slip, takes 100 KW from the mains. induction motor has a power factor of
If the stator copper loss amounts to 1.8 87.2% and efficiency of 90.6%. What is the
KW. Determine the mechanical power power input HP?
loss?
GIVEN:
GIVEN: Pout = 50 Hp VL = 440-V
% Slip = 2.5 % Pcu = 1.8 kW PF = 75 % Eff = 90.6 %
Pin = 100 Kw REQ: Pin =?

REQ: Pmech = ? Solution:

Pout
Solution: Pin = ------------
Eff
Pin = Pout + SCL + SIL + ML + RCL +
Pwl 50 Hp
Pin = ----------- = 55.2 Hp
ML = Pin = Pout - PLoss ???? .906

= 100 Kw – 1.8 Kw = 98.2 kW

 Solution of sample problem of three-phase motor

5. A 3-phase motor rated 50HP, 220-volts, 6. A 3-phase, 10 pole, 60Hz Induction

75 %, power factor and 95 % efficiency. motor has full load slip of 0.075.What is
What is the current at 210-volts. the slip speed of the rotor relative to the
revolving field and the revolving field
GIVEN: relative to the stator.
Pout = 50 Hp VL = 220-V GIVEN:
PF = 75 % Eff = 95 % Pole = 10 slip =0.075
REQ: Pin @ 210-V = ? F = 60 Hz
REQ: slip speed = ?
Solution: Solution:
Hp x 746 120 (60)
IFL = --------------------- Ns = ------------ = 720 RPM
1.73 x VL x PF x Eff 10
Ns – Nr
50 Hp x 746 Slip Speed = ---------- = 0.075
IFL = ----------------------- Ns
1.73 x 210 x .75 x .906 Nr = Ns - 0.075 Ns = (1 - s) Ns

= 144-Amp Nr = 0.925 (720) = 666 RPM

Slip = Ns–Nr =720–666 = 54 RPM

 Solution of sample problem of three-phase motor

7. A 30 HP, 6 pole, 440-volt 60 Hz, three

phase induction motor operates at full load
with an efficiency of 92 %, a power factor 9.55 (30 x 746)
of 90 % and a slip of 2.5 %. Torque = ----------------
Calculate the torque at full load in lb.ft. 1,170

GIVEN: = 182.67 N. m.
Hp = 30 VL = 440-V Eff = 92 %
PF = 90 % Slip = 2.5 % 2.2lb 3.28 ft
= 182.67N.m x ----- x -----
REQ: Torque in Lb. Ft. = ? 9.81N 1 m

Solution: = 134.36 Lb. Ft.

120 f 120 (60)
Nr = ------- (1 - s) = ------- (1-0.025)
P 6

Nr = 1,170 RPM
 Solution of sample problem of three-phase motor

8. A 440-volt, 3-phase 50 HP, 1750 rpm

SCRIM is connected to 440-volt bus Hp x 746
through a feeder which the voltage drop of IFL = -------------- = 48.9-A
10 % of bus voltage when the motor is 1.73 (440)
drawing rated current. The maximum
continuous power hp the motor can safety 1.73 (48.9A) (440V-44V)
deliver to its load is nearly equal to: Hp = ----------------------------
746 watt
GIVEN:
= 45 Hp
Hp = 50 VL = 440-V Nr = 1750 rpm

Feeder voltage drop = 10%

REQ: Maximum Hp = ?
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