Chapter 1: Some

Introductory Comments

Thermodynamics 1
Thermodynamics is a funny subject. The
first time you go through it, you don’t
understand it at all. The second time you
go through it, you think you understand
it, except for one or two points. The third
time you go through it, you know you
don’t understand it, but by that time you
are so used to the subject, it don’t bother
you anymore.
: Arnold Sommerfeld

Thermodynamics 2
What is Thermodynamics?
 Science of energy, which deals with the
conversion of energy from one form to another.
 Deals with various properties of substance and the
changes of these properties as a result of energy
transformation.
 Like all sciences, ‘thermodynamics’ is based on
experimental observations. The findings from
these observations have been expressed as some
basic laws.

Thermodynamics 3
Historically, it grew out of an effort to construct
more efficient heat engines

‘Thermodynamics’ did not

emerge as a science until about
1700, when first attempt to build
a steam engine were made in
England by Thomas Savery and
T. Newcomen.

Thermodynamics 4
The name ‘thermodynamics’ stems from Greek
words ‘therme’ (heat) and ‘dynamics’ (power),
which is most descriptive of the early efforts to
convert heat into power.

Internal Combustion Engine Designed by Etienne Lenoir 1860

Thermodynamics 5
 In 1849, Lord Kelvin used the
term ‘thermodynamics’ for the
first time in a publication.

The first ‘thermodynamics’ text

book was written by W. Rankine
in 1859.

The greatest progress in ‘thermodynamics’

was made in the early 1900s.
Thermodynamics 6
The Simple Steam Power Plant
https://youtu.be/GxHQHcpCWa8

Schematic diagram of a steam power plant

Thermodynamics 7
Power Plant

Schematic diagram of a conventional power plant

Thermodynamics 8
Fuel Cells

Schematic arrangement of an ion-exchange membrane

type of fuel cell
Thermodynamics 9
Fuel Cells https://youtu.be/imV_ufIzxPY

Thermodynamics 10
The Vapor Compression Refrigeration
Cycle https://youtu.be/-Wj_MO4BqtA

Thermodynamics 11
Thermodynamics 12
The Gas Turbine https://youtu.be/zcWkEKNvqCA

https://youtu.be/GF-70yncAVY

Thermodynamics 13
Turbofan Jet Engine
https://youtu.be/KjiUUJdPGX0

Thermodynamics 14
Turbofan Engine

Thermodynamics 15
Turbo-propeller Engine

Thermodynamics 16
Ramjet (subsonic combustion)

Thermodynamics 17
Scramjet (supersonic combustion)

Thermodynamics 18
Scramjet (supersonic combustion)

Thermodynamics 19
 The Chemical Rocket Engine

Simplified diagram of a liquid-propellant rocket engine

Thermodynamics 20