A Guide to Reading & Writing JAPANESE A Comprehensive Guide to fd g{o re] Yan A Ae ae AIC 08 Compiled by Florence Sakade Resa Cusine Curie) Renee) asec a & Henk de Groot Tuttle Language LibraryA Guide to Reading & Writing JAPANESE Third Edition A Comprehensive Guide to the Japanese Writing System first edition compiled by Florence Sakade third edition revised by Kenneth Henshall, Christopher Seeley & Henk de Groot TUTTLE PUBLISHING Boston * Rutland, Vermont * TokyoPublished by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd., with editorial offices at 153 Milk Street, Boston, MA 02109 and 130 Joo Seng Road, #06-01/03 Singapore 368357. Original edition © 1959 by Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc. Third edition © 2003 Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without pror written permission from the publisher. LCC Card No. 59-10412 ISBN 0-8048-3365-6 Distributed by: Japan Tuttle Publishing Yaekari Building, 3rd Floor 5-4-12 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku ‘Tokyo 141-0032 Tel: (03) £437 0171; Fax: (03) 5437 0755 Email: tuttle-sales@gol.com North America, Latin America & Europe Tuttle Publishing 364 Innovation Drive North Clarendon, VT 05759-9436 Tel: (802) 773 8930; Fax: (802) 773 6993 Email: info@tuttlepublishing.com www.tuttlepublishing.com Asia Pacific Berkeley Books Pte. Ltd. 130 Joo Seng Road, #06-01/03 Singapore 368357 Tel: (65) 6280 1330; Fax: (65) 6280 6290 Email: inquiries@periplus.com.sg 08 07 06 05 04 recut aces Printed in SingaporeCONTENTS v-xii Introduction 1 Aim v 2. This Book and the Modern Japanese Writing System v 2.1 About the Characters Selected v 2.2 How Characters are Read in Japanese vi 2.3. Writing Characters vii 2.4 Romanisation ix 2.5 Kana Signs and Combination x Layout Details x Final Notes xi 5 Select Bibliography of Main Works consulted for this Edition xi RY Acknowledgements .... Section 1: The 1,006 Essential Characters .... Grade One: — Characters 1-80.. Grade Two: — Characters 81-240... Grade Three: Characters 241-440 Grade Four: — Characters 441-640 Grade Five: Characters 641-825 Grade Six: Characters 826-1,006 166-202 Section 2: The 1,945 General Use Characters .. . 203-294 Katakana and Hiragana Syllabaries . Index of Readings...INTRODUCTION 1 Aim This newly revised edition is designed for students and others who have at least an elementary knowledge of spoken Japanese and are wanting to acquaint themselves with the Japanese writing system. To this end, this book sets out the 1,945 Chinese characters contained in the officially approved character list—the Joyo kanji (General Use Characters) List—which in 1981 replaced the earlier list approved in 1946. 2 This Book and the Modern Japanese Writing System 2.1 About the Characters Selected While the Joyo kanji List (hereafter abbreviated to JK List) does not represent an exhaustive list of Chinese characters which the student will encounter in modern Japanese texts, in combination with the two syllabaries (hiragana and katakana) it does nevertheless provide a very sound basis for reading and writing modern Japanese. In Japanese schools, 1,006 of the more commonly used JK List characters are taught in the six years of elementary school, the balance of 939 characters being spread out over the intermediate and high school curriculum. The JK List characters also form the basis of character usage in modern newspapers, though sometimes the Japan Newspaper Association chooses to deviate from the List in some ways. At the end of 2001 the following 39 characters in addition to those in the JK List were adopted by the Association for active use in newspapers: fil #4 4 Et #3 bt BE Tbh SAD aes 2S PE Tabi HY A a FG a RPE AE WA BE 4 GK IK HF. . We simply list these here for readers’ possible future reference, and do not go into readings or meanings. For writing the names of their children, Japanese today can choose from a corpus of characters consisting of the JK List together with a supplementary list of characters for use in given names. The first such name character list, approved in 1951, consisted of 92 characters, but that has been expanded on repeated occasions (and not without some controversy) to 285. We do not list these here. This book is divided into two main sections. Section One presents the 1,006 characters designated by the Japanese Ministry of Education to be taught duringINTRODUCTION the six years of elementary school—termed here ‘Essential Characters’. The choice of these characters is the result of extensive research and deliberation by the Ministry. For these characters, the editors of this volume have endeavored to give illustrative character compounds that are in common use. Section Two of this book sets out the 1,945 characters designated for general everyday use (including the 1,006 characters taught at elementary school). In 1946 the Japanese writing system underwent fairly radical reform in the direction of simplification, but the 1970s onwards saw some movement away from what some saw as an over-simplification, and the trend towards use of a bigger range of Chinese characters has been encouraged by the development and popularity from the mid-1980s of word-processors and computers that can handle conventional Japanese text. Despite this trend, the major impact of the orthographic reforms of the late 1940s has meant that the Japanese writing system of today still remains much simpler than it was before 1946. 2.2 How Characters are Read in Japanese Typically, each Chinese character has two types of readings—on-yomi and kun-yomi. The on-yomi (on reading, i.e. Sino-Japanese reading) is a reading originally based on the Chinese pronunciation associated with each character, and reflects the fact that the Chinese script was adopted from China the best part of 2,000 years ago, when the Japanese themselves did not have a writing system. Contrasting with the on-yomi is the kun-yomi (kun reading, i.e. native Japanese reading). In some cases, a given Chinese character has several on readings, reflecting different forms of underlying Chinese pronunciation. A given character may also have more than one associated kun reading. Context and the use or absence of accompanying kana (okurigana) are the pointers as to which reading is appropriate in a given case. In this book, the majority of the readings set out in the JK List as it appeared in the Kanpo (Official Gazette) of 1 October 1981 have been included, but some readings have been excluded, bearing in mind the aim of this book, because they are archaic, obsolescent, or not common (e.g. nagomu [to soften] for fil). Also excluded from among the formal readings listed in this book are the sort of common minor—or relatively minor—variations in character readings which are found only in certain environments in compounds. For instance, the character “# has the on reading GAKU, which is truncated to GAK- in the compound “# gakké [school, college], the kun reading ame [rain] of J changes to ama- as the first element in compounds such as iJ amado [rain-shutters], and the character & GO is read GAT- in the compound 47% gatten [understanding, consent]. It was considered best for readers of this book to learn such changes gradually as they progress.INTRODUCTION In modern Japanese usage there are quite a number of characters which lack either an on reading or a kun reading. For instance, nowadays the character Hf [sugar] is employed only for its on reading TO, while the character #fi [box] is used only for its kun reading hako. 2.3 Writing Characters Firstly, the student should make every effort to practice so as to keep the characters of uniform size in relation to one another. Thus, the 2-stroke character J) katana should be written within the equal-sized imaginary square or circle as the 15-stroke iii RON [argument, opinion], and by the same token the element & should be written larger when used as an independent character (read GEN, GON, [speech, word]) than when used as a radical / component in a more complex character such as iti RON above. Secondly, bear in mind that Chinese characters sometimes consist of just a few strokes, sometimes many, but the characters are always written according to a set stroke order. Listed below are some principles that will be of assistance with regard to priority in the order of strokes. 1. Top to bottom: 2—+-[|- |= |e 4#— Plt ae | [eR 2. Left to right: | — ) In yy AY — 4 AT yA we dA tls 5 x ose KF FIR While the above may all seem rather complicated, the student might find solace in the fact that, as noted above, the writing system has been simplified to a considerable extent compared with the past, and has been mastered by many thousands of students having neither native speaker competence in Japanese nor prior background knowledge of the Chinese script. 2.4 Romanisation There are several different systems of representing Japanese using the Roman alphabet. This book employs a slightly modified form of the Hepburn system, this being a system which is widely used and which is based on conventions associated with the spelling of English. The minor modification involves using the letter n rather than m to represent the syllabic nasal /v when the latter occurs immediately before the consonants m, b or p (thus, for instance, shinbun [newspaper], not shimbun, and kenpé [constitution], not Kempo). Other points to note are: 1. use of a macron to indicate vowel lengthening for o and u, e.g. gakk6 [school], renshii [practice];INTRODUCTION 2. use of a hyphen in cases where it is considered that this might facilitate understanding of boundaries between constituent elements in a Japanese word, e.g. sara-arai [dishwashing], rather than saraarai; and 3. use of the apostrophe ’ instead of a hyphen after a syllabic nasal /u, such as tan’i [unit] (a word of three short syllables, which in kana would be written /v\)) as opposed to tani [valley] (a word of two short syllables, written 712 in kana). 2.5 Kana Signs and Combinations The two main sections of this book are followed by a section setting out individual symbols in the hiragana and katakana syllabaries, and illustrations of stroke order for each of those symbols. Each of the two syllabaries evolved and became established over a period of many centuries, thereby becoming cemented as integral components in the modern writing system. Katakana, which are more angular in appearance than hiragana, are today used first and foremost to represent loanwords of European origin, e.g. /\ > pan [bread] and E—Jb biiru [beer]. Hiragana are used widely and variously elsewhere to represent such elements as grammatical particles, inflectional endings of verbs, and frequently to represent in writing words which would otherwise need to be written with intricate or uncommon characters such as those for 6mu [parrot] (#8i§) or for the ken of sekken [soap] (ill). For the convenience of users of this book, the final part consists of an alphabetical index of readings for the 1,945 JK List characters. 3 Layout Details The 1,006 most essential characters are set out in Section One in accordance with the Education Ministry’s division into six grades. These are in running sequence, but note that the grade divisions are: 1-80 = Grade One 81-240 = Grade Two 241-440 Grade Three 441-640 Grade Four 641-825 = Grade Five 826-1,006 = Grade Six Characters within each grade are set out in the traditional ‘50 sounds’ (gojtion) order which is commonly used for reference-type works in Japanese, except that the characters in Grade One alone are ordered on the basis of semantic groupings. Each character is typically accompanied by the on reading, then the kun reading and English meaning(s). The context is the best guide as to which reading is appropriate in a given case.INTRODUCTION Also included for each of the 1,006 characters is information regarding the total number of strokes (the stroke count) and the set order to be followed in writing individual strokes. In most cases, three examples of character compounds are provided for each of these Essential characters. Section Two, which presents the total 1,945 General Use characters, gives them with their on and/or kun readings, and English meanings, but without illustrative compounds. In many cases, however, compounds containing characters which are among the 939 ‘non-essential’ characters may be found among the compounds given for each of the 1,006 characters in Section One. The order adopted for listing the corpus of 1,945 characters is that of stroke count (and, within a given stroke count, by radical). So as to avoid undue repetition, each of the 1,006 Essential characters appearing in Section Two is given with the corresponding reference to Section One, to which the reader can refer for details. With regard to the typographical conventions employed in giving readings and meanings for characters, these are explained by means of the example below. Ja KEN'; mi(ru/, to see, look* ' On reading in upper case. * Kun reading in lower case italics. Parentheses used to indicate end-syllable(s) to be written in kana (thus, mi(ru), since this word is conventionally written 5d, 4). ) English meaning(s) given in regular lower case. Also note the use of a comma after a single on-reading to indicate that it can be used as a stand-alone word, e.g. “ZA, seat...” (ie. ‘za’ exists as a word meaning “seat’), as opposed to “U canopy...” (i.e. ‘u’ does not exist as an independent word). 4 Final Notes Good luck with your study. For aspects of the modern Japanese language such as grammar, vocabulary, or style, you should refer to other appropriate textbooks and reference works, a variety of which are now available from Tuttle Publishing. 5 Select Bibliography of Main Works Consulted for this Edition Note: All the books in Japanese listed below have been published in Tokyo. Haig, J.H. et al. (ed.), The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary. Charles E. Tuttle, Tokyo, 1997. Henshall, K. G., A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters. Charles E. Tuttle, Tokyo, 1988. xiINTRODUCTION Masuda, K., et al. (ed.), Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha, 4th ed., 1974, Morohashi T., Dai kanwa jiten. 13 vols. Taishukan, 1955-60. Sanseido henshiisho (ed.), Atarashii kokugo hyOki handobukku. Sanseido, 1991. Sato K. (ed.), Kanji hyakka daijiten, Meiji shoin, 1996. Seeley, C. A History of Writing in Japan. Paperback edition: University of Hawaii Press, 2000. Shirakawa S., Jitd. Heibonsha, 2nd ed., 1992. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The editors of the Newly Revised Edition respectfully acknowledge the work of the earlier editions carried out by Florence Sakade and her editorial team, work which has been of assistance to generations of students (including the present editors). Grateful acknowledgement is also due to Flavia Hodges, Tan Mike Tze, Nancy Goh, Nathan Burrows, Neil Chandler, Bruce Penno, Paul Eagle, Shozo Tsuji, Yasuko Tsuji, and Kazuko Seeley.The 1,006 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS ICHI, ITSU, hito-, hito(tsu), one Fl ichigatsu, January -% ichiban, first, best —-lff} issatsu, one (book, magazine) 1 I stroke NI, futa(tsu), two —HA_ nigatsu, February 2A nikagetsu, two months =I] nikai, twice # 2 strokes SAN, mi-, mit(tsu), three =A sangatsu, March =A. sannin, three people =H mikka, three days, the third day 3 strokes SHI, yon, yo-, yot(tsu), yo(tsu), four WIFI shigatsu, April PUL yokka, four days, the fourth day D+ shija, yonja, forty 4 5 strokes.5-9 © ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS 5 4 strokes a 7N 4 strokes +e 7 2 strokes JN 8 2 strokes 9 2 strokes GO, itsu(tsu), five TiAl gogatsu, May EA gonin, five people Fit gojii, fifty ROKU, mut(tsu), mu(tsu), six 7A rokugatsu, June 7\AAL rokkagetsu, six months 7+ rokujti, sixty SHICHI, nana(tsu), nana, seven +A shichigatsu, July “£2 nanakagetsu, seven months +64 shichijii, nanajii, seventy HACHI, yat(tsu) ya(tsu), eight 7\A— hachigatsu, August J\2.A_ hachikagetsu, eight months J\4- hachijii, eighty KYU, KU, kokono(tsu), nine LAL kugatsu, September I++ kujéi, kyajia, ninety JUNE kuji, nine o'clockai 10 2 strokes. a i 6 strokes. am 12 3 strokes A 13 4 strokes A 14 4 strokes ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 10-14 JU, t0, ten ++] jiigatsu, October +H téka, ten days, the tenth day lel jikkai, ten times HYAKU, hundred nihyaku, two hundred E sanbyaku, three hundred Fif€hti hyakkaten, department store SEN, chi, thousand FFA sen’en, a thousand yen = sanzen, three thousand Tit gosen, five thousand NICHI, JITSU; hi, day, sun; ~ka, suffix for counting days FIWE EL nichiyobi, Sunday MEET sakujitsu, yesterday $7 asahi, morning sun GETSU, GATSU; tsuki, month, moon HIMEEL getsuyabi, Monday 34€A — raigetsu, next month =HA mikazuki, new moon15-19 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS 4 strokes 16 4 strokes 7K 7 4 strokes & 18 8 strokes oa 19 3 strokes. KA; hi, fire KWEEL kay6bi, Tuesday (£6 hibachi, charcoal brazier 4 kaji, fire, conflagration SUI; mizu, water KK 6-mizu, flood, inundation IKI] suiryoku, water power IKE suihei, sailor BOKU, MOKU,; ki, tree, wood ARIZA mokuyobi, Thursday MAR zaimoku, lumber AC mokusei, made of wood KIN, gold; KON gold; kane, money 41 kin’yobi, Friday 454 o-kane, money ef —_kingyo, goldfish DO, TO; tsuchi, earth, soil LEE doydbi, Saturday tt tochi, ground, plot of land tA dojin, native20 6 strokes ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 20-24 NEN; toshi, year E+: rokunensei, sixth-grade pupil §1) toshiyori, old person seinen, youth 21 5 strokes 7a py 5 strokes E 23 3 strokes “RB 24 3 strokes SA; hidari, left 423 — saha, leftist (political), left wing {| sasoku, hidarigawa, left side 42¥ hidarite, left hand U, YU; migi, right 7e45 saya, left and right Ai ua, right wing (political) Aitll usoku, migigawa, right side JO; ue, top, above, on; kami, upper; nobo(ru), to go up, to go toward Tokyo; a(geru), to raise; a(garu), to rise Edit joryd, upstream, upper class iff — kaijo, on the sea, maritime JILL: kawakami, upstream KA, GE; shita, bottom, under, beneath; moto, base; shimo, lower; kuda(ru), to go down, to go away from Tokyo; sa(geru), to hang (v.t.), to lower; sa(garu), to hang down; kuda(saru), to bestow JIT kawashimo, downstream “Fuh gehin, vulgar, coarse tft FR% chikatetsu, subway25-29 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS DAI, TAI; 6(kii), big, large, great A — daigaku, university, college KE taihen, tremendous, serious KIKI] 6-hiroma, grand hall 25 3 strokes 26 4 strokes 7\\ 27 3 strokes 28 2 strokes 29 5 strokes CHU; naka, middle, within, inside HA“¢# chuigakko, middle school HL. chiishin, center, heart (of a city, etc.) 4" shicha, concentration SHO; ko, o-, chii(sai), small, minor shdgakk6, primary school koya, hut shdsetsu, novel (fiction) NYU; iri, entering, attendance; i(reru), to put in; hai(ru), to enter A nyagaku, entering school A yunya, importation AM iriguchi, entrance SHUTSU, SUI; de(ru), to come out, to go out; da(su), to put out, to take out, to bring out, to draw out Hi3€ — shuppatsu, setting out, departure, starting {Hi — shuppan, publishing HHI deguchi, exitA 30 5 strokes Bi 31 7 strokes Ff ee 6 strokes SE a 33 9 strokes 34 3 strokes ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 30-34 MOKU, BOKU; me, eye; also used as an ordinal suffix 4 yokome, side glance Af) mokuteki, purpose ARR mokuhyé, mark, target KEN; mi(ru), to see, to look; mi(eru), to be visible, to be able to see; mi(seru), to show, to display KL migoto, splendid 5% —_kenbutsu, sightseeing SLA mihon, sample JI; mimi, ear BE hayamimi, keen of hearing Bg 0 miminari, ringing in the ears EAL. mimi ga toi, deaf ON, IN; ne, ofo, sound GR ongaku, music 3€#% hatsuon, pronunciation EEE boin, vowel KO, KU; kuchi, mouth F1ONF kuchihige, mostache AT iriguchi, entrance Lili koron, dispute35-39 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS. = 35 4 strokes ve 36 7 strokes XL 37 5 strokes A 38 5 strokes A 39 2 strokes SHU; te, hand #2 akushu, handshake #4 _tebukuro, gloves FAL tegami, letter SOKU,; ashi, foot, leg; ta(riru), to be sufficient; fa(su), to add, to supplement JB — ashi-ato, footprint iH manzoku, satisfaction AxfE _ fusoku, insufficiency RITSU, RYU; ta(tsu), (v.i.), to stand; ta(teru) (v.t.), to erect, to set up iN dokuritsu, independence X90 _ yakudatsu, useful YE tachiba, standpoint RYOKU, RIKI; chikara, strength, power if — chikaramochi, strong person {ii ky6ryoku, co-operation $$) doryoku, endeavor JIN, NIN; hito, person Si jinrui, human race Af#l ningen, human being AFL jinké, populationT+ 40 3 strokes tp 41 3 strokes 7; 2 7 strokes 7 43 6 strokes oe 44 5S strokes ENTIAL CHARACTERS * 40-44, SHI, SU; ko, child FEB kodomo, child, children IR genshi, atom 4 _yosu, the state of things, appearance JO, NYO; me, female; onna, woman, girl a jochi, maid ‘D4 shojo, maiden KE jod, queen DAN, NAN; otoko, man, male SAVE dansei, male sex, male 34 danshi, male, boy 28 chdnan, eldest son SEN; saki, previous, ahead Je4E sensei, teacher 3€A — senjitsu, the other day {TZ IE yukisaki, destination SEI, SHO birth, life; u(mareru), to be born; u(mu), to give birth; i(kiru), to live; ki, pure, genuine; nama, raw; ha(eru), to grow, to spring up Ee issho, one’s (whole) life ie seikatsu, livelihood KEE daigakusei, college student45-49 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS SS GAKU, learning, science; mana(bu), to learn —j- “#86 gakko, school [&°¢ —igaku, medicine FF kagaku, science 45 8 strokes KO school; to correct, to investigate, to compare, to think #EIE__kosei, proofreading E42 kasha, school building 10 strokes RK kya, alumnus Osama, king ji, prince okoku, kingdom, monarchy 47 4 strokes GYOKU; tama, jewel, round object JK3E mizutama, drop of water HE medama, eyeball 48 5 strokes kai, sea shell Fi kaigara, shell EUR kaihiroi, shell gathering HEKA_ shinjugai, pearl oyster 49 7 strokesFY 50 4 strokes Ar oo 7 strokes a 52 8 strokes a 53 5 strokes x 54 3 strokes ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 50-54 EN, circle, yen (Japanese monetary unit); maru(i), round Fis enman, perfection, satisfaction F FUEL sen’ensatsu, thousand-yen bill FAA enban, disc SEKI, SHAKU; aka, aka(), red; aka(rameru) (v.t.), to colour up, to add blush; aka(ramu), to turn red, to blush Hk © Ay akachan, baby, infant TVT —_ sekijaji, Red Cross ro) shakud6, alloy of copper and gold SEI, SHO; ao, ao(i), blue, green, inexperienced WF4F seinen, youth HIV aojiroi, pale #2 aozora, blue sky HAKU, BYAKU; shiro, shiro(i), white hakujin, Caucasian hakuj6, confession hakuchd, swan KI; yd, evening yagata, evening ‘yahan, supper yaikaze, evening breeze55-59 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS MEI, MYO name, fame; na, name %& A namae, name Z 4% yiimei, famous, well-known %). meijin, an expert a) 6 strokes SO; haya, haya(i) early, fast ‘C1 haya-guchi, quick speaking Bo 44% sOshun, early spring FLU tebayai, quick, nimble 56 6 strokes ; kusa, grass, vegetation SiG kusahara (kusawara), grassy = plain % —— s6an, draft (of a manuscript) 40 kusatori, weeding fe : i 57 9 strokes SAN; yama, mountain Whitt sand@, yamamichi, mountain path \Ufi —sanmyaku, mountain range £111 tozan, mountain climbing 58 3 strokes SEN; kawa, river #)I|_— tanigawa, mountain stream N] JINAZ -kawabata, riverside JIT. kawaguchi, mouth of a river 59 3 strokesESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 60-64 DEN; ta, rice field HABA den’en, fields and gardens, rural districts FFif — inada, rice field Ft taue, rice planting 60 5 strokes CHO; machi, town HY 9421 machihazure, outskirts of a town BTA) chénai, the neighborhood HTS chdchd, mayor of a town 61 7 strokes SON; mura, village HES sonmin, villager HEE sonché, village mayor IAT ndson, a farm village 62 7 strokes. SHA; kuruma, wheel, vehicle E1GH4i jiddsha, automobile H#R41 jitensha, bicycle 3E#i—hassha, departure of a vehicle 63 7 strokes RIN; hayashi, woods #6 — shokurin, reforestation ‘KK mitsurin, thick forest FSR nérin, agriculture and forestry 64 8 strokes65-69 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS zy SHIN; mori, forest, grove BRAK shinrin, forest AN a PRs shinkan, silent shingen, solemn, awe-inspiring 65 12 strokes we KU, sora, sky; a(ku), to become empty; a(keru), to vacate; kara, emptiness x 22 aozora, blue sky SA kaki, air ZeHE kako, airport 66 8 strokes TEN, ame, sky, heaven KS tenki, weather RH RF tenjd, ceiling tensai, genius 67 4 strokes KI, spirit, energy, mind; KE KR tenki, weather TES —_genki, good spirits, health JS. byOki, sickness U; ame, rain 6-ame, heavy rain amado, rain door, shutter #819] baiu, rainy season of early summer 69 8 strokes- AG ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 70-74 KA; hana, flower 7E —_ hanaya, flower shop, florist 4EUA kabin, vase 4&K —_ hanabi, fireworks 70 7 strokes CHIKU; take, bamboo 4P3S_ takeyabu, bamboo grove ‘11 takezaiku, bamboo ware 'i2>Z takekago, bamboo basket 1 6 strokes SEKI, KOKU, SHAKU; ishi, stone “)\4_ ko-ishi, pebble Gik sekitan, coal REG jishaku, magnet 2 5 strokes KEN; inu, dog XK ko-inu, puppy XA banken, watchdog SEAM kyOkenbyo, rabies 73 4 strokes CHU; mushi, insect, bug, worm G44 gaichii, harmful insect 464 — mushiba, decayed tooth £25 koncha, insect, bug 74 6 strokes75-79 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS SHI; ito, thread 4% keito, woolen yarn 400 itoguchi, clue 3% _ itomaki, spool for thread HON, book, suffix for counting long, slender objects; moto, basis, essence, (tree) root. AX ippon, one (bottle, rod, etc.) Asi honbako, bookcase 76 5 strokes HA. Nihon, Nippon, Japan BUN, writings, a sentence; MON, old unit of money; fumi, letter, book Sate, Me SCBA BA bunka, culture bungaku, literature Monbudaijin, Minister of 7 4 strokes Education JI, letter, mark; aza, section (of a village) “F51 jibiki, dictionary ME AF ‘moji, monji, letter, character, ideograph siji, number, numeral 6 strokes SEI, SHO; tada(shii), correct, rig! tada(su), to correct, to rectify; masa(ni), surely, truly iE( —_shdjiki, honesty IEAVHE seihokei, square (geometrical 79 5 strokes figure) IFAL — shogatsu, New Year'sESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 80-84 KYU; yasu(mi), rest, vacation; yasu(mu), to rest tK#E kyakei, rest, intermission 4KAl kyéjitsu, holiday 4K _ kyay6, relaxation, recreation 80 6 strokes 5 | IN; hiki, pulling; hi(ku), to pull, to draw #851% —— fukubiki, lottery VA in’yé, quotation, citation 51230 _ hikitate, favor, patronage 81 4 strokes U; hane, ha, feather, plumage; -wa, counter for birds 2142 umd, feathers, plumage “2 ichiwa, one (bird) 2H haori, haori coat 6 strokes UN; kumo, cloud loudlike, nebulous Ki8# nytiddgumo, gigantic clouds seiun, nebula 12 strokes EN; sono, garden 46] ken, public park {EE —_hanazono, flower garden Hyp dobutsu-en, 200 84 13 strokes85-89 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS 85 13 strokes 86 7 strokes 87 9 strokes R 88 10 strokes Z 89 10 strokes EN, ON; t6(i), far, distant cea i kit ensoku, excursion, long walk enpé, long distance eien, eternity KA; nani, what, how many (interrogative prefix) fa]. nannin, how many people? {aj} nanjikan, how much time? {at —-nanji, what time? KA, course, branch gakka, a school subject #AE kyokasho, textbook Ae Kagaku, science KA; natsu, summer 32(KA natsuyasumi, summer vacation 0) — shoka, early summer 4 manatsu, midsummer KA, KE; ie, ya, house RE FR IRR yanushi, owner of a house, landlord kazoku, family ndka, farmhousemA ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 90-94 KA; uta, song; uta(u), to sing [lk kokka, national anthem HU] Kageki, opera SRF kashu, singer 90, 14 strokes GA a picture; KAKU, stroke of a Japanese character FAB zuga, a drawing RII ejga, moving picture at] keikaku, plan KAI, a turn; mawa(su), to turn (v.t.);, mawa(ru), to turn (v.i.) {it[=] _nankai, how many times? [218% kaiten, revolution, rotation [51% kaisii, number of times, 92 6 strokes frequency KAI, meeting; a(u), to meet; E kaijé, place of meeting, site kaich6, president (of a society), chairman (of a committee) kaiwa, conversation 6 strokes KAT; umi, sea, ocean ifgf# —_kaigan, seacoast, seaside G7Ki8 kaisuiyoku, sea bathing W9+ ——_ kaigai, overseas, abroad 9 strokes95-99 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS KAI, E, picture FUL ukiyoe, Japanese print #2588 ehagaki, picture postcard sashie, illustration HHL 12 strokes GAI, GE outside, foreign; hoka, other; soto, outside ah MEL gaikoku, foreign country SHELA gaikokujin, foreigner WEL geka, surgery 96 5 strokes KAKU, angle; tsuno, horn of an animal; kado, corner =f sankaku, triangle pus shikaku, square $4} —kakudo, angle 97 7 strokes oe GAKU, music; RAKU, comfort, ease; tano(shii), pleasant AN 38ULA tanoshimi, pleasure #42 ongakukai, concert, musicale RE —_ kiraku, ease, comfort 98 13 strokes KATSU energy “ENE seikatsu, life i 189) katsudo, activity 18°F katsuji, printer’s type 99 9 strokes 20ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 100-104 KAN, KEN; aida, interval, space; ma, interval, room, time KF] jikan, time _= IRF nijikan, two hours ARI hiruma, daytime 100 12 strokes GAN; maru(i), round (adj.); -maru, suffix in ship names; maru(meru), to make (something) round FL gan'yaku, pill HOt hinomaru, Rising Sun flag 101 3 strokes Ly 7a FLA — manuta, log (of timber) GAN; iwa, rock, crag {EX 5H kakégan, granite ao ganseki, rock ae iwaya, cavern 102 8 strokes A aN GAN; kao, face ili ganmen, face 'f8, kao-iro, complexion BAM kaotsuki, face, look, countenance 103 18 strokes ve J KI steam, vapor YUE kisha, steam-driven train Ati kiteki, steam whistle U8) _ kisen, steamship, steamboat 104 7 strokes ey105-109 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS KI chronicle; shiru(su), to write down Ad nikki, diary ae Vv & _ kinen, remembrance, souvenir ac¢#% — kisha, journalist 105 10 strokes KI; kae(ru), to return, to leave i 038 kaerimichi, (on) one’s way back WHA. kikajin, naturalized person WHE] kikoku, return to one’s native country 106 10 strokes KYU; yumi, bow, archery =338 — kyad6, archery FX yumizuru, bowstring AR kyajé, arch, bow shape 107 3 strokes GYU; ushi, cow, bull 4 ko-ushi, calf “E3L— gyinyé, milk 4-1. gydniku, beef 108 4 strokes GYO; uo, fish; sakana, fish Sf kingyo, goldfish 4VYN #41485 uo-ichiba, fish market {20 uotsuri, fishing 109 11 strokes 22Th ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS ¢ 110-114 KYO, capital, KEI FOX Tokyo, capital of Japan 3B —Kyéto, ancient capital of Japan EEE jdkyé, going to Tokyo 10 8 strokes KYO, GO; tsuyo(i), strong; tsuyo(meru) (v.t.), to reinforce, to emphasize; shi(ite), by force $058 —benkyd, study #855 kyOjaku, strength and weakness lil 11 strokes 381 ojo, obstinacy KYO; oshi(eru), to teach #{%_—_ kydshitsu, classroom CH kydiku, education BZ kyokai, church 112 11 strokes KIN; chika(i), near i438 — chikamichi, shortcut ii kinjo, neighborhood B31 saikin, recently KEI, KYO; ani, older brother 5238 kyddai, brothers (and sisters) Qh fukei, guardians (of pupils) 14 5 strokes 23115-119 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS KEI, GYO; katachi, ~gata, shape, form AH ningyo, doll 2 He EA7H% chohdkei, rectangle AFUE han’enkei, semicircle 115 7 strokes KEI; haka(ru), to measure; haka(rau), to. arrange, to discuss at Gat — gokei, sum, total SWREt kandankei, weather thermometer 116 9 strokes fiiiat taionkei, clinical thermometer GEN, GAN; moto, beginning, foundation #150 kongen, root, origin, source 7 FLA —ganrai, originally, primarily FEE ganjitsu, New Year's 7 4 strokes GEN, GON, speech, statement; koto, word, speech, expression; i(u), to say hogen, dialect mugon, silence, muteness kotoba, word, language 118 7 strokes GEN original; hara, field, meadow JE) gen’in, cause PI’ ik kOgen, plateau iff kusawara, grassy plain 119 10 strokes 24ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS © 120-124 KO; to, door — ~ F9 — kogai, outdoors AK kido, gate, door iLF Edo, old name for Tokyo 120 4 strokes KO; furu(i), old, ancient Hf kodai, ancient times ti — kokon, past and present ii! kokogaku, archeology 121 5 strokes GO noon “FR gozen, morning, AM. 64% gogo, afternoon, P.M. iE’F shégo, noon 122 4 strokes 2 GO, KO; ushi(ro), behind; nochi, after; ato, the rear, after, the remainder 4 £4 — shokugo, after a meal Hut& — saigo, last fii#% — zengo, before and after, context 123 9 strokes GO, word, speech; katari, narration; Fi. kata(ru), to tell, to speak = vu SHEL gaikokugo, foreign language = HEH eigo, English language ‘Ma — monogatari, tale 124 14 strokes125-129 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS KO, KU worker, construction TX k6fu, workman, laborer -3F"H kOjichi, under construction “E% —_kégaku, engineering 125 3 strokes KO; dyake, public ae EMS. shujinkd, hero, heroine ) y kéen, public park 43% kéten, revolution, turning 126 4 strokes KO; hiro(i), wide; hiro(geru) to spread (v.t.); hiro(garu), to spread (v.i.); ) hiro(maru), to be spread 1K38 hiroba, open space, plaza Ji kOkoku, advertisement IKK kédai, vast 127 5 strokes KO; ma(jiru), to be mixed; maji(waru), to associate with; ka(wasu), to exchange 2 ys Om 80K _kOsai, intercourse, association 36% — kOban, police box 2G: kétsd, traffic 128 6 strokes KO; hikari, light, ray; hika(ru), to shine y}2 JE4F — kénen, light-year BE Koha, light wave #54 kanké, sightseeing 129 6 strokes 26ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 130-134 KO; kanga(e), thought, idea, opinion; kanga(eru), to think BE sank6, reference #%% — koan, idea, plan, scheme #%% _ késa, examination 130 6 strokes AT KO, GYO, AN; i(ku), yu(ku), to go; oko(nau), to hold, to conduct {Fl gydretsu, procession, queue AT kyo, express SRIF gink6, bank 131 6 strokes. a a DQ KO; taka(i), high, costly; taka(manu), to tise, to be elevated; taka(meru), to lift, to boost "FRE kotdgakko, high school ie saiké, highest a 10 strokes AN me takadai, elevated land KO, O; ki, yellow Bf —_ki-iro, yellow B® — dgon, gold BAU Onetsubyo, yellow fever 133 II strokes GO; a(u), to be together, to fit; a(waseru), to join, to combine @EI aizu, signal, sign *S4 — tsugé, circumstances, convenience #14 kumiai, union 27135-139 ¢ ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS, KOKU; tani, valley 4H tanima, valley IK tanizoko, bottom of a ravine 135 7 strokes KOKU; kuni, country [#1 kokugo, national language (Japanese) kokkai, the National Diet zenkoku, national Hs 2&2 136 8 strokes KOKU; kuro, kuro(i), black kokujin, negro 7\N ‘ kokuban, blackboard ankoku, darkness, blackness 137 11 strokes AX KON, KIN; ima, now, the present 4A kongetsu, this month 7 4riE_ kondo, next time 21% kon’ya, tonight 138 4 strokes SAI, talent, suffix for counting age FSA jiiroku-sai, sixteen years old KF tensai, genius Fig sand, talent 139 3 strokes 28sp ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS ¢ 140-144 SAI; hoso(i), slender, narrow; koma(kai), minute, fine, detailed M134 hosomichi, narrow road ‘1.L saiku, work, craftsmanship ‘M4 saikin, bacillus, germ 140 11 strokes SAKU, SA; tsuku(ru), to make {SC sakubun, (literary) composition 44 — meisaku, masterpiece {fit sakkyoku, musical composition 141 7 strokes SAN reckoning Si — sansa, arithmetic, calculation at3% — keisan, computation, figuring FEE yosan, budget 14 strokes SHI; to(maru), to stop (v.i.); to(meru), to bring to a stop; tome, stop chishi, discontinuation Kinshi, prohibition Jif Ik tsiikddome, suspension of traffic 143 4 strokes SHI, city; ichi, market ‘H(A shiyakusho, city office i734 ichiba, shijo, market Bill toshi, cities 5 strokes 29145-149 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS, SHI; ya, arrow JRE yajirashi, arrow(-sign) FR yumiya, bow and arrow —% _ isshi, retort, shot in return 145 5 strokes SHI; ane, elder sister hilt — shimai, ane-iméto, sisters sa {iti anemusume, elder daughter iit} anemuko, elder sister’s husband 146 8 strokes SHI; omo(u), to think, to recall shis6, thought, idea w INS fushigi, strange omoide, remembrance, recollection 147 9 strokes SHI; kami, paper >R—JVAE borugami, cardboard 7\\ RL hy@shi, cover, binding M&< TS kamikuzu, wastepaper 148 10 strokes JI; tera, temple 4B j-in, Buddhist temple 1% yamadera, mountain temple 149 6 strokes 30Bi ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 150-154 JI, SHI; mizuka(ra), self, in person fei jiyd, freedom 150 6 strokes Be JI; toki, time 1% — tokidoki, fyat tokei, watch, clock REX jidai, period, epoch 151 10 strokes SHITSU, room; muro, storeroom, cave #3 kydshitsu, classroom 320 shitsunai, indoors 1% onshitsu, hothouse, greenhouse SHA, a company; yashiro, ShintO shrine #42 shakai, society, the world, the community tt kaisha, (business) company HHL jinja, shrine 153 7 strokes JAKU; yowa(i), weak; yowa(ru), to grow weak, to be perplexed; yowa(mer) (v.t.), to weaken 3954 —yowamushi, weakling 457 —yowane, complaints 10 strokes #439 _hinjaku, scantiness, meagerness 31155-159 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS SHU; kubi, neck f%% —kubiwa, collar (dog) FH tekubi, wrist Ff — shufu, capital 155 9 strokes SHU; aki, fall, autumn #)FK — shoshi, early autumn «7 4K) akikaze, autumn breeze #5} — shbun, autumnal equinox 156 9 strokes raishd, next week onshi, this week 11 strokes SHUN; haru, spring 4$/8lharukaze, spring breeze #48 _ seishun, springtime of life 4% banshun, late spring 158 9 strokes SHO; ka(ku), to write i¢# _jisho, dictionary 47 shomotsu, book, volume SUN kyokasho, textbook 10 strokesESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 160-164 SHO; suko(shi), suku(nai), few, little, scarce “D4E — shonen, boy, lad 4’) tash6, more or less, somewhat “> shsa, major (army), lieutenant commander (navy) JO; ba, place 4} k6j6, koba, factory 385 basho, place {£3848 shigotoba, place of work 12 strokes SHOKU, SHIKI; iro, color kao-iro, complexion RK tennenshoku, natural color, technicolor {4% — shikisai, color, hue 162 6 strokes x» xX SHOKU, food; ta(beru), to eat; ku(u), to eat £4 — shokumotsu, food, edibles ft — shokud6, dining hall #248 shokuji, a meal 163 9 strokes SHIN; kokoro, spirit, heart, mind “M5 kokoromochi, mood, feeling, sensation magokoro, sincerity, devotion isshin, whole-heartedness 4 strokes 33165-169 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS. SHIN; atara(shii), new; ara(tani), newly, afresh; nii-, first, new Wil shinbun, newspaper Hit shinnen, the New Year EN shingakki, new school term 165 13 strokes SHIN; oya, parent; shita(shimu), to make friends with, to take kindly to; shita(shii), intimate, familiar §H]%8 —_ryOshin, parents $19) _ shinsetsu, kindness 166 16 strokes $i shinrui, relative, relation ZU, drawing, plan; TO; haka(ru), to devise Fi zuga, drawing, a picture SHE] chizu, map [488 toshokan, library 167 7 strokes SU; kazu, number; kazo(eru), to count RE siji, figure, numeral BE AB ségaku, mathematics ninzi, the number of people 168 13 strokes SEI, SAT; nishi, west PAVE seiyd, the West, the Occident KE coi) Taiseiy6, Atlantic Ocean tozai, east and west, Orient and Occident 169 6 strokes 34ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 170-174 SEI, SHO; koe, voice DL&F5 nakigoe, crying voice 24 78°F onseigaku, phonetics F845 seitai, the vocal cords SEI, JO; hoshi, star 32 — seiza, constellation KS kasei, Mars YEE mydjo, Venus 9 strokes SEI; ha(re), fine weather; ha(reru), to clear (weather), to be dispelled; ha(rasu), to clear away, to dispel (doubts) #21 akibare, clear autumn weather 12 strokes WtUA%haregi, one’s best clothes WK seiten, fine weather SETSU, SAI; ki(ru), to cut; ki(reru), to be sharp, to snap, to break, to run out, to expire -W)41_ hitokire, one slice $19) shinsetsu, kindness 173 4 strokes. 4) issai, all, everything SETSU; yuki, snow 2 yukidaruma, snowman “HART ——_-yukidoke, thaw Aa sekisetsu, snowdrift 11 strokes 35175-179 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS, SEN; fune, funa, boat, ship BELA watashi-bune, ferry Hie fi sen’in, sailor ld kisen, steamboat, steamship 175 11 strokes SEN, line, track, wire, string SHR chiheisen, horizon (on land) Wy IC#% —_késen, light, beam, ray TA —chokusen, straight line 176 15 strokes ZEN; mae, before, in front of, previous "FA gozen, morning, AM A ae LAR zengo, before and after, context izen, ago, since, before 177 9 strokes SO; kumi, class, group, set; ku(mu), to join, to unite me MALT — kumitate, construction, structure al hitokumi, one set, one class 178 11 strokes al bangumi, program SO; hashi(ru), to run hae ky6s6, race, running match #20 8X _ hashirigaki, hasty writing #204 _ hashirisaru, to run away 179 7 strokes 36ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 180-184 TA; 6(i), many, much, abundant 4% €k _ tasii, large number 45} tabun, perhaps 44% — tary6, great quantity TAI, TA; futo(i), big, deep (voice), bold (lines), shameless; futo(ru), to grow fat AG taiyd, sun FLA maruta, log ACHTE Taiheiy6, Pacific Ocean 181 4 strokes TAI, TEI body; karada, the body, health (Kf tai-iku, physical education FAM dantai,a group 48(K — shatai, body of a vehicle 182 7 strokes DAL, TAI; a stand I taifi, typhoon FEC? butai, stage HE todai, lighthouse $ CHI, JI, earth, ground Hh chijo, on the ground HF chika, underground Sthifi jimen, surface of the earth 184 6 strokes 37185-189 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS CHI; ike, pond, lake it denchi, electric cell, battery iH HWE — chihan, side of a pond, around a pond JAKitl ydsuichi, reservoir 185 6 strokes CHI; shi(ru), to know; shi(raseru), to inform U RUA FEAL chishiki, knowledge chijin, an acquaintance shochi, assent, agreement 186 8 strokes CHA, tea, tea plant, SA 24 cha-iro, light brown ab a 2D cha-no-yu, tea ceremony 28D AL chawan, teacup, rice bowl 187 9 strokes CHU; hiru, noon, daytime JK[H] hiruma, daytime JX — JR chilya, day and night 484% — chishoku, noon meal, lunch 188 9 strokes CHO; head of an institution or organization; naga(i), long MIEE() hosonagai, long and narrow 42D nagagutsu, boots BER kOchd, pri 189 8 strokes 38ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 190-194 CHO; tori, bird F381 chomui, birds (as a species) aN kotori, small bird dN HE 0. wataridori, migratory bird 190 11 strokes chokan, moming paper chdshoku, breakfast mai-asa, every morning 191 12 strokes CHOKU, upright, honest, cheap; JIKI, direct; tada(chini), immediately; nao(su), to repair, to put right, to | convert; nao(ru), to be repaired, to change for the better 44 chokkaku, right angle 192 iEi — shdjiki, honesty 8 strokes il sunao, gentle, obedient TSU; 16(ru), to go along, to pass; (6(su), to let pass, to continue; kayo(u), to go. back and forth, to commute Ki 0 6-dori, main street i8i{3 —_tsiishin, correspondence, 193 communication 10 strokes iHaR ——_tsdyaku, interpreter TEI, DAL; of6to, younger brother X 523 kyédai, brothers 384k —teimai, younger brothers and sisters 194 7 strokes195-199 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS TEN; mise, store N&# — miseban, tending a store Pan FEN shéten, store (shop) baiten, stand, stall TEN, point, marks, dot AL fensu, merit marks AV tenji, braille points UBER kesshdten, goal DEN lightning, electricity GR denki, electricity iG denwa, telephone EH denpo, telegram 13 strokes TO; katana, sword WJ] kogatana, pocketknife KJ) daité, long sword J) gunto, sabre 198 2 strokes TO; fuyu, winter Atk fuyuyasumi, winter vacation AA min, hibernation ANN) (Oki, winter season 199 5 strokes 40201 8 strokes 12 strokes a 203 16 strokes a 204 6 strokes 41 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 200-204 TO; a(taru), to hit, to be equal to, to win i(teru), to hit, to apply, to guess kent0, guess teate, treatment, allowance t6zen, justly, naturally TO; higashi, east HLM] higashigawa, east side HLF tdyé, the East, the Orient ACHE hokuté, northeast TO; kota(e), answer; kota(eru), to answer 29% tOan, examination paper F412 mond6, questions and answers WW — kaitd, answer, solution TO, ZU; atama, head, top, brain; kashira, head, top, leader JES sento, leader, head #5 kyoto, head teacher S894 © zutsti, headache DO; ona(ji), same FIR — d6ji, the same time lelt#f dojo, sympathy -[A]__ichid6, all (of us, them), all the persons concerned205-209 » ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS, DO; michi, road, path 7kKiti — suid6, waterworks 3B ce ie d6gu, tool tetsudo, railroad 205 12 strokes DOKU, TOKU; yo(mu), to read dokusha, reader (person) dokusho, reading #AIET —yomikaesu, to reread 14 strokes NAI, DAL; uchi, inside, home, within, during, among, between A. annai, guidance, invitation Wiff uchiumi, naikai, inland sea % _ naiyé, contents 207 4 strokes NAN; minami, south FH" nanbu, southern part iH’ =~ Nankyoku, South Pole PGK seinan, southwest 208 9 strokes NIKU, meat, flesh 467 gyiiniku, beef A W541 kinniku, muscles FIFE nikuya, butcher, butcher shop 209 6 strokes 42dvs ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 210-214 BA; uma, horse BH basha, carriage $8554) keibajo, race track 10 strokes IU BAI, u(ri), sale; u(ru), to sell ZEN UL uridashi, opening sale, bargain sale Rae shobai, business I hatsubai, sale 211 7 strokes BAI; ka(u), to buy, to purchase 3c baibai, purchase and sale, buying and selling \.% kaimono, shopping Wit kaite, buyer 12 strokes BAKU; mugi, barley, wheat #5 mugiwara, (barley) straw #HI 0 mugikari, mowing barley s%— komugi, wheat 213 7 strokes HAN; naka(ba), half 5) hanbun, half —li _ichiji-han, one-thirty, half-past one “£5 — hantd, peninsula 214 5S strokes 43215-219 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS BAN, number, guard, order, (one’s) turn #1 bangumi, program & 38% — kOban, police-box ME — junban, order, one’s tum rake) 12 strokes 2?wN FU; chichi, father WZ fukeikai, parents’ association A 4152 sofu, grandfather SQKE fubo, parents 216 4 strokes FU; kaze, wind HU fakei, scenery R BBL taifii, typhoon (46 minamikaze, south wind 217 9 strokes 2™ BUN, BU, part, share; FUN, a minute; wa(keru) (v.t.), to divide; wa(kareru), to 7) be separated, to branch off; wa(karu), to know, to understand 44} jibun, self 218 4 strokes <4} nifun, two minutes 14} jippun, ten minutes BUN; ki(ku), to hear, to listen to, to ask, to obey; ki(koeru), to be heard F. #iB —shinbun, newspaper #ib#L shinbunsha, newspaper office SLB Kenbun, information, experience 219 14 strokes 44HR ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 220-224 BEI America, rice; MAI rice; kome, rice KG] Beikoku, America, the United States 2K(E — beisaku, rice-growing (crop) FK — hakumai, polished rice 220 6 strokes H HO, BU; ayu(mu), aru(ku), to walk, to step 38 —% dai-ippo, the first step (£4 shinpo, progress #4 sanpo, a walk, a stroll 221 8 strokes 4 BO; haha, mother FEO Haha-no-hi, Mother's Day #6] bokoku, mother country #81 haha-oya, mother 222 5 strokes + HO, direction, side; kata [gata], side, way of ~ing, person fi] 77 ——_rydhd, both sides {£0 47 tsukurikata, way of making SH yiigata, evening 223 4 strokes ae HOKU; kita, north ACH Hokkyoku, North Pole Fi4t nanboku, north and south AKL kitakaze, north wind 224 5 strokes 45225-229 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS MAT every (prefix) 4£4 mainichi, every day & 4689 mai-asa, every morning #§:i — maisha, every week 225 6 strokes MAI, imoto, younger sister Bahk eimai, younger brothers and aR. sisters shimai, sisters Aah bk 226 8 strokes MAN, ten thousand; BAN. Fa*F4E mannenhitsu, fountain pen 7D Fi man’ichi, if by any chance 7A] bankoku, all countries 227 3 strokes MEI, MYO bright; aka(rui), light, bright; aki(raka), bright; a(keru), to dawn, to H break (day); a(Kasu), to disclose (a secret), to pass the night ‘BAIT yoake, dawn 228 8 strokes @tH — setsumei, explanation 3€8]——_hatsumei, invention MET; na(ku), to sing (birds), to cry (animals), to how! (animals), to chirp vy wy (insects); na(ru) (v.i.), to ring, to sound; na(rasu) (v.t.), to ring (a bell), to sound (a drum), to complain, to be famous 229 14 strokes "8 275 nakigoe, cry (of animals) AE imei, scream, cry of distress 48) meid6, rumbling 46ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 230-234 MO; Ke, hair % _ keito, woolen thread, yarn EH kemushi, caterpillar Ei —méfu, blanket 230 4 strokes - MON, gate; kado, gate #&F] komon, school gate BEF} senmon, specialty F4 kadoguchi, door, entrance 231 8 strokes BR YA; yo, yoru, evening, night 724! —-yonaka, midnight +H1% jagoya, night of the full moon 4% —_‘kon'ya, tonight 232 8 strokes Ey YA; no, field, plain EFI nohara, field BFER —yakyd, baseball |F9- — yagai, outdoors 233 11 strokes YU; tomo, friend KLE tomodachi, friend KA yajin, friend Bi yao, friendship 234 4 strokes 47235-239 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS YO, business; mochi(iru), to use JAXE yi, preparation FAL» yojin, heed, care, caution JH yoji, business 235 5 strokes YO term used for days of the week AAWEHL mokuyobi, Thursday Hee EMEAL doyébi, Saturday 7KMEH suiyobi, Wednesday 236 18 strokes RAI; ku(ru), to come; kita(ru), to arrive, next; Kita(su), to cause, to induce 346 rainen, next year DX irai, since, from that time 4% — shorai, the future 237 7 strokes RI, Japanese linear unit (2.44 miles); sato village, country, one’s native home (usually as viewed by a woman married into another family) 48! kyori, one’s native place, home 238 7 strokes AYE murazato, village ff ichiri, one ri RI, reason, logic EB rikai, understanding 455 seiri, arrangement, adjustment #158 ryori, cooking 239 11 strokes 483 a ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS ¢ 240-244 WA; hanashi, story; hana(su), to speak tta& — sewa, aid a8 denwa, telephone @a8 — kaiwa, conversation 240 13 strokes WS AKU, badness, evil; waru(i), bad, evil 380 warukuchi, evil talk, gossip #2. akunin, bad man, villain HE akuro, bad road 241 11 strokes — Lr AN; yasu(i), cheap, inexpensive ‘Hal» anshin, peace of mind 2 anzen, safe A fuan, uneasiness 242 6 strokes a) AN; kura(i), dark 3m makkura, pitch dark Hi ~—_angé, code, cryptograph anki, memorization 243 13 strokes. R Ito heal, to cure [E# isha, physician, doctor [& — igaku, medical science [EB i-in, medical practitioner’ s office 244 7 strokes, 49245-249 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS I to entrust with a. 4A i-in, committee, delegate ES 7 i-inché, chairman of a committee AE i-nin, charge, trust, commission 245, 8 strokes I, mind, heart, attention, care TE TERE chai, care, attention re HL iken, opinion, admonition we %% imi, meaning 246 13 strokes IKU; soda(teru), to bring up, to educate, Zz se; soda(tsu), to grow up kyoiku, education tai-iku, physical education #2 ikuji, upbringing of a child 247 8 strokes i#i— man‘in, no vacancy, full house -F{ ichi-in, (one) member > J — shokuin, staff, personnel 248 10 strokes IN member, official, personnel IN temple, academy, board, suffix for re > “institution” y I WBE — bydin, hospital . SAE biydin, beauty shop “FBe —_ka-in, House of Representatives, 249 Lower House 10 strokes 50ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS ¢ 250-254 IN; no(mu), to drink BR fick. inryosui drinking water fkAK nomimizu, drinking water £24 nomimono, drinks 250 12 strokes UN, luck; hako(bu), to carry, to ~ transport HK <_un’yoku, luckily 38) —_und6, exercise, motion iffy —_unmei, fate 251 12 strokes EI; oyo(gu), to swim hira-oyogi, breast stroke IKIKKE suiei taikai, swimming meet 252 8 strokes EKI, station ERG ekimae, in front of the station wy RES _ ekichd, station master 5REL_ eki-in, station employee 253 14 strokes O center, middle FUR chii6, center “fe Chad-sen, the Chid Line (electric railway in Toky6) #228 shin’6, the epicenter, the center 254 of an earthquake 5 strokes Sl255-259 » ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS ©; yoko, the side, the width BiH yokogaki, writing from left to “ right ddan, crossing, intersection yokogao, side view of a BET BA 255 15 strokes person’s face, profile OKU; ya, shop FBR vane, roof ig ff tokeiya, watch shop okujé, housetop, roof Bt 256 9 strokes ON; warm; atata(kai), warm (to the touch); atata(maru), to warm oneself; atata(meru), to heat aE nie condo, temperature onsen, hot spring 12 strokes fii taion, body temperature KA, KE; ba(keru), to take the form of; ba(kasu), to bewitch 1E Blt fc# henka, change, variation, alteration Kagaku, chemistry 258 4 strokes {cht keshd, make-up KA; ni, a load, burden 47%) nimotsu, baggage fiifit} —_nibune, freighter #(E 0 nizukuri, packing 10 strokes aESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 260-264 KAI world HLS sekai, world HESR—_ sekai-ichi, best in the world BH —_genkai, boundary, limits 260 9 strokes FF. KAJ; hira(ku), to open (v.t. & i.); a(keru) (v.t.), to open; hira(keru), to be civilized, to open; a(ku) (v.i.) to be open BAZ kaikai, opening a meeting HDA mankai, full bloom 261 12 strokes be BA%€é —kaihatsu, development, exploitation KAI, story of a building, floor, grade BEE — kaidan, stairs, stairway B® — kaikya, class, caste = sangai, 3rd floor 262 12 strokes FR —~ KAN, the coldest season of the year; samu(i), cold #IZE —_gokkan, bitter cold EHH kanchii, cold season kanrya, cold current 263 12 strokes wp ww KAN, feeling, thought ‘ACK _kans6, thoughts, impressions kanshin, admiration HE kankaku, sensation 264 13 strokes 53265-269 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS KAN China; ~kan, suffix for “man” EF kanji, Chinese character R #50 _ kanbun, Chinese composition 38% akkan, villain, crook 265 13 strokes KAN building, hall BQ#8% toshokan, library BE ARGEIER eigakan, movie theater A€8% =~ ryokan, inn, hotel 266 16 strokes GAN; kishi, bank, shore kaigan, seashore eet Nise ganpeki, quay, wharf kawagishi, riverbank KI; o(kiru), to rise, to get up; o(kosu), to raise, to awaken (v.t.); o(koru), to occur, to develop 2 hayaoki, early rising 2 kigen, origin 268 10 strokes |?) [pe Se | 2 HEHE kijaki, crane, derrick KI, GO period, term “£99 gakki, school term we | 7™ SO kitai, expectation Ae] jiki, the times, season 269 12 strokes xy & 54be ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS ¢ 270-274 KYAKU, guest; KAKU BES A o-kyaku-san, guest 0 ——_kyakusha, railroad passenger car em kyakusen, passenger boat 270 9 strokes we Tu KYU study; kiwa(meru), to study thoroughly WEF kenkya, research HHA kenkyakai, research society BRAK kenkyikka, researcher 271 7 strokes Z iw KYU; iso(gu), to hurry 4295 —_kyabyé, sudden illness Wr} Jr 447 kydk6, express KAZ 6-isogi, great haste ee 9 strokes. Ay 4 é KYU, rank, grade “#8 gakkya, school class EL —_jokydi, high class [FI@4E dokyassei, classmate vse 9 strokes \ seeps KYU, GU, KU; miya, shrine, prince (of the blood) Oy ‘BRL kyiiden, palace ‘+E jingd, Shintd shrine ‘ER miya-sama, royal prince 10 strokes 55275-279 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS, KYU, sphere, globe; tama, ball BFER yakya, baseball WER chikya, the earth, the globe ER denkya, electric light bulb ae 11 strokes KYO, KO past; sa(nu), to leave, to depart 4 kyonen, last year B i425 kako, the past, past tense 276 5 strokes KYO; hashi, bridge 48H8 sanbashi, pier 4 48 dobashi, earthen bridge BKK tekkyo, iron bridge 277 16 strokes GYO, occupation, business, industry, studies; GO, karma; waza, act, deed ES shokugyé, occupation, profession sangy6, industry kogy6, industry, manufacturing 278 13 strokes industry KYOKU, melody; ma(garu), to bend, to twist, to turn, (v.i.); ma(geru), to bend, to HH twist, to turn (v.t.) HR tenth kyokusen, curved line sakkyoku, musical 279 6 strokes composition magarimichi, crooked road, winding lane HAS 0 5 56ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 280-284 KYOKU, bureau, board, office, department vy ®GEI}hdsdkyoku, broadcasting station ifi4&.Je)_henshikyoku, editorial department 280 (8) yabinkyoku, post office 7 strokes GIN, silver 42{7 ginko, bank VP? 384 gin'iro, silver color $44 _ ginka, silver coin 281 14 strokes KU, ward, section Exh! kubetsu, distinction, classification SUK chiku, area [Xfi kukaku, boundary, block, division 282 4 strokes 283 8 strokes 2 —_—__ a 284 8 strokes KU, pain, anxiety; kuru(shii), painful; niga(i), bitter 95 kurd, troubles, toil i> _kushin, pains, hard work #18 kusen, hard fighting GU, tool, utensil; ingredients — dogu, tool, utensil, instrument 14 guai, condition, state FLOR) gutaiteki, concrete, definite \ 4 im) | 3] os] He] t s7