CHAPTER &

CRAVITATION

Thtroduttuon dhe
fxce LOve
Gaavitalienal
in aLuie A
fundaneitaldoices eritin
celustial bodue3 t the Uhivease L Ovi
Qavitalbvul foace
cnae the influence e te
gavitaliem
Neuton'S niveiSallauw e in the
Itstalia that evety body
tunivezsettzacts evey etur body cOtho dorce
pocduc
cohich Ls pacportiovnAL to h e
duuetly
propo t i 0 a l b
theutheis masses Dwid hvess.i.ly
the peeslettt d t t masSe- Secar he
dustance bebtween thum

Comxde tuwomoss m mal m Aepeata

by Qdustmce Accoding NuOtevis XouD
qavitaLien oe orce bl foebu maskes
duustly pocspo.tiomal to oe produues o
mases(m.xma Omd Iyes propostional to
the 4uae d dustomc CD

ie F M, M2

cohela G h a Cotomt Called the qmavitain

Costowt Ib SI Cunita G2 6.67X 10 NO2kg
The dimunmal do huudA of G MT
Acceloaov due to 920vity
Acce laalbn due g7avity à dht
 accelatm ezpeiencad by a bodyalhng
Eaeelyttuands the earth
Accoxding Neuwtco's law e qravitalLon
toe foxce betcoeen the eath Dmd he falli
d
body given by E GoM whu M is
the mas o tho eAdh m de wmas he
body Onnd the dutocbetweh thei
CenteS
The Rceluation produced ndoe +alling
bodydue bqavity s eanth LsQive by
torce Go M
hoas

9GM

On the dace e eat R

9GM
R2
The Malue e qiS Uualytaken as 98ms
The a Aight vahialn tox q fo place
oplaCc depeding 0M the hutghut or depth
thplace 1bVasdes a twe 9o t h
pales dut to thhon spheiical appe o tha
enth md th otatio othe enth

Vaiabon e Ace.lesalion due to qravity

The Value of 9 Vanies wih albitude. nd

depth
a) VaiADLMoq with Qlbitude
we leno q COv he t a o eh

At a heigbs h accelezalion duue to gravity h

given bu
 (RHh
(Rh)
R2

9-9
R+2bR +h
R2
-R+2hR
R2
h R2
R2
+2h +
R R2

3914T
(4)-1-27+3-4+
R2
Cowscol dhe r s t tu00 tem

Ihs epomnn uvalid

ohoh << R We M tat dccelnaliivn due b

gavity decxeasC albitud h increases
 b) Vaiation o qoth dep-th
We aume that the eantn s A
sphe adus Rtwith tunuhoao denwty
Mas o the easth - VoDume x danty
M -4TRP

Accelunlov due to g7avity o dh ubpace

Enth qiven by 9GM
R2

R
9 TGRP
Cowsd e body o a s 0kept at a
dpth d fren the uAlace e t h
he acceloiauom due tb gavits et o depth
d s gven by
944TGCR-d)DP

94 rGCR-d) g
9

9d R-d-1
9 R

19491
Thu ue ee that q decreases as dopth d
tnczeaS
At dhecedhe o eanth, d -R
 P
q%0-0
te, Acteluualtovn dus th qzuvity6zelb
Ba Cehtre at
oCath Htace twe teel
weiahtLussnes Rt th Celi e th
Mas o he DUth CM
Cowide a mas Mkebt m dne Munfatu
eDth Let Mb wass nd R dhe
0duus C AAth

Th tweight bodyth gavitalional

force blw m pond M

=GM
R2
9 CaM
R2
M-9RR
G
M:
9.8X (C.38xi6)
6.GHX16
G6+XlO24 k9Ths s Hha mas

eemth nsung it to bea nuhosm Aphe

GtravitaUiouad fie Nd
he space uaoLnding a bode uhe
s al qavitatoal npluunn fIt alled
dhe AYi.batioal Held
Tinlence o tha qzavitalioval feld
t D4 point L dabld as tha 90vitalioval
d
fosce epenientad by uht mas placed at
that palnt Th uaVectox guhnmblty Dnd
it duulad toands thcenie of ihe body
ts unitu N
Cowdo a uue mM m placed
at P tom a hmas io M. Let be u ditond
foov h Centres

GtraYitalenal foxce hdt RAS 6 qiven

F- CaM

GMX GM

Intuik gavitatievialL ield duu to a

aas M Rt R palut P a t a ditonmce z t o
its Centre GM

Thtavitaional Acld deczenses w th

iucxeaje Pmd becoms zeuo at infinity
The qaavitaibvual Hield a t Dmy peint 0L ta
pace th eath uwmiCally egual
to thavalue 9

CLavitatienal potential Dmd botential enna

Gvitalunal pedntinl at a polut
dihlnd 05 to don taking a wlt mas
frov inhtniky to that peint
CoAda Uib Mass M placed at a
dibtomce oovv A ws M
dr
 Let E be th doze Onunt mAS

FGMo GMX
2
CaM

ucxL do in 9ixing a dusplatumunt dh u givn

by
dw Edr
GM dz CHes applid dore
omd d1spla.cuunt in
h Jme diucton)
bokdonL in taking a wnit bass tatm
ingihityto dhe govin point is 9iven by

w CrM d
w-GaM dx

w GM 2dr
GM 24 t
-2t
GM

GML
CnM

-GM

Thus the Qzavitaluonal potential at a poinb

distant fao a body bMAs M
 As a e a s e s G M d
d e
e ecxxee
l.

givan by GM
p e t e n t i a l

hupce
dhe
pomd
Aiaczease3 Bmd Rétats
B a n d R E C s

OX
distapceihczeases infinite
inpnse.

tlhe zuo at
zeLo

IhCREASs_Qs
egual
equal
to
to
VAlue
a z i m t h

dut omce petenbial ene1g

nengJ
petential_

ravitalionel
CMao

a Mass ho,
Foz

a ta
heighr height
Gravitatièal
ehtagy ata
P e t e n t i a l enusgy
easth
h zonn the
ass
mplaced
a body boaY
To iaise dhe
Conseele

dherusface e ca~th be d e n e againsE

v
has b
to A height hwork attracion
Ths

9ravitalonal
dorce e
the sidles a3the
9ravitalkenal

twozk done at that heghk

in t h body
potentiAl_eneng4

qaavitalioral potential engy s

The eth
as
h placed ov dhe ufaco
-GMo
R

The 9avitatiovnal potential eneg4y dh body

at a height h GMo
(R+h)
Chhnge in potential mgy
Einal P:E_ Thitial P E

-CT M GaMo
R+h R
1
G Mr
R4b - R
GM R-CR+b)
RHV) R
 -CMm -h
R24hR

GrMro 4
R2

GaMh h&sR Rh glgabl

R2

But
R2

PE mg.h
ie PE ea body at a heught h Jzom dhe
aAnpace ensth s mgh

EBape velociby 0x escApe speeel

CVe

he wtnimuum speed wth which

a body t pelecteol O dhab heyes retua
tto
o the eAsth 6 called escapespeed or
CsCApe velocity
Force a mas m at a dutanee rom
he cenlhe G ensth = GTMm
Mm

work dn o gèeving Mmull dspacemnt

GT M dr
d dw

Dwoak done In taking dh bods to infinuty,

C M dr
2

GrM R 2
dr

GMo dr
 2+J
GtMo L2412
GMo
Je
-GM

-GiMoL
-GaMm x - 1
R

GMo
R
Ths ent1g4 given in thetom e K Elm
whei V he e3capespeed

mv GMm
2GM
R
V 2G
R
29R2 29R

V 29R
he escape velociky J29R 5 stiwmabd to b
1-2 Kms 0 the enmth
EMApevelocity u tndapendunt e mas a
theesCaplngbody
InfLun scape yelocity pv dhe
ptmoyphu
eAplant
h yelecity o Leke gAs molecuules
Otyaen, hitresun ttc Ls muth lus thm
1-2ko/sHenc Atwuosphr 16 getaind ov
 th cath m moon4 2.38 km/s
Velocity
EsCAp he 9h haole cules6 9ALale
ghevelotiky moletuls nsily
Cras
thim thus vAlu Henc
suNace ef meon
escApefrevn the
escAp D MOON

the Ls ho pdtmespheie

a Satellibe
Ovbital yelouby o
A SatelL u a body, ohidh zevolve
asaund A plaub Thuu ali hatuuAl Stdellib
ndeilites fos LALth.The
Amd Aatiticial

hAtual atelhbe e eDthL meon Sem

e Q t i t l e i a l SAtclites a INSAT
eAmples
EDUSAT etc the
The
The pAth o the Satellite Asdund
epath 6 CAlled the0bitThe Veloczty of
the 3atellite in the obbit
Called he
obital Yelott

Frpre do7 0bital velocity

Coidea SadcL Lit B mass m

Tevolving oith OAbital yelocity V asnd
the easth at 2 hutght L 0 n dh Cenbxe
o thu eanth m

Th qzavit.aluonaltorce
p2Oyid thenecessAY
M
Centrpetal foTCe requuld
for dhe Circulos metion
2
Centripetal tozc V

Ctavitoulievaltorce z GMn
 mv GMo
2

V GMm:

Vo G
s ts dhe epere t o be osbital yelece
eASatellits at a hetght 7 from the
Cenl o the e a t h
1 a Satellit able to evolve asOnd
T CAth vey closeto Hs Suface t h w n
e oabital velocity G7M
uhe R s d adius enth
Relatuon between Cscape velocitq omd obtal
Vuocity
Oobital velocity GTM
Escape velocity Ye

J2 xVo
J2V
It
escape velocity J 2 tiwus
the 0bi tal
ydouity
Peaod o Sate llite
to 7evolve Thetime takeh by 1he satell
0 C
RLDLUnd te
called he puiod he planut S
o e Satelli4e
 Pesiod T, Czcmdeuncee the 0bit
O bital velocity
T 2T
GnM

=4T 4
CTM GM

h the hught e the Satellt foom

tpatosSwkace then Rth

T 4T(R+h)
G M

GTM

GTM 9RZ
Substitua thus in the e n T

T47CR+b
9R2

C1eestalenasy 0 nhron.ous Satellit

A geoStallonaA sabellite w Q Satellite
dhidh appe ass to be Stalionayin he y
Th peiod othus Satellite must e the same
as thepeiod of dae otallen oeAsth abeuk
ESoun Acis Itsiduecbion e otalLen mu
be dae3m as thatothe enAth ie, fotm
e x to At
Grcostatcoiaany sat cllite u at a heighk akeut
36,000 krn fzon toe mtaceof enth f h
h hutght of the satellite Pmd T ha
potod.thuh
 T 4z CRAh)
R9
(R+h) TRg
4T2

Rth
4T2

24X6oX6o)x(. 3g x16 lo
4K14)
R+h 4264 9 54 km

h 42648 54- R
42648 54- G380
B1 362G 8 54 km

Pola Satelli
Polan 5adellia orbits in the
nOthsouuthdunluen Snce the easth Apha
below It n eust-wex diiedLe, the Satellilz
C sChm the ntise
unAce ethe eaLth
Pokr Satellit QLL Malnly tus ed for
weath fozccating eiromantal stuudis,
spyw0zik ebc Eg Eutopem spot md
LERS Ihdibm Easth Kesouces sate11it)
Tor h cincuulas molLen a
Sate lli A
CentoipetAl doTCe mY
eauuirco Th hLesAy
Centripetal force Li
Suppled y he g2aitalLonal force
CMm
2
betwech dheesth Amd h Satellike:
Ths vstue dor all h
The
tbjects in dhe satellite
het dozce Cxpeai.enced bym bject in the
Snte llte zeso Thus
wet qht leys hus s felb du
sptellite.